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Microbio > Final final prep lol archea and such! > Flashcards

Final final prep lol archea and such! Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major euk super groups?

bonus for the one you’re in!

A

Excavata
SAR clade
Archaeplastida
Unikonta

You in unikonta, (opisthokonts)

Clades

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2
Q

Excavata-

quick who’s in it??

A

-all protist

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3
Q

SAR Clade

quick who’s in it??

A

– all protists

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4
Q

Archaeplastida-

quick who’s in it??

A

algae/land plants, and protists

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5
Q

Unikonta-

quick who’s in it??

A

fungi, (us) animals, protists

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6
Q

Excavata- unique main feature?

(and why that’s kinda fake news)

A

Traditionally those protists had a feeding groove that appeared to be “excavated from one side” basically do phagocytosis only in the mouth
(oral feeding groove use as a scoop)

BUT not everything with feeding groove is an excavate, but we’re trapped with the name ☹

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7
Q

Excavata have what cell status? (and do they be symmetric?)

A

Single celled & asymmetric bb

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8
Q

3 subgroups of Excavata?

(public display of energy!)

A

-Parabasalids
-Diplomonads
-Euglenozoans

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9
Q

Unique features to parabasalids-

A

-cluster of flagella at anterior of cell (usually like 4)
-one long flagella that wraps around body like sail
-

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10
Q

Which excavata subgroup has one long sail like flagella along body?

A

parabasalids!

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11
Q

What is the parabasal body (in parabasalids)

A

-proteins are not quite mature, so probably modified golgi complex

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12
Q

parabasalids lack mitochondria, have what struc instead?

A

instead have hydrogenosomes (body that creates hydrogen)

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13
Q

Are parabasalids aerobic or anaerobic?

A

anaerobic bb!

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14
Q

Parabasalid hydrogenosomes can’t do what?

A

No Krebs cycle
No electron transport chain
No ATP synthase

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15
Q

Example of mutualistic role of parabasalids:

bonus for every additional answer!

A

-mutualistic relationships with animals (chillin with the chytridians)

-how cockroaches be eatin paper
-termites
-ruminants

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16
Q

When can parabasalids be parasitic? give example (hint you really really don’t want this)

A

STD
trichomonas vaginalias

-can cause secondary infections, (weird metabolites)
-genital warts, cervical cancer

fock that man, be more lonely no sex!

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17
Q

ATP in hydrogensase chain reaciton thing made by what?

A

fermentation i think ??

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18
Q

Diplomonads (excavata subgroup) be looking like what?

A

Real symmetrical jellyfish
-possess multiple symmetrical flagella

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19
Q

Diplomonads possess two what?

A

2 Nuclei its fockin proper odd

(symmetrically distributed)

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20
Q

What do diplomonads be out here lackin?

A

lack many common organelles, no lysosomes, peroxidsomes, no mitochondria, golgi

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21
Q

What’s the one unique organelle of diplomonads?

(bonus for what it does!)

A

Mitosome

used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S

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22
Q

Mitosome (unique organelle of diplomonads)

what it do tho?

A

(vestigial mitochondria)
-used for maturation of iron-sulfer proteins Fe-S

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23
Q

Are diplomonads liking O2?

Also how obtain energy?

A

-anaerobic environment

-obtain energy through fermentation

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24
Q

What role do most diplomonads commit?

A

Most are commensalistic

(not hurtin not helpin, just kinda chillin)

