Final L1 - PKD 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacodynamics definition

A

A discipline that quantifies the relationship between drug concentration at the site of drug action and the drug’s pharmacologic effect

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the DRUG does to the BODY

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3
Q

Importance of PK/PD

A

-Relate temporal patterns of response (efficacy, harm) to drug admin following acute and chronic dosing
-Provide a rational basis for drug design, drug selection, and dosage regimen design

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4
Q

Exposure

A

Any dose or drug input to the body or various measures of acute or integrated drug concentrations in plasma or other biological fluid

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5
Q

Response

A

Direct measure of a pharmacologic observation

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6
Q

Desired response

A

Clinical response (quality of life, survival, organ survival, etc)
-Biomarker (LDL-cholesterol, blood glucose, blood pressure, etc.)
-Surrogate endpoint: biomarker that substitutes for a clinically meaningful endpoint

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7
Q

Harmful response

A

Mortality, hospitalization, etc.
-ADRs
-Change in biologic/pharmacologic observation from one time to another

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8
Q

Effect

A

Change in response from one time to another

response and effect will be used interchangeably

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9
Q

Exposure vs Effect

A

Exposure - measure of CMAX
Effect - measure of Rmax

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10
Q

Drug effect is mediated by (unbound/bound) drug concentration?

A

Unbound (free) drug concentration

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11
Q

Graded response

A

Continuous scale
Measured in a single biologic unit (person, animal, etc)
Relates dose (and concentration) to intensity of effect
(EC50, Emax, Kd)

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12
Q

Quantal response

A

All or none effect
Measured in more than one (large numbers of) individual
Relates dose (or concentration) to frequency of effect

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13
Q

Units for EMax are

A

100% (hematocrit units

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14
Q

Emax is the

A

maximal effect (max binding)

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15
Q

EC50 units

A

Concentration; (mg/L)

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16
Q

Concentration effect relationship

A

EMax, EC50 and Kd
Sigmoid shape (S shaped curve)
Looks like non-linear PK

17
Q

Kd

A

Dissociation constant

18
Q

EC50 is a measure of

A

Potency - sensitivity to the drug

19
Q

Clinical correlation to heart failure: If an agonist is given, it will shift curve to (right/left) and make it (more/less) potent

A

Left; less potent
reason why we give naloxone in overdose cases

20
Q

Disease states on ADME: CKD

A

When a patient has CKD:
-Diuretic is less potent, and causes about 1/2 of the max response
need an increase in dose, or same dose but given more often
Concentration response curve is steep

21
Q

Most drugs, we are trying to achieve concentrations between (%range) of the max effect

22
Q

Response vs time

A

Predicts response will decline linearly
-One compartment model (monoexponential decline)
-Linear log-dose relationship
Decrease in effect is impact by both K (PK) and m (PD)

23
Q

Changes in response profiles: What happens to the time course of response if k is increased

A

Start at the same point, but curve is shifted more to the left
-Eo is unchanged
-m is unchanged
-Time course changed due to a change in PK
-Declines more quickly
Given Dose, Vd, k and m, you could estimate/predict response at any given time

24
Q

Direct effect model

A

Peak conc happens at the same time as peak response
CP = Exposure
-Max conc and response happen at roughly the same time
Response is directly related to concentration

25
Disequilibrium in concentration effect relationship
When conc and response do not happen at the same time Max drug conc vs max response - displaced to the right (Takes more time) = delay
26
Hysteresis Loop
**Counterclockwise** -S curve turns into this loop because there is a delay in drug reaching the effect side = takes longer to reach response -Up slope: The effect is **lower** than that of the down slope -Greater effect LATER in therapy as opposed to EARLIER in therapy
27
Potential reasons for delay in response: Increased effect as compared to earlier temporal effect at same CP
Delay in drug reaching the effect site/biophase Production of an active metabolite that produces a response similar to parent Up-regulation of receptor response or sensitization Indirect effect -Ex, steroids, have to get into system to trigger something else, takes more time = delayed response
28
Proteresis loop
**Clockwise** -Greater effect EARLY in therapy as opposed to later in therapy
29
Potential reasons for Clockwise Proteresis: Decreased effect as compared earlier temporal effect at same Cp
-Alteration in distribution between venous and arterial concentrations -Production of an "active" metabolite opposite of the parent Down-regulation of receptor response or tolerance (desensitization) Indirect effect
30
Biggest example of a tolerance drug
Opioids; keeps up max effect even at later doses