FINAL INFECCIOSA Flashcards

(141 cards)

1
Q

Forma grave de leptospirosis

A

Sx de Weil

renal damage, hepatic damage, and vascular damage

multisystemic
#1 renal failuure = cause of death, jaundice, hemorrage, shock, inflammatory sx

Aumento de alaninoaminotransferasas hepáticas
b. Hipoprotrombinemia
c. Proteinuria
d. hypoproteinemia
Hematuria
b. Cilindruria
c. Piuria

can also cause liver dysnfunction and enlargement, respiratory distress, anemia, and heart failure

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2
Q

Forma grave de meningococcemia

A

Sx water houss friedman

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3
Q

enfermedad del beso

A

mononucleosis infecciosa

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4
Q

agente causal de fiebre escarlatina

A

estrep beta hemolitico grupo A - aka pyogenes

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5
Q

RD we use for malaria…

A

cloroquina

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6
Q

which causes linfoma de burkitt

A

mononucleosis infecciosa

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7
Q

when can you detect leptospirosis in blood

A

first week / 10d

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8
Q

when can you detect leptospirosis in urine

A

wk 1-3

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9
Q

describe the lesions of varicella

A

maculopapular rash of all different stages –> vesicles (24h transparent ) –> leukocytes –> cistras

3 eruptions over 3-4d

back of neck/head –> trunk –> extremeties

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10
Q

nikolsky sign

A

Nikolsky sign is a skin finding in which the top layers of the skin slip away from the lower layers when slightly rubbed.

+++ scalded skin syndrome

— in bullous impetigo

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11
Q

atypical lymphocytes in…

A

infectious mononucleosis

> 10% @ 2nd/3rd wk

= DOWNEY CELLS

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12
Q

Incubation period of mono

A

4-8wk

30-50d

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13
Q

incubation period of scarlet fever

A

12h-7d (nfectious)

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14
Q

incubation period of malaria

A

5-15d (vivax/ovale)

The time from the initial malaria infection until symptoms appear (incubation period) typically ranges from: 9 to 14 days for Plasmodium (P.) falciparum. 12 to 18 days for P. vivax and P. ovale. 18 to 40 days for P. malariae.

How soon will a person feel sick after being bitten by an infected mosquito? For most people, symptoms begin 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, although a person may feel ill as early as 7 days or as late as 1 year later. Two kinds of malaria, P. vivax and P. ovale, can occur again (relapsing malaria).

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15
Q

incubation period for leptospirosis

A

approx 10 days (2-26 days)

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16
Q

incubation for food poisoning

A

1-8hr

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17
Q

incubation period for varicella

A

10-21 days

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18
Q

fiebre cuaternaria benigna

A

plasmodium malaria

72hr cycles

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19
Q

tertiary feber

A

vivax/ovale’

48hr cycles

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20
Q

malignant teriary fever

A

falciparum

irregular fevers of 36-48hr

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21
Q

other cepas of malaria

A

knowelsi, inuii, brasilinam

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22
Q

treatment of osteomyelitis

A

Traditionally, antibiotic treatment of osteomyelitis consists of a 4- to 8-week course.

minimum 6 wks

Recommended agents are as follows:

Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h or
Ampicillin-sulbactam 3 g IV q6h or
Ticarcillin-clavulanate 3.1 g IV q6h
Patients with penicillin allergy and osteomyelitis from contiguous spread of infection:

( Clindamycin 600 mg IV/PO q6h or metronidazole 500 mg IV/PO q8h) plus ( ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO or 400 mg IV q12h or levofloxacin 750 mg PO daily), or moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily
If MRSA is suspected:

Add vancomycin 15 mg/kg IV q12h
If a contraindication exists to the use of vancomycin, an alternative anti-MRSA agent such as linezolid, daptomycin, or ceftaroline [6] may be used
Oral therapy following IV treatment for patients with osteomyelitis from contiguous spread of infection:

Amoxicillin-clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg PO q12h or
Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO q12h plus clindamycin 300-450 mg PO q6h or
Levofloxacin 750 mg PO daily plus clindamycin 300-450 mg PO q6h or
Moxifloxacin 400 mg PO daily

