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RUSVM LAM I > Final: Neonatal > Flashcards

Final: Neonatal Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 history-related risk factors for a foaling mare?

A

Past hx of dystocia

Neonatalal isoerythrolysis

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2
Q

What are 3 systemic problems that increase the risk for a foaling mare?

A

Anemia

Laminitis (stress, pain, meds)

Excessive medication administration

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3
Q

What are some common conditions of neonates that present/occur in utero?

A

Maternal anemia

CV disease

Placental separation

Placentitis

Hypoxia

Reduced umbilical blood flow

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4
Q

You are called to a farm 30 days before foaling. What treatments will you preform?

A

Vaccines: Botulism, Rotavirus, Influenza, WNV, EW

Deworm

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5
Q

When does a castlick need to be opened before foaling? When will you re-suture it?

A

2 weeks prior to foaling

2 weeks post foaling

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6
Q

What blood antibodies destroy foal RBCs? How is isoerythrolysis tested for? What antibodies do not require treatment?

A

Aa, Qa, or U (=bad)

Cross match mare’s milk with foal’s serum (search for RBC alloantigens in mare’s blood)

Type C= no tx needed (ore if stallion has same antibodies as mare)

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7
Q

What is normal gestation time?

A

335-340 days

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8
Q

What is the most reliable indicator of impending parturition?

A

Change in udder size and waxy secretion

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9
Q

What can you exmine on a foal to indicate whether it is ill or healthy?

A

Check gums

Normal= pink, moist

Problem = dirty, pale, dry

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10
Q

What happens if the chorioallantois does not rupture? How is it treated?

A

Fetal oxygenation is impaired (Red Bag)

Chorioallantois= thickest part of placenta

Surgery is required to open it ASAP

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11
Q

In the second stage of parturition, how should the foal be oriented?

A

Forefeet first with soles pointed ventrally

Then head and shoulders (can pull at this point if needed)

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12
Q

What occurs in the third (and final) stage of parturition? What indicates that intervention is required?

A

Expulsion of fetal membranes

Uterine involution

If the placenta is not expelled within 2 hours (normal is 30min-3 hours) must intervene (don’t pull on placenta, give durgs)

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13
Q

How is uterine torsion diagosed?

A

Rectal palpation of tense broad ligament

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14
Q

What pre/post-partum complication can present with mild colic signs? What is it associated with?

A

Invagination of uterine horn

Assocaited with retained placenta

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15
Q

It is abnormal if it takes more than _____ hours for the foal to nurse and more than ____ hours to stand.

A

2-4

2

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16
Q

When is the suckle reflex present? How often should foals nurse and how much weight should it gain per day?

A

Within 30 min of birth

5-7 x per hour

1-2 kg per day

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17
Q

How can you check to see if and how much the mare is lactating?

A

Muzzle the foal and check the udder after 30 minutes

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18
Q

How long does absorption of antibodies from the colostrum through the intestinal epithelium last? How long does passive protection last? When does the foal reach the lowest lebel of IgG?

A

6-8 hours after birth

Last 3-4 weeks

Lowest by 6-8 weeks

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19
Q

If there is no colostrum available what can you give the foal instead?

A

Plasma

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20
Q

T/F: It is normal for a foal to be hyperreflexive with a base-mide stance and hypermetric gait for several days post-birth.

A

True

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21
Q

Is it normal to hear a continuous machinery murmur up to an hour after birth?

A

No, dysarrhythmias should diappear within 15 min of birth

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22
Q

Why do you palpate each rib when doing your respiratory evaluation of a foal?

A

To look for fractures

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23
Q

T/F: Septic foals will be febrile.

A

False, hypothermic

24
Q

Why is it important to perform a digital rectal exmaination in a foal?

A

To observe the meconium and rule out atresia ani or atresia coli

25
Q

How long should the foal’s navel be disinfected?

A

BID for 3-4 days with 2% betadine (or chlorhex)

26
Q

What is hypopyon associated with in foals?

A

Septicemia

27
Q

What could be the cause of this?

A

Iron supplementation (Goiter -thyroid gland)

28
Q

What do you use to treat contracted tendons in a foal? What does laxity or contracted tendons indicate?

A

Oxytetracyline

Indicate prematurity

29
Q

Why do cubital ulcers develop in foals?

A

If unable to stand up to nurse etc.

Need to flip frequently to prevent

Pressure sores

30
Q

Urine is an important indicator of health in foals. When should they pass their first urine? What is normal USG for subsequent urinations?

