Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio > Final final prep lol archea and such! > Flashcards

Final final prep lol archea and such! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major euk super groups?

bonus for the one you’re in!

A

Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

You in unikonta, (opisthokonts)

Clades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Excavata-

quick who’s in it??

A

-all protist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SAR Clade

quick who’s in it??

A

– all protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Archaeplastida-

quick who’s in it??

A

algae/land plants, and protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unikonta-

quick who’s in it??

A

fungi, (us) animals, protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Excavata- unique main feature?

(and why that’s kinda fake news)

A

Traditionally those protists had a feeding groove that appeared to be “excavated from one side” basically do phagocytosis only in the mouth
(oral feeding groove use as a scoop)

BUT not everything with feeding groove is an excavate, but we’re trapped with the name ☹

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Excavata have what cell status? (and do they be symmetric?)

A

Single celled & asymmetric bb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

3 subgroups of Excavata?

(public display of energy!)

A

-Parabasalids
-Diplomonads
-Euglenozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unique features to parabasalids-

A

-cluster of flagella at anterior of cell (usually like 4)
-one long flagella that wraps around body like sail
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which excavata subgroup has one long sail like flagella along body?

A

parabasalids!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the parabasal body (in parabasalids)

A

-proteins are not quite mature, so probably modified golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parabasalids lack mitochondria, have what struc instead?

A

instead have hydrogenosomes (body that creates hydrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are parabasalids aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic bb!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parabasalid hydrogenosomes can’t do what?

A

No Krebs cycle
No electron transport chain
No ATP synthase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Example of mutualistic role of parabasalids:

bonus for every additional answer!

A

-mutualistic relationships with animals (chillin with the chytridians)

-how cockroaches be eatin paper
-termites
-ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When can parabasalids be parasitic? give example (hint you really really don’t want this)

A

STD
trichomonas vaginalias

-can cause secondary infections, (weird metabolites)
-genital warts, cervical cancer

fock that man, be more lonely no sex!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ATP in hydrogensase chain reaciton thing made by what?

A

fermentation i think ??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diplomonads (excavata subgroup) be looking like what?

A

Real symmetrical jellyfish
-possess multiple symmetrical flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diplomonads possess two what?

A

2 Nuclei its fockin proper odd

(symmetrically distributed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do diplomonads be out here lackin?

A

lack many common organelles, no lysosomes, peroxidsomes, no mitochondria, golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s the one unique organelle of diplomonads?

(bonus for what it does!)

A

Mitosome

used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mitosome (unique organelle of diplomonads)

what it do tho?

A

(vestigial mitochondria)
-used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are diplomonads liking O2?

Also how obtain energy?

A

-anaerobic environment

-obtain energy through fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What role do most diplomonads commit?

A

Most are commensalistic

(not hurtin not helpin, just kinda chillin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When are diplomonads not chill?

A

When they decide they wanna be parasitic

(giardia lamblia)
-disease: giardiasis (beaver fever)
-diarrhea abdominal pain, weight loss

-it’s nasty you don’t want it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most protozoa don’t have cell walls, however with diplomonads-

A

when is a parasite in between hosts will form a cyst of modified carbohydrate proteins (temp cell wall bb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Euglenozoans (excavata clade)

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Euglenozoans have two dummy thicc what (from the apical pocket near mouth)?

A

~flagella~

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Each euglenozoan flagella contains what?

A

-paraoxonemal rods (crystalline proteins)

(axonmeme in middle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How euglenozoans be moving their dummy thicc flagella???

A

One swish takes a lot of energy, but when they do very powerful
(one thick flagella)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two major types of euglenozoans?

A

-Euglena
-Kinetoplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Euglena means what?

and ironic why?

A

True eye, ironic bc they don’t be out here having any eyes

they have a light spot, can detect light changes (despite the name not a true eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What type of troph are euglena?