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23
Q

septic or suppurative arthritis

A

staph invasion most commonly via bloodstream of synovial membrane

causes painful swollen joints and decreases range of motion

caused mpstly by neisseria gonorrea and staph aureus

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24
Q

how will fluid look in septic arthirirs from staph infection

A

yellow turbish
>1000000 neutrophils
gram +

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25
most common resevoirs of staph
``` nasal cavity skin vagina fomites (clothes) water ```
26
structure of staph
micrococcaecea G+ spheres of approx 1um | in racimos de uva
27
breathing of staph
aerobes and facultative aerobes Staphylococcus aureus is Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-sporulating, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive
28
structure of CMV
herpes viridae with bicatenario DNA about 200nm | biggest herpes
29
structure of leptospira
mobile spiochete Bacteria muy fina. 6 a 20 µm de largo y 0,1 a 0,2 µm de ancho. Flexible- helicoidal. Extremidades incursadas en forma de gancho.
30
breathing of lepospira
strict aerobe | Puede sobrevivir largo tiempo en ambiente húmedo, templado, en agua fresca.
31
structure of meningococo
``` gram negative diplococo Neisseria meningitidis (meningococo) Familia: Neisseriaceae Diplococo gram- (0.6x0.8 um) Inmóvil Encapsulado ```
32
fermentation of meningococo
glucose and maltose\ oxidase and catalase + aerobio blood agar not lactose so not gonorrea
33
structure of varicella zoster
``` Familia: Herpesviridae Cápside con simetría icosaédrica Envoltura lipídica con espículas de glicoproteínas Tamaño: 150-200 nm ADN bicatenario Más pequeño de los virus herpes humanos ``` The genome is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule made up of two segments (L and S) joined covalently VVZ sintetiza 7 proteinas gb-gk, la gE es la principal. Europeo, japonés y mosaico. Las 3 sepas, E, J,M.
34
HHV3
varicella zoster
35
HHV4
EBV
36
HHV5
CMV
37
HHV8
Sarcoma de Kaposi
38
structure of EBV
Familia Herpesviridae (VHH4) 2 cepas A y B A más frecuente en occidente y B más frecuente en Africa central ADN bicatenario lineal Es sensible a los ácidos, disolventes, detergentes y desecación. Cápside es icosaédrica con 162 capsómeros  dentro una doble cadena de DNA lineal de distinto tamaño (larga y corta) Cubierta de glicoproteínas Entre cápside y cubierta esta el tegumento repleto de proteínas y enzimas virales
39
structure of EBHGA
``` Streptococcus pyogenes (EBHGA) Cocos Gram positivos Esféricos u ovoides Organizados en parejas o cadena Crecen en medios enriquecidos con sangre. Producen zonas de hemólisis en agar sangre. Resistentes a bacitracina ```
40
coagulase negative staph
saprophyticus and epidermidis
41
catalase test is for...
to differentiate staph from strep see bubbles means H202 is being converted to O2 and H20 inhibiting fagocytosis from neutrophils
42
factor de propagacion
Hialuronidase in staph and also in leptospira interogans
43
8. Provoca lisis o destrucción del eritrocito y daña las plaquetas
hemolisisna alfa , beta, gammma, delta, epsilon tambien altera musculo liso de los casos
44
heat stable toxins of staph
enterotoxins aka super antigens thhat cause watery diarrea, vomit at ingestion only takes a small amount A,B,C1,C2, D, E susceptible ppl dont have antibodes against these toxins
45
virulence factors of coagulase negative staph
no exotoxins | no enterotoxins
46
percentage of bullous impetigo with no previous lesion
10%
47
where is bullous impetigo most frecuent
cara, tronco, axilas y glúteos
48
14. Manifestación mas grave de la infección por S. Aureus
SCALDED SKIN SYNDROME she also said endocarditis and septic shock
49
Lyell syndrome
``` not at mucosa drugies, adults get it seperates epidermis from basal layer epidermal necrosis 2-3 wk recovery ```
50
vs. Sclded skin syndrome
