Final final prep lol archea and such! Flashcards
What are the 4 major euk super groups?
bonus for the one you’re in!
Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta
You in unikonta, (opisthokonts)
Clades
Excavata-
quick who’s in it??
-all protist
SAR Clade
quick who’s in it??
– all protists
Archaeplastida-
quick who’s in it??
algae/land plants, and protists
Unikonta-
quick who’s in it??
fungi, (us) animals, protists
Excavata- unique main feature?
(and why that’s kinda fake news)
Traditionally those protists had a feeding groove that appeared to be “excavated from one side” basically do phagocytosis only in the mouth
(oral feeding groove use as a scoop)
BUT not everything with feeding groove is an excavate, but we’re trapped with the name ☹
Excavata have what cell status? (and do they be symmetric?)
Single celled & asymmetric bb
3 subgroups of Excavata?
(public display of energy!)
-Parabasalids
-Diplomonads
-Euglenozoans
Unique features to parabasalids-
-cluster of flagella at anterior of cell (usually like 4)
-one long flagella that wraps around body like sail
-
Which excavata subgroup has one long sail like flagella along body?
parabasalids!
What is the parabasal body (in parabasalids)
-proteins are not quite mature, so probably modified golgi complex
parabasalids lack mitochondria, have what struc instead?
instead have hydrogenosomes (body that creates hydrogen)
Are parabasalids aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic bb!
Parabasalid hydrogenosomes can’t do what?
No Krebs cycle
No electron transport chain
No ATP synthase
Example of mutualistic role of parabasalids:
bonus for every additional answer!
-mutualistic relationships with animals (chillin with the chytridians)
-how cockroaches be eatin paper
-termites
-ruminants
When can parabasalids be parasitic? give example (hint you really really don’t want this)
STD
trichomonas vaginalias
-can cause secondary infections, (weird metabolites)
-genital warts, cervical cancer
fock that man, be more lonely no sex!
ATP in hydrogensase chain reaciton thing made by what?
fermentation i think ??
Diplomonads (excavata subgroup) be looking like what?
Real symmetrical jellyfish
-possess multiple symmetrical flagella
Diplomonads possess two what?
2 Nuclei its fockin proper odd
(symmetrically distributed)
What do diplomonads be out here lackin?
lack many common organelles, no lysosomes, peroxidsomes, no mitochondria, golgi
What’s the one unique organelle of diplomonads?
(bonus for what it does!)
Mitosome
used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S
Mitosome (unique organelle of diplomonads)
what it do tho?
(vestigial mitochondria)
-used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S
Are diplomonads liking O2?
Also how obtain energy?
-anaerobic environment
-obtain energy through fermentation
What role do most diplomonads commit?
Most are commensalistic
(not hurtin not helpin, just kinda chillin)
When are diplomonads not chill?
When they decide they wanna be parasitic
(giardia lamblia)
-disease: giardiasis (beaver fever)
-diarrhea abdominal pain, weight loss
-it’s nasty you don’t want it
Most protozoa don’t have cell walls, however with diplomonads-
when is a parasite in between hosts will form a cyst of modified carbohydrate proteins (temp cell wall bb)
Euglenozoans (excavata clade)
Euglenozoans have two dummy thicc what (from the apical pocket near mouth)?
~flagella~
Each euglenozoan flagella contains what?
-paraoxonemal rods (crystalline proteins)
(axonmeme in middle)
How euglenozoans be moving their dummy thicc flagella???
One swish takes a lot of energy, but when they do very powerful
(one thick flagella)
What are the two major types of euglenozoans?
-Euglena
-Kinetoplasts
Euglena means what?
and ironic why?
True eye, ironic bc they don’t be out here having any eyes
they have a light spot, can detect light changes (despite the name not a true eye)
What type of troph are euglena?
-many are mixotrophic
Mixotrophic- can be photoautotrophs, and eat like chemotrophs
What did euglena do to Haekl?
Made Haekl say this is outrageous! we need more than 2 kingdoms, 3rd kingdom with protists
Euglena 10/10 would review what they look like
unit IV pg 25
Kinetoplastids (which are euglenozoans, which are in excavata)
What’s their deal? They have a big what?
Got a dummi thicc mitochondria that holds kinetoplastids
What disease can kinetoplastids cause?
-Trypanosoma brucei
-transmission: insect bite
-“sleeping sickness” trypanosomiasis
real spooky
What are many kinetoplastids?
parasites
SAR Clade-
defined by what main 3 groups?
-Stramenopiles
-Alveolates
-Rhizarians
Stramenopiles-
(SAR clade)
named for what? (and fake defined by ?)
Two flagella, one hairy one not
however a lot of these have ~neither~ so that’s fun
Stramenophile example?
hint aint got no flagella, hairy or otherwise
Diatoms!
(some male gametes have one flagellum but yeaa)
What do diatoms do?
Autotrophs, type of algae
What weird things do diatoms do/compose?
hint: it isn’t sonnets :(
-blooms affect global CO2 levels
-Diatomaceous earth (filtration device) (little glass diatom bodies int heir)
-anti-caking agent for foods
-nonchemical pesiticde (bc like tiny glass, shreds the insects youch)
-grittiness in toothpaste
Diatoms belong to which clade (and sub group)
SAR, Stramenophiles
Are all golden algae species photosynthetic?
