FINAL Fine Arts Flashcards
John Singleton Copley
1778→ Watson and the Shark
- Watson had stake in the tea that would famously be thrown overboard during the Boston Tea Party
- Like West’s Gen. Wolfe, shows a recent history event but instead of being a well known figure like wolfe, Watson was a relatively unknown man with no real prominence (step further)
- Shows people in contemporary dress
- Savanah harbour background
- Sculptural representation of Watson- Classical references can be made to the figure.
- Prometheus story much more plausible- reflective of strength of human will and agency as a defining factor for determining success
- Figures arranges to strengthen the composition.
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Pastoral stage 1834-36
- shepard. old vs. young. ruins. stone on mountains=god, cultivation of land
- settled land. pre urban ancient greece
Charles Wilson Peale
Washington as Colonel in the Virginia Regiment 1772
- Peale was a natural chice due to his previous service in the militery
- first painting of Washington
Albert Bierstadt
Rocky Mountains Landers Peak
1863
- Not as metrically painted as church. You cannot tell each tree
- An extreme and dramatic proportion of nature
- Compositionally he is not as intuitive as Church
- Natives and their artifacts in the front. Major focal point in the center. You are drawn back and forth between the foreground and the background
John Wesley Jarvis
Andrew Jackson 1819 (president 1829-37)
William Sidney Mount
William Sidney Mount 1807-68
- First 2nf generation genre painter
- Born Long island
- “comic painter of american life”
- Added political and moral tones to his art -issues of race and identity
Genre paitnings= quick and easy to read
JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT
JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT
1816-72
(active late 1850s)
- Begun his career as a engraver
- Goes to Europe with Durand…
- Returns to America 1847
- Silvery, misty, sparkley
- Known for his lake George scenes
- Meditative contemplative relationship with nature
John Krimmel
Forth of July Center Square, Philadelphia 1810-12
- an image of different people types Male dandies, young women in fashionable dresses, African American, qakers The types are still grouped
- Water sanitation building
- Sculpture “Nymph and Bittern, 1812” William Rush
- Hogarth - satire “the line of beauty. lived in 1740s. English rococo. H is still a major influence.
- enlongated figures
- civic space was a new thing
JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT
1855 → Bash Bish Falls
Jean Antoine Houdon
George Washington, 1785-89
Horatio Greenough
Washington 1832-40
- barebusted in a robe - Roman imperial
- offering a sword. & holding lighting
Benjamin West
1770→ Death of General Wolfe
- Shows recent history as a history painting
- Contemporary clothes
- Risky from English standpoint, Wolfe dies in Christ like position. Religious composition= universal understanding of the theme.
- Ground stops while battle rages on
- Shows North American because of Native American representation
- Reynolds claimed it was inappropriate because men were wearing modern clothes
- 7 Years War depiction
- As a result of this painting, West becomes history painter to King and plays off idea that he is Mr. America ;-) Seen as charming
- Because of the negative reaction from this painting, West didn’t do the Revolutionary War paintings (Trumbull did)
Charles Bird King
The poor artist cupboard, 1815
- Tromp l’oeil - to fool the eye
- details and symbolism
- paper in corner talks about an artist estate= all he owned was his paintings
- full of little notes that realte to an artist and poverty
- living off of bread and water
- Top left corner, sheriff’s sale list which represents that all he owns are his paintings
- conflicting wealth and poverty
- Cut glass/ crystal, in the forefront: Is he mocking other artists who were successful or is he representing his own life as a poverty stricken artist
Thomas Cole
1801-48
active 1830-40s
- Born in England. Comes to US in 1818
- 1st generation Hudson River School HRS
- Framing elements
- NYC generated attention from William Dunlauo, Asher Durand, John Trumbull,
- Luman Reed - a patron of HRS
- wilderness vs civilization -> industriualisation
- no specific depiction of trees
Hiram Powers
Hiram Powers
1805-1873
- Born in Vermont, moved to Ohio
- Trained in europé. Trained in italy -1837, settles in Florence
- Moved from portrait to sculpture
- works in clay. Someone else does the sone carving.