kids under 6 yrs old bullae dont scar and break between epidermis and granulous layers in mouth genitals thorax any place really 4-5d recovery low mortality
51
toxin that causes SSS
exfoliative A B exotoxin
52
causes of celulitis
b. S. aureus y SGA
53
17. Agente causal de Celulitis en región periorbitaria o peribucal en
H.influenzae
54
18. Sitios comunes de formación de forúnculos
cuello, mamas, cara y nalgas
55
son más proclives a presentar carbuncos
ancianos, diabteicos boys in the back of the neck
56
20. Las pruebas de susceptibilidad p/Dx estafilococos deben hacerse de rutina
true like testing beta lactamase to see if resistant to penicillin (anti-staph still work) Una prueba B-lactamasa +, indica resistencia a penicilina G
57
22. La especie patógena para humanos y animales es la Leptospira
interrogans
58
23. El hombre puede actuar como reservorio y portador crónico d Leptospira ??
no we are accidental, its spread like that by animals
59
leptospira replicates and is eliminated from the whole body except from
brain, eyes, kidney causing myocarditis and uveitis (pupila blanca) (heart, skeletal muscle)
60
hepatocelular necrosis in leptospira causes
jaundice
61
renal failure in leptospirosis is caused by
tubular damage, hypoxia, and isquemia
62
phases of leptospira
biphasic septicemia and immune S: first wk, lcr blood can be found fever, mialgia, cefelea, GI, conjunctival ``` I: 2nd wk less symptoms 1-3d no fever then it returns meningeal signs, mialgia, rash, interstitial nefritis, colescitis IgM 1-3wks seen in urine @ wks seen in suero ```
63
differential diagnosis of leptospirosis
``` Dengue influenza hepatitis vírica fiebre hemorrágica epidémica hantavirus, septicemia con ictericia Enfermedades eruptivas paludismo toxoplasmosis pielonefritis fiebre amarilla brucellosis FOD? ```
64
treatment for leptospirosis
a. PGC 6-8 millones de U c/6h EV (if not cefalosporins III, ami/amoxi, Balance hidroelectrolítico b. Diálisis peritoneal o hemodiálisis c. Transfusiones sanguíneas
65
treatment for leptospirosis if pregnant with penicillin allergy
erythromycin
66
41. Tratamiento profiláctico recomendado mientras el huésped se mantenga expuesto
c. Doxiclicina, 200 mg semanalmente
67
95. El VVZ queda latente en los ganglios de las raíces
medular posterior dorsal root ganglion
68
96. La principal complicación de varicela zoster
neuraliga post herpetica
69
varcillea replication occurs where
in the infected cells' nucleus proteins from icosahedral capsid enter cytoplasm with microtubules towards the nucleus with tegument matrix proteins for replication viral dna makes alfa immediate mrna that codes for alfa protein alfa protein (immediate) enters nucleus to make more mRNA (beta - delayed early) which reenters cytopalsm tp make beta protein beta protein reenters nucleas o make more dna and structural mrna (:ATE) structural mrna makes capsid and spikes immediate anddelayed early are before DNA replication it all assembles and buds out of ER vesical, envelpops and then is released to infect other cells and damage them (lytic phase) provoking host immunity or and also nervcells (latent phase) = become circular and stop replicating can revert back with ehat , hormones or at IC
70
most common complication of varicella
pneumonia then acute cerebelous ataxiathink encephalitis bacterial skin infection (impetigo, necrotizing fasciits) herpes zoster
71
Varicela a las 6-12 semanas VIU:
congential mother infected in early pregnancy during 1-20wk (first 2 trimesters) can alter dermatome causing scards and inflmation decrease growth alter brain eyes microofalmia hypoplastic limbs 30 % mortality
72
101. Respuesta más importante del huésped para contener al VVZ
a. Inmunidad mediada por células doesnt always happen?? (zoster)
73
102. Tx en neuralgia post-herpética