A

-many are mixotrophic
Mixotrophic- can be photoautotrophs, and eat like chemotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What did euglena do to Haekl?

A

Made Haekl say this is outrageous! we need more than 2 kingdoms, 3rd kingdom with protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Euglena 10/10 would review what they look like

A

unit IV pg 25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Kinetoplastids (which are euglenozoans, which are in excavata)

What’s their deal? They have a big what?

A

Got a dummi thicc mitochondria that holds kinetoplastids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What disease can kinetoplastids cause?

A

-Trypanosoma brucei

-transmission: insect bite
-“sleeping sickness” trypanosomiasis

real spooky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are many kinetoplastids?

A

parasites

39
Q

SAR Clade-

defined by what main 3 groups?

A

-Stramenopiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians

40
Q

Stramenopiles-
(SAR clade)

named for what? (and fake defined by ?)

A

Two flagella, one hairy one not

however a lot of these have ~neither~ so that’s fun

41
Q

Stramenophile example?

hint aint got no flagella, hairy or otherwise

A

Diatoms!

(some male gametes have one flagellum but yeaa)

42
Q

What do diatoms do?

A

Autotrophs, type of algae

43
Q

What weird things do diatoms do/compose?

hint: it isn’t sonnets :(

A

-blooms affect global CO2 levels
-Diatomaceous earth (filtration device) (little glass diatom bodies int heir)
-anti-caking agent for foods
-nonchemical pesiticde (bc like tiny glass, shreds the insects youch)
-grittiness in toothpaste

44
Q

Diatoms belong to which clade (and sub group)

A

SAR, Stramenophiles

45
Q

Are all golden algae species photosynthetic?

A

Yee

46
Q

Why are golden algae colorful?

A

Characteristic color results from yellow and
brown carotenoids in their plastids

47
Q

Golden algae belong to which subgroup and which clade?

A

SAR, stramenophiles

48
Q

What is the meaning of a colonial species?

why look multicellular?

A

-cells all come together after the fact, not from same parents necessarily

very cute

49
Q

Most species of golden algae are unicellular, but they are -

A

a colonial species

50
Q

Brown algae- what are what organisms?

A

Kelps and seaweeds!

in marine environments

51
Q

Brown algae-
from which clade and subgroup?

A

SAR, stramenophiles

52
Q

Three subgroups of stramenophiles?

A

-diatoms
-golden algae
-brown algae

53
Q

Alveolates-

characterized by what?

A

the possession of membrane-
enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma
membrane

54
Q

Aleveolates in which clade?

A

SAR clade

55
Q

3 major groups of Alveolates go!

A

-dinoflagellates
-apicomplexans
-ciliates

56
Q

Why dinoflagellates get such fun name?

A

-cellulose plates with spiral flagellum -> spinning movement
Thecal plates

57
Q

How do dinoflagellates move?

Looks like what?

A

-have single flagellum, comes form side of cell, then follows groove all the way around and down
-causes them to spin

58
Q

Dinoflagellates problem-

A

Red tide algael bloom
Creates huge anoxic regions, fish swim in and suffocate and die
-some also produce toxins

59
Q

What’s the trophy of the dinoflagellates?

A

-many photosynthetic, some heterotrophic
-mixotrophic

60
Q

dinoflagellates in what environments?

A

-marine and freshwater environments

61
Q

Super cool thing the dinoflagellates do?

A

-many produce bioluminescence
-use exact same enzyme as fireflies

62
Q

Apicomplexans-
(alveolates, SAR)

are usually what?

A

parasites of animals

63
Q

Unique features of apicomplexans-

A

Apical complex (point/front of the cell) penetrating host cells/tissues
Apex- point/front

64
Q

What so apiociplats usually require to life full life?

A

-(often need multiple hosts to complete life cycle)

65
Q

apicomplexans have a vestigial structure the Apiociplast

what it do?