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Consummation of Empire stage 1834-36
- mighty civilization
- the man made is crowding out the natural divine
Raphaelle Peale
Venus rising from the sea - a depiction (After the bath), 1823
- To fool you thath behind the cloth is a naked woman print
- one has done x-ray and found a painting of the artist. Just as his fathers museum painting. The painting si a copy of a portrait his father did of him.
Ralph Earl 1751-1801
- Studies with West. elected to royal academy
- moves to connecticut
- changes from high style english to more conservative naive style, because his clients wanted it Ralph Earl
Elijah Boardman 1789
- aristocratic high style.
- Full length = expensive = wealth
- fabrics in background = made his wealth from importing fabrics
- books = educated
- accountbooks/feather pen = business
John Vanderlyn
The death of Jane McCrae 1804
- Neoclassical/Rainaissance rticulation of musclature
- emphasis on the figures in the foreground
- dramatic lighting
- Her lover in the distance, too late
- was one of the rotunda pictures
- resemles postures in David’s “The Lictors Bring Brutus the Bodies of His Sons”
JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY
JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY
Born 1738
- Born in Boston
- 1774 he goes to England after talking to West for 9 years.
- Early portraits typical American (shadows on face)- Later/after England neoclassica
Gilbert Stuart,
George Washington, 1795
- Vaughn - facing right
1670→ Elizabeth Paddy Wensley
- flower symbolizing fertility and innocents
- Flatness, liney
- Compare command of textile vs other paintings
JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT
1855 → Bash Bish Falls
Thomas Cole
1840 Voyage of life
Childhood Dawn. Emerging from a cave
Youth You are ready to go on your own
Manhood Praying on a boat. The angle is far away
Old age The angle had come back. And drags you to the light (life is over). The water I calm again.
Gilbert Stuart
The Skater/William Grant, 1782
- William Grant is the figure
- shows dynamic/motion =new style
- the portrayed is part of the surrounding, new with outdoors
- a real/existing background / Memorable location
- upper body still in sitter pose
- monocromatic=the actual color of a winter day
Frederick Church
1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness–
- SUBLIME SKY
- During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society
- Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature
- The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset
ROBERT FEKE
ROBERT FEKE→ 1741-1751
- Born in Oyster Bay, LI-Works in Newport
- Stylistically flat and pastel
- SUPER GOOD AT FABRICS– people wanted to show their wealth because of textile rarity
ASHER B. DURAND
ASHER B. DURAND
1796-1886
- Patron and contemporary of Cole (1835)
- Leading landscape painter after Cole’s death
- more specific depiction of trees
- The beauty of nature. Create a mood with nature
- Plays with the contrast of cultivated and wild
Ralph Earl,
Daniel Boardman, 1789
- Stans before his landownings in Gainbough, Connecticut
ASHER B. DURAND
ASHER B. DURAND
1796-1886
- Patron and contemporary of Cole (1835)
- Leading landscape painter after Cole’s death
- more specific depiction of trees
- The beauty of nature. Create a mood with nature
- Plays with the contrast of cultivated and wild
John Greenwood,
1747→ Greenwood Lee Family
- Another attempt to copy the Bermuda group in formation
- Queen Anne (English) chair and no turkey work has a turkish hat on (turkery)
- Shows idea of furniture as something of wealth
- No unrealistic background
- A network of artists and they all know who was doing what where
- Gazes have changed from Smiberts, interacting with each other through gazes
Thomas Cole
1801-48
active 1830-40s
- Born in England. Comes to US in 1818
- 1st generation Hudson River School HRS
- Framing elements
- NYC generated attention from William Dunlauo, Asher Durand, John Trumbull,
- Luman Reed - a patron of HRS
- wilderness vs civilization -> industriualisation
- no specific depiction of trees
1670→ Freake-Gibbs Painting/Limner
(Painted the whole family)/
- Alberti’s lines perspective, would not have read Alberti but would have been aware of this method of composing pictures
- → Elizabeth Freake and baby Mary (Redone to add baby)
Gilbert Stuart
Washington 1795
- Vaughn - facing right
- no attire or extras = a federal man rather than royal
- focus on him, not the background
JASPER CROPSEY
1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River
- known for making autumn autumnal
- second rate painter
- he was not in US when he painted it
1771→ Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
- Creation of Pennsylvania
- American’s trick Indians (relay)
George Caleb Bingham 1811-1879
- Born Virginia, moven to Missuri
- trained with Chester Harding
- 1838 introduced to genre paintings by Sidney Mount
- American Art Union distrubuted his works/prints
Fur traders descending the Missouri, 1845
- older gentleman and young boy (look care free, enjoying the ride) decending the moissuri river
- in front, young bear that they have captured
- foreground very detailed. Background lumenous and arieal perspective
- great depiction of the water. reflective, still and calm
- acclaimed one of his best
FRANCIS EDMONDS
1858 → The new bonnet
Asher Durand
1849 - Beeches
- Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees)
- Pastoral landscape at its finest
- has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree
1855 - In the Woods
- A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.