Aciclovir + corticoesteroides p/↑ Potencia, si hay resistencia se da Foscarnet Gababentine 300mg/d increase 300 mg a wk (3600 max) amitriptila (10-25mg/d --> 75-100mg max) Some creams that help with shingles pain contain capsaicin, the ingredient in cayenne pepper that gives it a kick. Examples are Capsin and Zostrix. ... Lidoderm is a patch that contains the anesthetic lidocaine. You apply it directly to the painful area of skin.
74
Es la causa número uno de infección congénita viral
CMV
75
CMV infects what types of cells
Infecta a las células mononucleares y a los linfocitos causes lysis of epithelial cells of salivary glands The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can infect a remarkably broad cell range within its host, including parenchymal cells and connective tissue cells of virtually any organ and various hematopoietic cell types. peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) = These cells consist of lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and monocytes, whereas erythrocytes and platelets have no nuclei, and neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have multi-lobed nuclei.
76
CMV tx
Diana del Tx antirretroviral | polimerasa de ADN viral de la fase temprana
77
MC of CMV
frecuencia petequias, ictericia, hepatoesplenomeg y microcef , corioretinitis, low growth, TCP, high LFTs, high CSF proteins, hearing loss, seizure, retardation 115. Secuelas graves de los neonatos que sobreviven microcefalia, crisis convulsivas, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, parapesias, amaurosis, hipoacusia (53%) y anormalidades oculares (14%) 121. Características sugestivas de infección por CMV retraso de crecimiento intrauterino, ictericia, hepatoesplenomegalia, calcificaciones cerebrales, coriorretinitis ???114. Poco frec coriorretinitis con ∕ sin atrofia óptica y hernia inguinal en M V 116. Los síntomas producidos por el Epstein Barr son poco frecuentes V odinofagia, amigdalitis, esplenomegalia y adenopatías
78
complications of CMV
117. Complicaciones hepatitis, miocarditis, meningoencefalitis, Guillain-Barre, neumonía intersticial, trombopenia extrema y anemia hemolítica. cardiomegaly, heart failure, hemolytic anemia, convulsions, autism encefalitis 118. Son frecuentes coinfecciones por P. jiroveci y Aspergillus en receptores de trasplante cardiaco y pulmonar
79
119. En una mujer embarazada se hace la titulación pareada de la IgM F
??? IgG
80
Es sugestiva de infección fetal por CMVla presencia de
oligohidramnios o polihidramnios
81
Primer antivírico con actividad contra el CMV
ganciclovir puede incorporarse al ADN vírico y del hospedador. El uso de ganciclovir en neonatos infectados sintomáticos con afección del SNC previene el deterioro auditivo, además de producir un incremento del PC. El efecto tóxico del ganciclovir es la neutropenia grave (30%) que remite a la suspensión del tratamiento. Puede presentarse leucopenia, trombopenia y anemia, daño hepático, fiebre, náuseas, vómitos, diarrea, disminución del recuento de espermatozoides y atrofia de los testículos
82
123. Medicamentos para CMV usados en pacientes transplantados de riñón y medula ósea
también se ha utilizado elaciclovir y valaciclovir. El Aciclovir y el Valaciclovir pueden tener acción limitada sobre el CMV bajo ciertas condiciones. Ig ganciivlovir??
83
glycoproteins of EBV
Gp 350 permite la unión con los linfocitos V | 132. Gp 85: produce infección latente e inmortalización V
84
La respuesta del hospedero para limitar la infección de EBV consiste en
Generar la respuesta de las células NK, Producir anticuerpos neutralizantes y Citotoxidad dependiente de anticuerpos
85
MC of EBV
134. Síntomas en niños Suele presentarse de forma asintomática. En casos de presentar síntomas estos son: otitis, diarrea, dolor abdominal, afectación de las vías respiratorias superiores. 135. Triada característica en un 50% de los casos: Fiebre alta y prolongada por mas de 5 días, Faringitis y Linfadenopatía
86
complications of EBV
