Final Notes

Question 1

Amaurosis fumax

Answer 1

• Unilateral vision loss

* Temporary thrombosis of ophthalmic artery

Question 2

Ependymoma

Answer 2

Increased production of CSF

Question 3

Decreased absorption of CSF

Answer 3

• AKA communicating hydrocephalus

* Meningitis

Question 4

Obstruction of ventricular system

Answer 4

• AKA non-communicating hydrocephalus
• Brain tumor, hematoma, herniation
• Leads to accumulation of CSF above obstruction

Question 5

Brain atrophy disease

Answer 5

hydrocephalus ex vacuo
Examples:
• Huntington’s disease (Degeneration of striatal cells, Enlargement of lateral ventricles)
• Alzheimer’s disease

Question 6

Cerebrovascular disease

Answer 6

1) Generalized reduction in blood flow • ie global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
2) Infarct • 20% of all CVD
3) Hemorrhage (hemorrhagic stroke)

Question 7

Ischemic stroke Results in
liquefaction of neural tissue
• Tissue replaced by neuroglia instead of connective tissue
• Does not shrink, sparing additional neurological deficits

Answer 7

• liquefaction of neural tissue
• Tissue replaced by neuroglia instead of connective tissue
• Does not shrink, sparing additional neurological deficits

Question 8

Lacunar infarction

Cc

Answer 8

• Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

* Small nuclear infarcts with less-obvious deficit

Question 9

Atherosclerotic thrombotic embolism

Answer 9

• MC origin- atheroma at bifurcation of common carotid artery, cavernous sinus
• Infarct MC in MCA distribution

Question 10

Transient ischemia attack (TIA)

Answer 10

• Caused by thrombosis or thromboembolism
• Neurological deficits usually lasting 5-10 minutes
• Mechanism:
• Atherosclerotic thrombus formation
• Ulceration of atheroma -> exposure of collagen fibers
• Fibrinolytic activity quickly dissolves thrombus

Question 11

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 11

• Both compression and ischemic damage
• May be intracerebral or subarachnoid
• Intracerebral hemorrhage

Question 12

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Answer 12

• AKA hypertensive
• Usually due to acute hypertension combined with brittleness
• Microaneurysms form and rupture
• MC lenticulostriate vessels
• Cumulative effect- each rupture exerts pressure on nearby vessels

Question 13

Epidural hematoma

Answer 13

Meningeal artery hemorrhage

Mc is middle meningeal artery
• Non-communicating hydrocephalus

• Transtentorial AKA uncal herniation
Subfalcine herniation
• Cerebellar tonsillar herniation