Albert Bierstadt
1863
- Not as metrically painted as church. You cannot tell each tree
- An extreme and dramatic proportion of nature
- Compositionally he is not as intuitive as Church
- Natives and their artifacts in the front. Major focal point in the center. You are drawn back and forth between the foreground and the background
William Rush 1756-1833
- Learned to carve from his father who was a ship carver
- starts off carving boat parts
- Helps Rembrandt Peale found Coulumbiana
- Re-invent himself. Start working as a sculting professor & works in caramics and terracotta
Self portrait 1822
FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH
FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH
1826-1900
(active 1850s)
- Attention to specificity of details
- Supremely talented painter
- Mid 20s trains with Cole for 3 years, Cole’s only student
- Incredibly specific depictions of natural elements
- Sublime→ in sky and in the subjects he chooses
John Krimmel Election day 184 - Independence Hall=prid eof the nation - Only white men got to vote. No matter their condition
Robert Feke,
Portrait of a Woman, 1748
FRANCIS EDMONS
FRANCIS EDMONS
(active 1840s-50s)
- Mysterious figure. Used different names.
- Easy to read, genre painting, simple subjects
- influenced by Mount
- Literal representations
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Destruction stage 1834-36
- when man loses touch with nature.
- Everything is falling apart
- Fallen civilization
John Krimmel
The Quilting Frolic 1813
- Impled narrative/telling a story/specific moment
- Krimmel shows what he can do. Types, objects,
- Very nationalistic
- Washington in center=father of the country
- Black shown as caricatures
Thomas Cole
the oxbow 1836
- Wild/savage on one side and pastoral on the other
- Progress is coming across
- Storm blasted three in front, reminds us of god’s power
Benjamin West
1817 (1796) → Death on a Pale Horse
“Rubenist”, bold diagonals, high drama
William Sidney Mount
1836 → Farmers nooning
- individualized black man.
- contradiction - can be read in many ways, Either the black man is being lazy or he’s just resting and it’s a nice scene
- The kid is wearing a Tam o’shanter, which was typically associated with Scottish people and Scottish people are abolitionist
- Can be read as abolitionist are telling blacks what they want to hear but they are deceiving him
- Wearing nicer clothes than the white men, suggesting that blacks are better off under the control of white masters, better taken care of
Rapaelle Peale
- Has the skill but refuses to paint portraits
- Lack of concern about conventions
- People interpret thm as representeations of psychological themes
- one can unpack mnultiple meanings
- his paintings connect with various audience depending on which angle you take on reading it.
Blackberris, 1812
- berries are almost touching table -
Matthew Pratt,
1765→ The American School
- Chippendale chair
- West’s studio in London, West is figure on left
John Trumbull
Death of general Warren at the Battle fo Bunker Hill 1775/1786
- human values/morality not action is the subject
- multiple scenes into narrative. invented scene
- diagonal sweep (often in history paintings. Barouque style)
- dramiatic baroque style
- subscription print
John Gast - from StLouis (lived in NYC)
American progress 1872
- Floating seamlessly into the west
- the idealization of American west
- to right Manhattan & brooklyn bridge a technical invention
- telephone wires
- wester exspansion. Bringing civilization.