``` 136. Complicaciones Linfoma no-Hodgkin, Linfadenopatía generalizada, Neumonitis intersticial, Leucoplasia vellosa oral. Menos frecuente Sx de Reye, mielitis transversa y rotura esplénica Ca nasofaringeo, linfoma de Burkitt (mas frec. En Africa Ecuatorial) enfermedad de Hogking, Enfermedad linfoproliferativa (asociada a VIH) Ca naasofaringe hodkin linfoma burkitt linfoma leucoplaquia vellosa bucl CFS CNS complications hemorragic complications heart hemolytic anemia, miningitis, enceflatitis acute hemiplejia psycosis, Guillane barre meningism, ataxia cerebelosa TCP acute interstitial nefitis, heart attack, myocardidits, CN palsy mononeuropathy, opic neritis, functional asplenia, morbilliform rash if tx with strep aplasia granulocytopenia pancitopenia linfohistocitos y hemofasocitica ```
87
diff diagnosis of EBV
VHA, CMV, VIH, faringoamigdalitis, toxoplasma y rubeola
88
function of aciclovir in EBV
inhibe replicación viral, reduce la diseminación, PERO no tiene un efecto significativo sobre los síntomas
89
proteins that cause scarlet fever
M protein - adhesion and antifagocytosis streo erytrogenic toxin toxin
90
3 ways scarlet fever can damage
acción local superficial, diseminación por contigüidad, a distancia a través del torrente sanguíneo o por producción de toxinas
91
pastia lines
que no son más que una coloración roja intensa en los pliegues debajo del brazo y en la ingle
92
PERIODOS en scarlet fever
Invasión o prodrómico: Dura entre horas y 2 días. Es de presentación brusca con fiebre mayor a los 38.5 ˚C, escalofríos, náuseas y/o vómitos, odinofagia y odinodisfagia, saburra. Periodo de estado: marca su comienzo la presentación del exantema eritematoso-maculo-micropapular tipo escarlatiforme, a veces con componente petequial. Respeta las zonas periorificiales, si es de origen estreptocócica (facies de Filatow: rubicundez de la región malar con palidez periorificial). Periodo de convalecencia unonteced at kid astenia psicofasica 1-2wk in adult
93
complications of scarlet fever
No supurativas: glomerulonefritis, miocarditis y desordenes neurosiquiátricas. rhemativ fever Supurativas: Otitis media, meningitis, sinusitis, absceso epiduralperiamig, adenoflemon, masotoiditis, sepsis, etmoids, peritonitis, sinusitis, broncopnemonia
94
ritters disease
skin comes off at touch in newborn baby
95
4. Prueba que indica diferencia entre mononucleosis infecciosa por EBV y por CMV
anticuerpos heterofilos
96
5. Esquema de vacunación de varicela
12-15 meses y 4-6 años
97
Cuándo en fiebre escarlatina aparece fiebre reumática y glomerulonefritis?
Fiebre reumática luego de faringitis y glomerulonefritis luego de faringitis o piodermitis por estreptococo del grupo A. c) Estreptococo causa gromerulonefritis en 2-3 semanas y fiebre reumatica 5-15 anios
98
11. La neumonía con displasia broncopulmonar en RN es causada por infección congénita asociada a cuál virus o bacteria
citomegalovirus
99
paul bunnel test
The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test,[1] is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul-Bunnell test.[2] The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV infection.
100
virulence factors for neisseria meningitis
``` LPS - capsule - rsists fago LOS (endotoxin) --> immunity IgA1 - mucosal IC survival Proteins Omp Por A Por B 00 invasion degranulation proteina Fet A Porinas ```
101
staphylocinase
lyse fibrinolysyse | lyse clump factor
102
clump factor
caralyzes fibrinogen to fibrin
103
teicoic acid
strep pa fijacion
104
eliminates carrier state of meningococo
rifampicin
105
at risk for CMV
QT HIV pregnant women tranplant px
106
scarlet fever complications in pregnancy
premature, aborto, sepsis puerperal, nefrii\tis
107
diagnostic methods for leptospirosis
prueba de aglutinacion microscopica enzimoinmunoanalisis tincion argentica de wartin-stally
108
cerebral malaria is caracterized by
microtrombosis capialr isquemia hemorrage edema
109
purpura fulminante
complicacion de meningococo
110
befrotic syndrum
malaria malaria
111
receptors of pre erytrocytic cycle of malaria
toll like receptros
112