A

12 hours post-parturition

1.001-1.008 (first urination is concentrated)

31
Q

What is common in foals who are being fed via NG tube?

A

Reflux

32
Q

When is the first vaccine given to a foal?

A

90 days

33
Q

At least how often should a foal be dewormed within the first year of life?

A

5-7 times

Otherwise prone to roundworms (small intestines) and tapeworms (colic) as yearlings

34
Q

What are 2 causes for a foal that is unable to stand? What is the first thing you need to do when presented with these foals? What therapy is indicated?

A

Gas exchange problem

Glucose problem

or both

FIRST: Place IVC

Administer antimicrobials: Amikacin, K Penicillin, Cetofur (IV)

Administer Polymixin B and/or plasma as anti-endotoxic therapy

Glucose CRI (check glucose often) or enteral nutrition (slowly)

35
Q

How long do you have to get the foal out if the mare is dystotic before a C-section is indicated?

A

15 minutes

36
Q

What do you do first after a C-section?

A

Intubate foal

37
Q

What type of foal was carried for the full term but has signs of immaturity, dysmature or premature?

A

Dysmature

38
Q

Why are respiratory distress syndrome common in premature foals?

A

Surfactant is developed in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy and it it reuired for a patent respiratory system

39
Q

What organism is most commonly responsible for sepsis in newborn foals?

A
  • E.coli*
  • Note- doesn’t cause diarrhea in horses*
40
Q

What lab test abnormalities do you expect in a septic foal?

A

Leukopenia (neutropenia +/- left shift and toxic changes)

High fibrinogen

High serum amyloid A (indicates bacterial infection)

Low glucose

Azotemia

Hyperbiliirubinemia

Hyperlactemia (prognostic indicator)

Increased ACTH and cortisol (poor prognostic indicator)

Adrenal insufficiency (poor prognostic indicator)

41
Q

What do you monitor on a septic foal that you are treating?

A

O2

Lactate

E-lytes

Azotemia

Glucose

42
Q

What clinicl signs are seen a <7 day old foal with NI?

A

Icterus

Weakness

Tachycardia

Tachypnea, Dyspnea

ANEMIA (PCV < 20%)

Hyperbilirubinemia

43
Q

How do you treat a foal with NI?

A

Supportive therapy

If PCV <10-15% give blood transfusion: Washed RBCs from dam and monitor dor hepatic failure and iron intoxicication; RBCs live for 2-4 days

Antimicrobials

Immunosuppresion

44
Q

How can you strop a mare of colostrum when NI has occured?

A

Treat with oxytocin and milk/strip q. 2 hours while foal is muzzles

(while feeding the foal)

45
Q

Foals are born:

a. beta-gamma globulinemic
b. pangamma globulinemic
c. agamma globulinemic
d. hyperglobulinemic

A

c. agamma globulinemic

46
Q

What IgG level indicates complete FPT (failure of passive transfer)? What indicates adequate passive transfer?

A

<400 mg/dl (FTP)

>800mg/dl (normal PT)

47
Q

How can you minimize a plasma transfusion reaction in a foal? What indicates that a plasma reaction hs occurred?

A

Minimize by pre-treating with NSAIDs

CS: Tachycardia, Tremblind, Dyspnea, Hypertension, Pulmonary edema

48
Q

What does a Dummy Foal have?

A

Neonatal encephalopathy

49
Q

Is Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy in foals always fatal?

A

No, injury to the CNS is reversible (but can progress to irreversible)

50
Q

How do foals with Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy present? When do signs present?

A

First get GI signs (diarrhea, ileus)

Mild depression

Loss of suckle reflex

Head tilt

Seizure activity

Can take over 24 hours to show any signs of CNS involvement

51
Q

How are rib fractures treated?

A

4 weeks of stall rest preferably in sternal recumbency (then re-evaluate)

May need surgery

52
Q

What does meconium aspiration indicate? What does it cause and how is it treated?

A

Fetal stress

Causes aspiration pneumonia

Tx= Antimicrobials, Bronchodilators, O2, +/- steroids

53
Q

What are causes of aspiration pneumonia in foals?

A

Aspiration while bottle feeding or improper NG tube use

54
Q

What does lactose intolerance cause in foals?

A

Diarrhea for about 1 month without any other clinical signs

55
Q

What electrolyte must be stabilized in a foal before surgery? What level is life threatening?

A

Potassium

>5.5 mEq/L

56
Q

What do you suspect in a lame foal with high fever and extremely high fibrinogen?

A

Septic physitis

RUSVM LAM I (19 decks)

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