Yee
Why are golden algae colorful?
Characteristic color results from yellow and
brown carotenoids in their plastids
Golden algae belong to which subgroup and which clade?
SAR, stramenophiles
What is the meaning of a colonial species?
why look multicellular?
-cells all come together after the fact, not from same parents necessarily
very cute
Most species of golden algae are unicellular, but they are -
a colonial species
Brown algae- what are what organisms?
Kelps and seaweeds!
in marine environments
Brown algae-
from which clade and subgroup?
SAR, stramenophiles
Three subgroups of stramenophiles?
-diatoms
-golden algae
-brown algae
Alveolates-
characterized by what?
the possession of membrane-
enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma
membrane
Aleveolates in which clade?
SAR clade
3 major groups of Alveolates go!
-dinoflagellates
-apicomplexans
-ciliates
Why dinoflagellates get such fun name?
-cellulose plates with spiral flagellum -> spinning movement
Thecal plates
How do dinoflagellates move?
Looks like what?
-have single flagellum, comes form side of cell, then follows groove all the way around and down
-causes them to spin
Dinoflagellates problem-
Red tide algael bloom
Creates huge anoxic regions, fish swim in and suffocate and die
-some also produce toxins
What’s the trophy of the dinoflagellates?
-many photosynthetic, some heterotrophic
-mixotrophic
dinoflagellates in what environments?
-marine and freshwater environments
Super cool thing the dinoflagellates do?
-many produce bioluminescence
-use exact same enzyme as fireflies
Apicomplexans-
(alveolates, SAR)
are usually what?
parasites of animals
Unique features of apicomplexans-
Apical complex (point/front of the cell) penetrating host cells/tissues
Apex- point/front
What so apiociplats usually require to life full life?
-(often need multiple hosts to complete life cycle)
apicomplexans have a vestigial structure the Apiociplast
what it do?
vestigial for lipid biocynthesis and iron metabolism’
Prime example of an apicomplexan?
Cryptosporidium parvum also but
~Malaria~
Toxoplasma gondii
is what, do what, caused by what?
behavior modification, (mind control or somthing) caused by apicomplexan, (an alveolate, SAR)
Ciliates- named why?
covered in cilia, some covered entirely, some form cute tufts
CIliates, what subgroup in which clade?
an alveolate, SAR
Most ciliates are what?
predators
Unique features of ciliates?
-Have two nuclei, but they’re different it’s a whole thing
Describe the two nucelii in ciliates;
-generative/micronucleus (genes in here are not expressed)
-vegetative/macro nucleus (responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed
generative/micronucleus (ciliates) do what?
get pranks genes in here are not expressed
vegetative/macro nucleus (ciliates) do what?
responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed
Ciliates- asexual or sexual?
can be asexual by binary fission, can also be sexual but weirdly??
describe the weird sexual but not but yes reproduction in ciliates:
can form cytoplasmic bridge, macronucleus degrades, so then make copy of micronucleus, then send copy to opposite cells, then those two fuse, becomes macronucleus
Outcome of ciliates doing the sex together-
change each other’s phenotypes (wowow) bc nuc exchange
Why is ciliate sexual reduction fake news
-no offspring were produced, all they did was exchange genes (phenotypes changes as a result of this)
-offspring produced by binary fission
Rhizarians-
radiolarians have what?
Radiolarians
* Intricate internal skeletons of silica
Radiolarians-
idk just some general characteristics go
heterotropic, size range 1um to 1mm
Pseudopodia radiate outward
Archaeal cell walls composed of what?
~strange and wonderous materials~
(polysaccharides)
-each genus is different
What is pesudomurein?
who has this
(hint cell wall composition)
methanobacterium species
(fake peptidoglycan)
**review slides for structures (flipped sugar in there) unit IV pg 9
Do euks, archaea, or bacs have histones?
euks and archaea do
Archaea histones go:
have 4, DNA wraps once, about 60 BP make direct contact with core
Bacterial & Euk phospholipids-
unit IV pg 14
What’s weird about archeal phospholipids?
Archeal phospholipids don’t have fatty acids
(isoprene chains instead)
What do archeal phospholipids use in place of fatty acids?
Rather use chains of isoprenes (4 Cs and a methyl group) branched chains with methyl groups
4-5 unit Isoprene chain (20 - 25 carbons) =
phytanyl
Archeal phospholipids composition:
unit IV pg 17
-Glycerol backbone with
-2 phytanels, and a phosphate group (and R group)
In terms of phospholipid- one has ester bond, one was ether bond, who has what?
-Euks have ester bond, ether bond in archea
-ester very attractive for hydrolytic attack at high temps
-ether not so much
thermophillic archaea have what
double glycerol+phosphate groups membranes
(Biphytanyl-based phospholipids)
Thermophillic archaeacs have a lipid ____layer?
why?
Forms a lipid monolayer restrains their motion and prevents exploding
-monolayer more stable at high temps
Archaea RNA polymerase more like euks or bacs?
euks, it be blind as hell, gotta be bound to do anything
Euk RNA polymerase requires 12 subunits, how many archaeal needed?
Euk RNA polymerase- 12 subunits
-lots of transcription factor proteins hold the RNA polymerase down (it be blind as hell)
-can’t do anything by itself
-phosphorylate to initiate
Archea RNA Polymerase- 13 subunits
