Final > Learning From Smallpox Inoculation (Book ch. 4)

Question 1

Where variolation (smallpox innoculation) first begin? When? (give a year range)

Answer 1

Occurred in China and Europe as early as 1721-1798.

Question 2

When did James Jurin conduct his studies on smallpox? (give a year range)

Answer 2

1721-1745.

Question 3

Who began using cowpox to inoculate children? When did this first occur?

Answer 3

Edward Jenner began experimenting with cowpox in 1798.

Question 4

When did Pasteur develop the rabies vaccine? Why was this historically significant?

Answer 4

In 1885. It was the first human vaccine (Jenner and cowpox was still inoculation).

Question 5

When were the Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, and Tuberculosis vaccines developed? (give a year range)

Answer 5

1923-1927.

Question 6

How is Lady Montague significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 6

She introduced smallpox inoculation to England from Turkey (1721). The first introduction in Europe of a method to prevent disease.

Question 7

How is James Jurin significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 7

Collected, analyzed, and validated data and research from smallpox inoculation in England (1723-1740).

Question 8

How is Francois D’Entrecolles significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 8

A missionary in China who Wrote a letter back to Europe describing smallpox inoculation and - more importantly - attenuation.

Question 9

What were the 3 different ways in which the Chinese inoculated children (1617-1700)?

Answer 9

1. Infected pus in nose
2. Infected scab in nose
3. Wear an infected kid’s clothes

Question 10

How is Jean Le Rond D’Alembert significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 10

Co-authored the first encyclopedia. Wrote about the risk of inoculation from the individual and state perspectives. Refuted some common objections to the practice.

Question 11

How is Edward Jenner significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 11

First to experiment with cowpox as a less harmful way of inoculating against smallpox.

Question 12

When did England force the switch to cowpox vaccination by making variolation illegal?

Answer 12

1840.

Question 13

How is Alfred Russell Wallace significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 13

An anti-vaxxer. Questioned the safety of vaccines, which was reasonable given the non-sterile preparation of vaccines at the time.

Question 14

How is Louis Pasteur significant in the history of immunization?

Answer 14

Developed the first animal vaccine and human vaccine. Invented microbiology. First to use animal models.