- groupings of types. farmers, terrified natives, mountain men with horse, running buffalos
- she is carrying a schoolbook
- brings education tot he west
- “god wanted us here. he showed us the new world”
- the idea that the west consisted of nothing. mountains, indians, buffalos
- 1893 - the frontier is over. then about bringing it together.
- the fantasy of freedom - idealization of expansion
Frederick Church
1859→ Heart of the Andes
- South America as a destination
- ATTENTION TO DETAIL
- Every mini part of this work is a mini painting
- a church is depicted
- Always God is omnipresent
John Vanderlyn
Adriane asleep in the island of naxos 1815
- nudity ok if historical/religious scene
- dramiatic lighting
- not so strict with anatohmy, idealization
Gilbert Stuart
Washington 1796
- Antheneaum
- Used on the dollar bill
- Saved the painting to produce more similar once
Charles Wilson Peale
Artist in his museum 1822
- museum, place for public entertainment
- Linneaus organizing of nature
- in Independence Hall
John Singleton Copley
1765→ Henry Pelham, Boy with the Squirrel
He step towards English highs style
Frederick Church
Niagara Falls 1857
- No framing elements, the waterfall itself
- panoramic view
- Niagara as an important american landscape
- Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls
- Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene
- Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity
John Trumbull
The declaration of Independence 1786
- for the US capitol Rotunda
- President Jefferson
- no one is signing = euqality
- Trumbulls most renowned painting
John Singleton Copley,
Paul Revere,
1768,
Frederick Church
Niagara Falls 1857
- No framing elements, the waterfall itself
- panoramic view
- Niagara as an important american landscape
- Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls
- Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene
- Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity
Gilbert Stuart
Washington 1796
- Lansdowne
- outreaching arm
- objects of material culture = wealth & educated
- ship = trade
- scrolls = the constitution
- inc feather = signing of independence
Hiriam Powers
California 1850-55
- Version of Greek Slave (only way to show nudity)
- First american sculpture in the MET
- Quarts/gold crystals = symbolized mineral wealth, and is stabalizing the sculpture
- holds a thorn = “all is not gold that glitters”
Augustine Clement,
1664→ Dr. John Clarke
First American painting
A.F Tait
The life of a Hunter, 1858
- Masculinity
- what men dream about. To stare down the danger
- the idea of conquering nature
George Caleb Bingham
Jolly Flatboatmen, 1846
- Depicts the importance of the river in the west
- working conditions at the time
- idealized relaxed images for the easterners/north
- horixontal lines and triangular composition to place focus on dnacing man
- the innocence and wildness of the west, scenery and stillness of the river
JASPER CROPSEY
1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River
- known for making autumn autumnal
- second rate painter
- he was not in US when he painted it
Erastus Dow Palmer
Indian girl/the dawn of Christianity 1853-56
- holding a cross. Makes it ok to sow her naked
- idealized contrapasto posture
William T Ranney
Kit Karson, 1845
- idealized image
- only carrying a blanket and some liqure. Where is the lagguage?
- images for the eastern market
- if you are a white amn who lives like an indian. It is of chice=it is masculine and cool
- City living = too cilvilized. wanted to be reminded of te wild life. To live life
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Destruction stage 1834-36
- when man loses touch with nature.
- Everything is falling apart
- Fallen civilization
John Vanderlyn 1775-1852
- Trains briefly with Gilbert Stuart
- studies in France
- Tight Neoclassical style. Grand manner.
- Inspired by Jaque Louis David
Severin Roesen 1815-1872
- Crouded compositions - From germany
- Decorative rather than intellectually challanging
- Victorians loved thair still lifes
- From templates
- insp dutch 17/18 C paintings. Color, composition
Still Life with Fruit and Champagne, 1852
Robert Feke
1741 - Isaac Royall and His Family
- inspired by Smibert’s Bermuda group
- 4 adults 1 child
- Family from Newport
- Self taught painter
- Has studied Smibert’s Bermuda group
- Turkey carpet
- Feke→ does not accomplish the transversal gazes of Smibert, Feke’s figures are stiff and waxlike
Benjamin West
1768→ West, Agrippina Bringing the Ashes of Germanicus to Brundisium
- Showing of historical knowledge
- Sculptural, Neoclassical, nods to Classicism, looking back to Ancient forms.
