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Biology Lab II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the amount that an object’s image is enlarged

A

magnification

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2
Q

the extent to which detail in an image is preserved during the magnifying process

A

resolving power

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3
Q

the degree to which image details stand out against

A

contrast

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4
Q

the circle of light you see when looking into the microscope

A

field of view

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5
Q

once an objective has been focused, you can rotate to another one and the image will remain in coarse focus, requiring only slight movement of the fine focus knob

A

parfocal

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6
Q

the distance through which you can move the specimen and still have it remain in focus

A

depth of field

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7
Q

the center of the field of view remains about the same for each objective

A

parcentral

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8
Q

objectives are…

A

parcentral

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9
Q

the space between the objective lens and the slide

A

working distance

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10
Q

Light source

A

provides light to see slide

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11
Q

Condenser

A

focus light on slide

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12
Q

Stage

A

holds slide

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13
Q

focusing knobs

A

bring slide into focus

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14
Q

objectives

A

magnify

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15
Q

ocular(s)

A

enable you to see slide

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16
Q

ObMP low power

A

4x

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17
Q

ObMP medium-power

A

10x

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18
Q

ObMP high-dry

A

40x

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19
Q

ObMP oil-immersion

A

100x

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20
Q

How do you calculate Total Magnifying Power

A

ObMP x OcMP

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21
Q

total magnifying power low power

A

40x

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22
Q

total magnifying power medium power

A

100x

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23
Q

total magnifying power high dry

A

400x

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24
Q

total magnifying power oil immersion

A

1000x

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25
Q

numerical aperture low power

A

0.10

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26
Q

numerical aperture medium power

A

0.25

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27
Q

numerical aperture high dry

A

0.65

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28
Q

numerical aperture oil immersion

A

1.25

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29
Q

image orientation

A

upside down and backwards

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30
Q

a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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31
Q

straw-colored fluid that blood cells are suspended in

A

plasma

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32
Q

carries oxygen-depleted blood to the capillary beds of the lungs, where oxygen is loaded and where excess carbon dioxide is unloaded

A

pulmonary circuit

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33
Q

takes oxygen-rich blood from the heart and conveys it to the rest of the body’s capillary beds, where oxygen is unloaded and excess carbon dioxide is picked up

A

systemic circuit

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34
Q

connects two sets of capillary beds

A

portal vein

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35
Q

the clumping of erythroctes

A

agglutination

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36
Q

the force that the blood exerts on the walls of the arteries

A

blood pressure

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37
Q

veins use these to prevent the backflow of blood away from the heart

A

valves

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38
Q

the primary pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium that functions independently of the nervous system, firing rhythmically. Every time it fires in initiates a message to contract

A

sinoatrial node

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39
Q

the size of the thorax and the pleural sacs decreases, the pressure in the lungs increases, and air flows out of the bod down its concentration gradient

A

positive pressure exhalation

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40
Q

when the thoracic cavity expands during inspiration, first the pressure outside the body is now higher than that in the lungs, and assuming the connecting ventilatory ducts are not blocked, air flows into the lungs

A

negative pressure inhalation

41
Q

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled during breathing. it normally varies from a minimum at rest to a maximum during strenuous exercise

A

tidal volume

42
Q

the volume of air you can voluntarily inhale after inhalation of the tidal volume

A

forced inhalation volume

43
Q

the volume of air you can voluntarily exhale after an exhalation of the tidal volume

A

forced exhalation volume

44
Q

the volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs

A

residual volume

45
Q

tidal volume + forced inhalation volume + forced exhalation volume

A

vital capacity

46
Q

stretch receptors in the ventilatory ducts

A

chemoreceptors

47
Q

receptors for chemicals such as O2, CO2, and hydrogen ions

A

chemoreceptors

48
Q

the movement of gases in the respiratory system

A

inhalation

49
Q

the movement of gases out of the respiratory system

A

exhalation

50
Q

the rhythmical contraction of skeletal muscles

A

breathing

51
Q

percent packed red blood cell volume

A

hematocrit

52
Q

types of blood vessels

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
53
Q
  1. receive blood from heart
  2. deliver blood to more numerous muscular arteries
  3. maintain blood pressure between contractions of the heart
A

