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RUSVM LAM I > Edema and Exercise Physiology > Flashcards

Edema and Exercise Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Edema is an abnormal accumulation of ____fluid in the ________ ______ of tissues.

A

Extracellular

Interstitial spaces

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2
Q

Fill in the blanks

Which one is the major force? What prevents fluid from accumulating when everything is working as it should?

A

Red: Hydrostatic (MAJOR force)

Blue: Plasma colloid osmotic/oncotic

Fluid accumulation is prevented by lymphatic drainage

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3
Q

What 2 questions do you ask yourself to determine whether edema is present?

A
  1. Do we have visible enlargement?
  2. Does it pit? (Pitting = Edema)
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4
Q

What is an example of a breed of horse is bred to be an endurance horse? What about a sprinter?

A

Thoroughbred, Arabian (endurance)

Quarterhorse (sprinter)

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5
Q

How is the athletic prowess of mammals evaluated? What is this in a fit racehorse?

A

O2 comsumption (VO2 max)

160 ml/kg/min

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6
Q

What are the 3 major pathways for energy supply to muscles?

A

Creatine phosphate pathway

Anaerobic glycolysis

Aerobic glycolysis and fat oxidation

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7
Q

How does the maximum heart rate of cows and horses compare? What about cardiac output? How do the lungs of these species compare?

A

Similar max HR

Horses have a heart CO and SV than cows

Horse lungs are twice the size and 1.6 times the surface area of cow lungs

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8
Q

The aerobic pathway involves the ____ ________ of FFAs mobilized frrom adipose tissue and stored in muscle. It produces 3 times ______(more/less) ATP than the other pathways at a much ______(slower/faster) rate.

A

The aerobic pathway involves the BETA OXIDATION of FFAs mobilized frrom adipose tissue and stored in muscle. It produces 3 times MORE ATP than the other pathways at a much SLOWER rate.

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9
Q

Horses have higher intramuscular ______ than other species.

A

Glycogen

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10
Q

________ (process) breaks down glucose to generate _____ and _____ in the cytoplasm. It generates _____ (small/large) amounts of ______ rapidly and inefficiently.

A

ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS breaks down glucose to generate LACTATE and ATP in the cytoplasm. It generates SMALL amounts of ATP rapidly and inefficiently.

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11
Q

Which pathways is most fully engaged when the horse is working at sub-maximal capacity? What type of horse relies most heavily on this pathway? What diets are best for these horses?

A

Aerobic pathway

Endurance horses

High fat diets

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12
Q

Does training a horse anaerobically or aerobically (potentially) confer an improved output?

A

Aerobically

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13
Q

The ______ pathway generates tremendous amounts of ATP however it is only sustained for a few sections. In these initial seconds of exersize, the ________ pathway “comes up to speed”.

A

The PHOSPHOCREATINE pathway generates tremendous amounts of ATP however it is only sustained for a few sections. In these initial seconds of exersize, the ANAEROBIC pathway “comes up to speed”.

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14
Q

Is more fat used up at submaximal (30% VO2max) or maximal (60% VO2max) exercise intensity?

A

Submaximal

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15
Q

What types of muscle fiber are most related to stance? Which limbs have more of these fibers?

A

Type 1

Front limbs

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16
Q

Which types of fibers are fast oxidative glycolytc fibers that sustain high power for prolonged periods?

What fibers are 3 times faster than those described above and are adapte for high power output for a limited duration?

What is the intermediate fiber between the two describes above called?

A

IIA

IIX

IIAX

17
Q

How does a horse increase the oxygen carrying capacity of their blood temporarily?

A

Splenic contraction

18
Q

Training a horse increases it’s baseline _____ to a maximum of +____%.

A

PCV

50

19
Q

What happens if a horses PCV is increased too much?

A

Blood becomes overly viscous (sludgy)

20
Q

What is the baseline heart rate of a fit horse? At maximum intensity, how much can the rate increase?

A

25 bpm

10 times (220-250 bpm)

21
Q

What occurs when increasing the negative air pressure within the thorax during inspiration?

A

Cardiac output increases because SV is increased due to increased venous return.

22
Q

What can manifest if diastole is shortened to increase stroke volume, caused by decreased myocardial perfusion?

A

Arrythmias

23
Q

What is the limiting factor for maximal exercise?

A

Respiratory capacity

24
Q

What occurs in racehorses because their respiratory system cannot keep up during maximal exercise?

A

Exercise Induced Pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH)

25
Q

At moderate to high speed, the respiration rate of a horse is linked with _____ frequency. What is the max rate?

A

Stride

130 per min (breaths and stides)

26
Q

Why are racehorses running at maximum intensity hypoxemic?

A

Diffusion limitation- RBCs are zipping through the capillaries too quickly to fully saturate with oxygen

27
Q

What muscle fibers deplete first in endurance horses? Racehorses? What else causes muscle fatigue in horses?

A

Type 1 (then type II)

Type IIX fibers

Significant acidemia caused by high lactate production impairs ATP-producing pathways and causes heat stress (internal hyperthermia in combination with humidity).

28
Q

What are some causes of poor performance in horses?

A

Musculoskeletal

  • Clinical rhabdomyolysis (‘Tying up’/ Monday Morning Disease)
  • Subclinical myopathies
  • Lameness (#1 CAUSE OF POOR PERFORMANCE/Excerisize intolerance)

Respiratory (Second most common)

  • Dynamic airway obstructions
  • Displaced dorsal soft palate (DDSP)
  • Dynamic pharyngeal collapse
  • Laryngeal hemiplasia
  • Nasal collapse

Cardiac (3rd most common)

  • Arrythmias
  • Exercise induced myocardial dysfunction

Other

  • Diaphragmatic flutters
  • Anhydrosis
  • Jugular vein thrombosis
  • Mediastinal lymphosarcoma
29
Q

What are the two types of standard exercise tests that utilize a treadmill?

A

Incremental exercise test

Run to fatigue test

30
Q

How is lactate used to to assess athletic ability?

A

It reveals the animals anaerobic capability

Measure speed at which lactate reached 4mmol/L

Or measure amximum lactate level they can reach before fatigueing

Can be used to monitor how fitness is improving due to training

31
Q

How is performance potential assessed?

A
  1. Heart sizes
    Heart score
    ECG evaluation
    (Bigger=better)
  2. Muscle biopsy
    Look for inherited abnormalities and muscle composition
  3. Inter-mandibular width (More narrow= more resistance to airflow= poorer potential)
  4. Treadmill testing

(Note: Do not underestimate “Will to Win”, can’t really predict that)

32
Q

How is the lower respiratory tract evaulated?

A

Bronchialveolar lavage

(Looking for signs of inflammation- i.e. cell population showing some or all of the followng: NO>5%, EO>1%, MC>2%)

33
Q

The presence of what in a BAL is supporting of a diagnosis of EIPH?

A

Hemosiderophages

RUSVM LAM I (19 decks)

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