- Background building could be based off of Robert Allen’s print Could be Diocletians palace. Central group from the frieze on Ara Pacis in Rome.
- Painting is meant to evoke idea of sacrificing one’s self for others– moralistic ideals, religious ideals. White dress=purity and morality
- “Poussinist”, tight linear style, strong direct lighting, horizontal lines, bold colors
- Her husband is Germanicus
John Frederick Kensett,
Lake George, 1856
- emerging vacationing class
- these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families
Gilbert Stuart 1755-1828
Selfportrait 1778
- Born in Rohode Island
- 1775 England, 1777 with West
- the artist myth. Drinking, gambling
- active in Ireland 1787-93
- the best portrait painter of the time, and he enjoyed portraits
- He was talketive and funny. People enjoyed sitting for him
- really understand color & composition
Portraits of washington:
Vaughn - facing right
Antheneum - facing left, unfinished
Lansdowne - facing left, standing, arm reaches out
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Desolation stage 1834-36
- The works of man has faded. Nature wins
Charles Deas
The death struggle, 1845
- wester story - escaping afight with the indain.
- Everyone is terrified except the white man. stronger, calm, on a white horse
- fiction, art, political action - imaginiative/fiction
- both indians same features=no personallity. depicted as a group, not individuals
Hiriam Powers
The Greek Slave 1851
- Cultural phenomena
- Toured the country
- Not about modern slavery. She was chained by the turks.
- Religious mythology. Only thing that can save her in Christianity
Jeremiah Theus,
1757→ Elizabeth Wragg Manigault
- This is representational of Southern portraiture
- Charleston society
- Fabrics are still important in their placement and depiction in portraits as they still work to show wealth
Peter Pelham,
1727 → Cotton Mater print.
Maybe first print in Am., did prints of Smibert’s paintings)
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire - 1834-36
Savage State
- ideal state of natural world - untouched
- calm
- hunters teepees
Asher Durand
1849 - Kindred Spirits
- Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece
- Romantic themes
- Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting
John Wesley Jarvis,
Mrs. Robert Dickey (Anne Brown), ca. 1807-10.
Charles Wilson Peale
the Peale family 1773-1809
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Desolation stage 1834-36
- The works of man has faded. Nature wins
Charles Bird King
Young Omahaw…, 1822
- the is all about indians 1820-50s
- the typical stereotype - one of his better paintings
William Rush
Eagel 1809-11
- Iron on wood
- For st. Johns Church
Charlestown stone cutter, Boston, 1678
- mannerist style
- symbol of death
- hourgass = your time is counted
Asher Durand
1849 - Beeches
- Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees)
- Pastoral landscape at its finest
- has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree
1855 - In the Woods
- A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.
Horatio Greenough
- Learns to carve from local stone cutter
- Goes to Hardward, meets Washignton Allston and become “best friends”
- neocalsssical instyle
- whole career in Italy
Bust of Washington 1832
William Sidney Mount
Bar room scene 1835
- Exclusion of the black man. No individualistic treatment.
- Sereotypical rasist view.
- Dectinction of class.
The dancer has broken ragged clothes.
Also he is not facing us. He is placed in the center and everyone is looking at him as if he is diminished on power/hierarchy.
- Focuses on the figures and the relationship between them. Showing the differentiation in power. He is excluded.
- The meaning is in the viewer.
Charles Wilson Peale 1741-1827
(By Benjamin West 1767)
- Born In maryland. Stared painting 1760s
- Went to Harvard, met Copley 1765
- Studies with West, 1767-69
- Moves to Philly 1776
- Serves in the militiary during the Revolutionary War
(1775-1783).