Elastic arteries

54
Q
  1. deliver blood to more numerous and smaller arterioles

2. regulate blood flow to organs

A

Muscular arteries

55
Q
  1. deliver blood to more numerous and smaller capillaries
  2. regulate peripheral resistance
  3. precapillary sphincters of smooth muscle regulate blood flow into particular capillary beds
A

Arterioles

56
Q
  1. exchange dissolved gases, nutrients, wastes, etc. with fluid surrounding cells (interstitial fluid)
  2. form interstitial fluid
A

Capillaries

57
Q
  1. drain blood into fewer and larger veins

2. serve as a blood reservoir

A

Venules

58
Q
  1. drain blood into fewer and larger veins, and finally back to heart
  2. serve as a blood reservoir
A

Veins

59
Q

contain hemoglobin, which transports oxxygen, and carbonic anhydrase, which romotes transport of carbon dioxide

A

erythrocytes

60
Q

white blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. lymphocytes
  5. monocytes
61
Q

leave the blood early in an inflammation to become phagocytes (cells that eat bacteria and debris)

A

neutrophils

62
Q

phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes; numbers are elevated during allergic reaction

A

eosinophils

63
Q

granules contain a substance (histamine) that makes blood vessels leaky and a substance (heparin) that inhibits blood clotting

A

basophils

64
Q

perform many functions central to immunity

A

lymphocytes

65
Q

leave the blood to form phagocytic cells called macrophages

A

monocytes

66
Q

theh state of being aware of the things around you, your responses, and your own thoughts

A

consciousness

67
Q

carry messages from receptors to the spinal cord and brain

A

sensory neurons

68
Q

carry messages from the CNS to effectors

A

motor neurons

69
Q

muscles or glands that respond to stimuli

A

effectors

70
Q

control skeletal muscles

A

somatic motor neurons

71
Q

control smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

A

autonomic motor neurons

72
Q

a junction between two neurons (or between a neuron and an effector) that are separated by a small gap)

A

chemical synapse

73
Q

the function of the interneurons and the processing of messages received from receptors via sensory neurons and the activation of the appropriate motor neurons

A

integration

74
Q

knowledge of the position and movement of the various body parts

A

proprioception

75
Q

the particular sensation that results from the stimulation of a particular receptor

A

modality

76
Q

receptors for fine touch and low-frequency vibration

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

77
Q

receptors for pressure and high-frequency vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles

78
Q

Before the conscious mind receives a sensation, it is assigned back to its source

A

projection

79
Q

it allows the conscious mind to perceive the body as part of the world around it

A

projection/phantom pain

80
Q

eye is nearsighted

A

myopia

81
Q

caused when one of the transparent surfaces of the eye is not uniformly curved in all planes

A

astigmatism

82
Q

farsighted

A

hyperopia

83
Q

objects appear smaller and smaller

A

presbyopia

84
Q

receptors sensitive not only to light intensity but also to particular groups of wavelengths of light, which the brain interprets as color)

A

photoreceptors

85
Q

a voluntary response to the reception of a stimulus

A

reaction

86
Q

an involuntary response to the reception of a stimulus

A

reflex

87
Q

connect the sensory and motor neurons

A

interneuron

88
Q

each pience of information received by a receptor

A

stimulus

89
Q

the ability to discern numbers or letters at a certain distance

A

visual acuity

90
Q

the study of tissues

A

histology

91
Q

structure of epithelial tissue

A
  1. squamous (flat
  2. cubodial
  3. columnar
  4. can have on layer of cells (simple) or two or more (stratified)
92
Q

structure of connective tissue

A
  1. fibers embedded in ground substance
  2. collagen (tough, flexible, inelastic)
  3. elastic (stretch when pulled)
  4. contain blood cells
93
Q

structure of muscle tissue

A
  1. cells can shorten and cause change in position of body parts
  2. cellular, skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
  3. cells stuch together and in direct communication
94
Q

structure of nervous tissue

A

impulses through nervous system, cell body, axon, dendrite - within spinal cord

95
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. protection and transport

2. sensory reception and maintenance of body’s gametes carry on rapid cell division

96
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  1. cell division in adult
  2. loose connective (fill spaces between other tissues)
  3. make up skin
  4. prevent wall from closing on lumen
  5. bone tissue makes up bone
97
Q

functions of muscle tissue

A

conscious mind can order muscles to contract

unconscious > involuntary

98
Q

functions of nerous tissue

A
  1. point to point transmission of information

2. accessory cells help neurons function

Biology Lab II (4 decks)

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