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25
When are diplomonads not chill?
When they decide they wanna be parasitic (giardia lamblia) -disease: giardiasis (beaver fever) -diarrhea abdominal pain, weight loss -it’s nasty you don’t want it
26
Most protozoa don't have cell walls, however with diplomonads-
when is a parasite in between hosts will form a cyst of modified carbohydrate proteins (temp cell wall bb)
27
Euglenozoans (excavata clade)
28
Euglenozoans have two dummy thicc what (from the apical pocket near mouth)?
~flagella~
29
Each euglenozoan flagella contains what?
-paraoxonemal rods (crystalline proteins) (axonmeme in middle)
30
How euglenozoans be moving their dummy thicc flagella???
One swish takes a lot of energy, but when they do very powerful (one thick flagella)
31
What are the two major types of euglenozoans?
-Euglena -Kinetoplasts
32
Euglena means what? and ironic why?
True eye, ironic bc they don't be out here having any eyes they have a light spot, can detect light changes (despite the name not a true eye)
33
What type of troph are euglena?
-many are mixotrophic Mixotrophic- can be photoautotrophs, and eat like chemotrophs
34
What did euglena do to Haekl?
Made Haekl say this is outrageous! we need more than 2 kingdoms, 3rd kingdom with protists
35
Euglena 10/10 would review what they look like
unit IV pg 25
36
Kinetoplastids (which are euglenozoans, which are in excavata) What's their deal? They have a big what?
Got a dummi thicc mitochondria that holds kinetoplastids
37
What disease can kinetoplastids cause?
-Trypanosoma brucei -transmission: insect bite -“sleeping sickness” trypanosomiasis real spooky
38
What are many kinetoplastids?
parasites
39
SAR Clade- defined by what main 3 groups?
-Stramenopiles -Alveolates -Rhizarians
40
Stramenopiles- (SAR clade) named for what? (and fake defined by ?)
Two flagella, one hairy one not however a lot of these have ~neither~ so that's fun
41
Stramenophile example? hint aint got no flagella, hairy or otherwise
Diatoms! (some male gametes have one flagellum but yeaa)
42
What do diatoms do?
Autotrophs, type of algae
43
What weird things do diatoms do/compose? hint: it isn't sonnets :(
-blooms affect global CO2 levels -Diatomaceous earth (filtration device) (little glass diatom bodies int heir) -anti-caking agent for foods -nonchemical pesiticde (bc like tiny glass, shreds the insects youch) -grittiness in toothpaste
44
Diatoms belong to which clade (and sub group)
SAR, Stramenophiles
45
Are all golden algae species photosynthetic?
Yee
46
Why are golden algae colorful?
Characteristic color results from yellow and brown carotenoids in their plastids
47
Golden algae belong to which subgroup and which clade?
SAR, stramenophiles
48
What is the meaning of a colonial species? why look multicellular?
-cells all come together after the fact, not from same parents necessarily very cute
49
Most species of golden algae are unicellular, but they are -
a colonial species
50
Brown algae- what are what organisms?
Kelps and seaweeds! in marine environments
51
Brown algae- from which clade and subgroup?
SAR, stramenophiles
52
Three subgroups of stramenophiles?
-diatoms -golden algae -brown algae
53
Alveolates- characterized by what?
the possession of membrane- enclosed sacs (alveoli) just under the plasma membrane
54
Aleveolates in which clade?
SAR clade
55
3 major groups of Alveolates go!
-dinoflagellates -apicomplexans -ciliates
56
Why dinoflagellates get such fun name?
-cellulose plates with spiral flagellum -> spinning movement Thecal plates
57
How do dinoflagellates move? Looks like what?
-have single flagellum, comes form side of cell, then follows groove all the way around and down -causes them to spin
58
Dinoflagellates problem-
Red tide algael bloom Creates huge anoxic regions, fish swim in and suffocate and die -some also produce toxins
59
What's the trophy of the dinoflagellates?
-many photosynthetic, some heterotrophic -mixotrophic
60
dinoflagellates in what environments?
-marine and freshwater environments
61
Super cool thing the dinoflagellates do?
-many produce bioluminescence -use exact same enzyme as fireflies
62
Apicomplexans- (alveolates, SAR) are usually what?
parasites of animals
63
Unique features of apicomplexans-
Apical complex (point/front of the cell) penetrating host cells/tissues Apex- point/front
64
What so apiociplats usually require to life full life?
-(often need multiple hosts to complete life cycle)
65
apicomplexans have a vestigial structure the Apiociplast what it do?
vestigial for lipid biocynthesis and iron metabolism’
66
Prime example of an apicomplexan?
Cryptosporidium parvum also but ~Malaria~
67
Toxoplasma gondii is what, do what, caused by what?
behavior modification, (mind control or somthing) caused by apicomplexan, (an alveolate, SAR)
68
Ciliates- named why?
covered in cilia, some covered entirely, some form cute tufts
69
CIliates, what subgroup in which clade?
an alveolate, SAR
70
Most ciliates are what?
predators
71
Unique features of ciliates?
-Have two nuclei, but they’re different it's a whole thing
72
Describe the two nucelii in ciliates;
-generative/micronucleus (genes in here are not expressed) -vegetative/macro nucleus (responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed
73
generative/micronucleus (ciliates) do what?
get pranks genes in here are not expressed
74
vegetative/macro nucleus (ciliates) do what?
responsible for phenotype, only one that’s expressed
75
Ciliates- asexual or sexual?
can be asexual by binary fission, can also be sexual but weirdly??
76
describe the weird sexual but not but yes reproduction in ciliates:
can form cytoplasmic bridge, macronucleus degrades, so then make copy of micronucleus, then send copy to opposite cells, then those two fuse, becomes macronucleus
77
Outcome of ciliates doing the sex together-
change each other's phenotypes (wowow) bc nuc exchange
78
Why is ciliate sexual reduction fake news
-no offspring were produced, all they did was exchange genes (phenotypes changes as a result of this) -offspring produced by binary fission
79
Rhizarians- radiolarians have what?
Radiolarians * Intricate internal skeletons of silica
80
Radiolarians- idk just some general characteristics go
heterotropic, size range 1um to 1mm Pseudopodia radiate outward
81
Archaeal cell walls composed of what?
~strange and wonderous materials~ (polysaccharides) -each genus is different
82
What is pesudomurein? who has this (hint cell wall composition)
methanobacterium species (fake peptidoglycan) **review slides for structures (flipped sugar in there) unit IV pg 9
83
Do euks, archaea, or bacs have histones?
euks and archaea do
84
Archaea histones go:
have 4, DNA wraps once, about 60 BP make direct contact with core
85
Bacterial & Euk phospholipids-
unit IV pg 14
86
What's weird about archeal phospholipids?
Archeal phospholipids don’t have fatty acids (isoprene chains instead)
87
What do archeal phospholipids use in place of fatty acids?
Rather use chains of isoprenes (4 Cs and a methyl group) branched chains with methyl groups
88
4-5 unit Isoprene chain (20 - 25 carbons) =
phytanyl
89
Archeal phospholipids composition:
unit IV pg 17 -Glycerol backbone with -2 phytanels, and a phosphate group (and R group)
90
In terms of phospholipid- one has ester bond, one was ether bond, who has what?
-Euks have ester bond, ether bond in archea -ester very attractive for hydrolytic attack at high temps -ether not so much
91
thermophillic archaea have what
double glycerol+phosphate groups membranes (Biphytanyl-based phospholipids)
92
Thermophillic archaeacs have a lipid ____layer? why?
Forms a lipid monolayer restrains their motion and prevents exploding -monolayer more stable at high temps
93
Archaea RNA polymerase more like euks or bacs?
euks, it be blind as hell, gotta be bound to do anything
94
Euk RNA polymerase requires 12 subunits, how many archaeal needed?
Euk RNA polymerase- 12 subunits -lots of transcription factor proteins hold the RNA polymerase down (it be blind as hell) -can’t do anything by itself -phosphorylate to initiate Archea RNA Polymerase- 13 subunits

Microbio (9 decks)

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