- Founder Museum of Natural History Philly 1802
- Columbnianum 1794
- Founder Philly Academy of Fine Arts 1805
- Eggshaped heads
Thomas Cole
the oxbow 1836
- Wild/savage on one side and pastoral on the other
- Progress is coming across
- Storm blasted three in front, reminds us of god’s power
Thomas Cole
1840 Voyage of life
Childhood Dawn. Emerging from a cave
Youth You are ready to go on your own
Manhood Praying on a boat. The angle is far away
Old age The angle had come back. And drags you to the light (life is over). The water I calm again.
John Singleton Copley
1775 Mr and Mrs. Ralph Izard
- He started using Classical structure in the background
- Showing wealth in their clothes
- Shows travel with different antiquities
- Stayed in Copley’s studio for his life
John Frederick Kensett,
Lake George, 1856
- emerging vacationing class
- these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families
Albert Bierstadt
Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67
- The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view
- One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley.
- The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.
Frederick Church
1859→ Heart of the Andes
- South America as a destination
- ATTENTION TO DETAIL
- Every mini part of this work is a mini painting
- a church is depicted
- Always God is omnipresent
John Singleton Copley
1776 → Copley family.
Brushier, glazing, softness, color management, flow of light and shadow, focus
on faces rather than surroundings.
William Sidney Mount
1841 → Cider making
- Election year. Making fun of president candidate. Hard cider and lodges
- Was once believed to be from Long Island however; from the mountain in the background we can assume it’s probably not Long Island but it still stands as an emblem of the North East
- 1841, William Henry Harrison was elected to presidency, “didn’t have a damn thing to say about anything”. President based off of hard cider and log cabins. Had no real platform accepted for being anti MVB… who was urban, refined “the little magician”
- Political satire
John Trumbull 1756-1843
- one generation after Copley/West/Peale
- 1780, England with West
- Europe back and forth total 24 years
- 1825 meets Louis David
- Founded Philadelphia Academy of Fine arts
- early portraits, detailed & sharp
- develops sense of coloring
- Scenes from Revolutionary War
- want to do history painting
- rubenist
Selfportrait 1777
- pallet=painter
- book= litterate/educated. full bound was most expensive
- full colors = can afford it/organized
- reflection = reminds us of copley
Albert Bierstadt
Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67
- The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view
- One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley.
- The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Consummation of Empire stage 1834-36
- mighty civilization
- the man made is crowding out the natural divine
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire - 1834-36
Savage State
- ideal state of natural world - untouched
- calm
- hunters teepees
Jean Antoinet Houdon
Washington 1788
- French sculptor
- most resembling of Washington
- walking stick= the gentleman farmer
- the ability to walk away from power
- Column, roman story
John Smibert
1728→ The Bermuda Group
- Wainwright was the patron, Berkeley was the minister and idea man→ wanted to create a religious school in the Caribbean to minister to indigenous peoples there, Western Civilization
- Looks back to Classical styles. made up background with columns.
- First group portrait known in the colonies
- This becomes a model which artists in the colonies will continuously copy
Capt. Thomas Smith,
Major Thomas Savage
1679
- Attributes and background tell
- you what he worked with. Baroque composition
William Rush
Nymph & Bittern 1812/1854
- was at first a fountain
Charles Wilson Peale
Washington after the battle of Princeton 1770/1789-92
-how quickly he lost his technique after being away from England
Asher Durand
1849 - Kindred Spirits
- Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece
- Romantic themes
- Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting
The course of Empire
1834-36
- Allegorical study
- Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity
- Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind
- HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man.
- How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.
Charles Wilson Peale
Washington at battle of Princeton 1784
- aristocratic full lenght
- In a former royal frame
- dressed in yellow and blue after the revolutionary war
John Trumbull
George Washington, 1780
Frederick Church
1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness–
- SUBLIME SKY
- During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society
- Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature
- The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset
The course of Empire
1834-36
- Allegorical study
- Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity
- Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind
- HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man.
- How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.
Thomas Cole
Course of Empire
Pastoral stage 1834-36
- shepard. old vs. young. ruins. stone on mountains=god, cultivation of land
- settled land. pre urban ancient greece