in staph aureus playing similar rol as LPS of gram negatices inducing complement and coagulation
lipoteicoic acid
113
reed steinberg cells
hodgkin linfoma
114
rx findings of pneumonia from staph aureus
lobar consolidation cavitations maybe pneumotorax, piopnemotora or pneumatoceles
115
where to find burkitt linfoma
afrika
116
where to find nasofaringeal CA
china alaska greenland asia Tipo1 mas freceunte en el mundo, tiop2 mas frecuente en áfrica y Europa.
117
antigens of EBV
latent - genome: EDNA - DNA at linfoctes, LMP - limits expression initial (EA) - replication tardios (VCA capsid) and glycoprotein envelope structural produce infection
118
replication phases of EBV
latent persistant lyric
119
Si el ninio no tiene sintomatologia, que debe hacerse --> CMV
fluid studies
120
IgG no valen como diagnostico en lactantes porque (CMV)
tienen IgG de la madre y le dura 32 semanas
121
Primera causa de muerte en trasplantados por CMV
pneumonia
122
Causa mas comun de cardiopatia
fiebre reumatica
123
Que se le da de profilaxis al que se va para africa parra malaria
mefloquina
124
malaria congenita
e) malariae es el mas frecuente que causa malaria congenita. el falciparum no es frecuente porque lleva a aborto
125
structure of scarlet fever
Pyogenes: inmóvil, catalasa -, no forma esporas, anaerobio facultativo. La fiebre es producida por exotoxinas A, B, C. puede presentar capsula. La exotoxina A es la mas toxica. Ac. Hialuronico y la proteína M, disminuye la fagocitosis. Ac.lipoteicoico y la proteína F (se une a fibroblastos), adherencia bacteriana. Estreptomicina O acción toxica contra glóbulos rojos, blancos y plaquetas. Estreptomicina S (lesión membranosa y leucocitosis)
126
risk factor for scarlet fever
edad (5-15 anos), biológico (estrecha vías respiratorias, infecciones, inmadurez inmunológica) ASLO se eleve a partir de la segunda semana.
127
Periodo de transmisión scarlet fever
sin tratamiento 2-3 semanas con antibióticos 24-48 horas`
128
tx scarlet fever
penicilina VO o amoxicilina, macrolidos si son alérgicos.
129
streptococcus pneumoniae complications
Conditions that may develop by direct extension of S pneumoniae from the nasopharynx include the following: Conjunctivitis Otitis media Sinusitis Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) Pneumonia (which may be complicated by purulent pericarditis) Conditions that may result from vascular invasion and hematogenous spread of S pneumoniae include the following: Meningitis Bacteremia (most common manifestation of invasive pneumococcal disease) Joint and bone infections (osteomyelitis and septic arthritis) Soft tissue infections (eg, myositis, periorbital cellulitis, abscess) Peritonitis Cardiac infections (eg, endocarditis
130
varicella vaccine
live attnuated zostavex vs varivax The varicella vaccine is given in two doses. A child should have the first shot at ages 12-18 months. The second shot should be given at ages 4-6 years. Older children and adults should have two shots, with four to eight weeks between the first and second shot.
131
antibodies in varicella
Niveles de anticuerpos se alcanzan 4-8 semanas después del inico, siguen elevadas aprox. 6 meses y luego declinan.
132
MC of varicella
Fiebre de 1 o 2 días antes del exantema que dura aprox. 5 días, mas frecuente en tronco y cabeza. 250- 500 lesiones.
133
diff dx varicela
Impétigo, rickettias, síndrome de Steve-Johnson, picadura de insecto, alergia como dx diferencial
134
linfadenopathy in EBV
non mobile | enlarged tenderness
135
EBV immortalizes
B cells
136
Fue descrita inicialmente como fiebre glandular.
EBV
137
Mencione dos fallas en la barrera cutánea favorecedoras de infección por Estafilococos
burn and drugs
138
Mencione dos enfermedades con fallas en la fagocitosis que predispongan a enfermedad grave por estafilococo
GRAN CRONICa, _DIABETES_, neutropenia, defecto congenito____
139
osler node
endocarditis
140
janeway sign
endocarditis
141
Droga anti malaria que produce hipoglicemia:
quinina