A

vestigial for lipid biocynthesis and iron metabolism’

66
Q

Prime example of an apicomplexan?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum also but

~Malaria~

67
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

is what, do what, caused by what?

A

behavior modification, (mind control or somthing) caused by apicomplexan, (an alveolate, SAR)

68
Q

Ciliates- named why?

A

covered in cilia, some covered entirely, some form cute tufts

69
Q

CIliates, what subgroup in which clade?

A

an alveolate, SAR

70
Q

Most ciliates are what?

A

predators

71
Q

Unique features of ciliates?

A

-Have two nuclei, but they’re different it’s a whole thing

72
Q

Describe the two nucelii in ciliates;

A

-generative/micronucleus (genes in here are not expressed)
-vegetative/macro nucleus (responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed

73
Q

generative/micronucleus (ciliates) do what?

A

get pranks genes in here are not expressed

74
Q

vegetative/macro nucleus (ciliates) do what?

A

responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed

75
Q

Ciliates- asexual or sexual?

A

can be asexual by binary fission, can also be sexual but weirdly??

76
Q

describe the weird sexual but not but yes reproduction in ciliates:

A

can form cytoplasmic bridge, macronucleus degrades, so then make copy of micronucleus, then send copy to opposite cells, then those two fuse, becomes macronucleus

77
Q

Outcome of ciliates doing the sex together-

A

change each other’s phenotypes (wowow) bc nuc exchange

78
Q

Why is ciliate sexual reduction fake news

A

-no offspring were produced, all they did was exchange genes (phenotypes changes as a result of this)

-offspring produced by binary fission

79
Q

Rhizarians-

radiolarians have what?

A

Radiolarians
* Intricate internal skeletons of silica

80
Q

Radiolarians-

idk just some general characteristics go

A

heterotropic, size range 1um to 1mm
Pseudopodia radiate outward

81
Q

Archaeal cell walls composed of what?

A

~strange and wonderous materials~

(polysaccharides)

-each genus is different

82
Q

What is pesudomurein?

who has this

(hint cell wall composition)

A

methanobacterium species

(fake peptidoglycan)
**review slides for structures (flipped sugar in there) unit IV pg 9

83
Q

Do euks, archaea, or bacs have histones?

A

euks and archaea do

84
Q

Archaea histones go:

A

have 4, DNA wraps once, about 60 BP make direct contact with core

85
Q

Bacterial & Euk phospholipids-

A

unit IV pg 14

86
Q

What’s weird about archeal phospholipids?

A

Archeal phospholipids don’t have fatty acids

(isoprene chains instead)

87
Q

What do archeal phospholipids use in place of fatty acids?

A

Rather use chains of isoprenes (4 Cs and a methyl group) branched chains with methyl groups

88
Q

4-5 unit Isoprene chain (20 - 25 carbons) =

A

phytanyl

89
Q

Archeal phospholipids composition:

A

unit IV pg 17

-Glycerol backbone with
-2 phytanels, and a phosphate group (and R group)

90
Q

In terms of phospholipid- one has ester bond, one was ether bond, who has what?

A

-Euks have ester bond, ether bond in archea

-ester very attractive for hydrolytic attack at high temps
-ether not so much

91
Q

thermophillic archaea have what

A

double glycerol+phosphate groups membranes
(Biphytanyl-based phospholipids)

92
Q

Thermophillic archaeacs have a lipid ____layer?

why?

A

Forms a lipid monolayer restrains their motion and prevents exploding

-monolayer more stable at high temps

93
Q

Archaea RNA polymerase more like euks or bacs?

A

euks, it be blind as hell, gotta be bound to do anything

94
Q

Euk RNA polymerase requires 12 subunits, how many archaeal needed?

A

Euk RNA polymerase- 12 subunits
-lots of transcription factor proteins hold the RNA polymerase down (it be blind as hell)
-can’t do anything by itself
-phosphorylate to initiate

Archea RNA Polymerase- 13 subunits

Microbio (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions