final exam updated Flashcards
1
Q
____ is the forces from within individuals that stimulate and drive them to achieve goals
A
motivation
2
Q
Needs motivation theories are generally divided into two categories:
- content theories
- process theories
A
3
Q
____ theories explain why people have different needs at different times and how these needs motivate behavior
A
content
4
Q
There are four main content theories:
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Alderfer’s ERG theory
- McClelland’s need theory
- Herzberg’s two-factor theory
A
5
Q
Maslow’s ____ ____ ____ theory has five levels of individual needs (from bottom to top):
- physiological
- safety
- love/belonging
- esteem
- self-actualization
A
hierarchy of needs
6
Q
Alderfer’s ____ ____ ____ ____ has three categories of human needs related to organizational behaviors:
- existence needs (E)
- relatedness needs (R)
- growth needs (G)
A
ERG theory of motivation
7
Q
____ needs are similar to Maslow’s physiological and safety needs
A
existence
8
Q
____ needs reflect Maslow’s love/belonging needs
A
relatedness
9
Q
____ needs focus on our need for personal fulfillment, self-development, and accomplishment, similar to Maslow’s esteem needs and self-actualization needs
A
growth
10
Q
Herzberg’s ____-____ theory explores the impact of motivational influences on job satisfaction
A
two-factor
11
Q
Herzberg concluded that two factors influence employee behavior:
- hygiene factors
- motivators
A
12
Q
____ ____ include sources of job satisfaction such as salary, status, and security
A
hygiene factors
13
Q
____ include sources of job satisfaction such as recognition, achievement, status, responsibility, and opportunity for advancement
A
motivators
14
Q
McClelland’s ____ ____ theory holds that our needs are shaped over time and formed by our life experiences and cultural background
A
acquired needs
15
Q
McClelland classified needs into three main categories:
- need for achievement
- need for affiliation
- need for power
A
16
Q
Need for ____ is the desire to excel
A
achievement
17
Q
Need for ____ is the desire to belong to a group and to be liked
A
affiliation
18
Q
Need for ____ is the desire to control and influence the behavior of others
A
power
19
Q
____ theories describe the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior
A
process
20
Q
There are three main process theories:
- equity theory
- goal-setting theory
- expectancy theory
A
21
Q
____ theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others
A
equity
22
Q
____ theory holds that individuals are more likely to be motivated and perform well if they expect to receive desired rewards
A
expectancy
23
Q
Equity theory includes the concept of ____ justice, which describes how people perceive fairness in workplace practices
A
organizational
24
Q
There are 4 main kinds of organizational justice:
- distributive
- procedural
- interpersonal
- informational
A
25
____ justice is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated
distributive
26
____ justice is the degree to which people perceive the implementation of company policies and procedures to be fair
procedural
27
____ justice refers to the level of dignity, politeness, and respect employees receive by supervisors during change implementation
interpersonal
28
____ justice refers to the degree of access people are given to information and the explanations provided to convey that information regarding why certain decisions are being made
informational
29
____ ____ theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome
Vroom's expectancy
30
When employees are reassured that their efforts will result in a higher performance (____), and they know that they will be given some form of reward for their hard work (____), and realize they will be given the types of rewards they value (____), then they are more likely to thrive in the workplace
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
31
____ is the probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance
expectancy
32
____ is the probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes
instrumentality
33
____ is the value individuals place on work outcomes
valence
34
Effort = ____ x ____ x ____
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
35
Performance = ____ + ____ + ____
effort, ability, focus
36
____ ____ is the performance of tasks for our own innate satisfaction
intrinsic motivation
37
Intrinsic motivation consists of two main mechanisms:
- need for competence
- need for self-determination
38
Need for ____ is the motivation we derive from stretching and exercising our capabilities
competence
39
Need for ____-____ describes the feeling of motivation and control we get from making efforts that do not rely on external influences
self-determination
40
____ rewards are external awards to employees such as salary, bonuses, benefits, and paid vacations
extrinsic
41
Several types of extrinsic rewards are used by organizations to motivate employees:
- seniority-based pay
- job content-based pay
- skill-based pay
- performance-based pay
42
____-based pay are guaranteed wages and salary increases based on the amount of time the employee has spent with the organization
seniority
43
____ ____-based pay is a salary based on an evaluation of a job's worth to the organization
job content
44
____-based pay is a system of pay that rewards employees for the acquisition of new skills that lead to enhanced work performance
skill
45
____-based pay is a financial incentive awarded to employees for meeting specific goals or objectives
performance
46
____ ____ is a method of setting forth the duties and responsibilities of a job within the intention of improving productivity and performance
job design
47
There are three main approaches to job design:
- job enlargement
- job rotation
- job enrichment
48
Job ____ increases the range of tasks and duties associated with a job
enlargement
49
Job ____ is a process of periodically moving employees from one job to another
rotation
50
Job ____ means increasing the scope of a job to make it more complex, stimulating, and satisfying for employees
enrichment
51
Job enrichment can be further explained through the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model that identifies five core dimensions of jobs:
- skill variety
- task identity
- task significance
- autonomy
- feedback
52
____ ____ is the extent to which workers use a variety of skills
skill variety
53
____ ____ is the extent to which an employee completes an entire piece of work from start to finish
task identity
54
____ ____ is the extent to which employees see meaning in the impact of their roles on the organization
task significance
55
____ is the extent to which employees are given the freedom and independence to schedule and perform tasks
autonomy
56
____ is the extent to which employees are provided with timely information regarding their job performance
feedback
57
____ theory proposes that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors such as external stimuli and other reinforcers
reinforcement
58
____ is the application of consequences for the purpose of establishing patterns of behavior
reinforcement
59
There are 4 main types of behavioral reinforcement techniques:
1. positive reinforcement
2. negative reinforcement
3. punishment
4. extinction
60
____ reinforcement is the use of positive consequences to reinforce positive behaviors to make the employee more likely to behave in similar ways in the same or similar situations
positive
61
____ reinforcement is the removal of a particular item or stimulus following the demonstration of a certain behavior in order to strengthen that behavior
negative
62
____ is the administration of unpleasant consequences or removal of positive ones for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior
punishment
63
____ is the absence of any consequences, which reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations
extinction
64
____ ____ today are most likely to be people who lead from a position of influence rather than power and who use their decision-making, motivational, and communication skills to inspire others with their vision to generate results
effective leaders
65
Most people associate leadership with ____, which is the ability to influence
power
66
The powers that are given are called ____ powers, which are powers granted because of a manager’s position and ability to affect someone positively or negatively through resource allocation or disciplinary measures
positional
67
Managers also have ____ powers, which are obtained by being perceived as likeable and well informed
personal
68
The four basic types of leaders:
1. Directive leadership
2. Transactional leadership
3. Visionary leadership
4. Empowering leadership
69
____ leadership is characterized by:
- implementing guidelines
- providing information on what is expected
- setting definite performance standards
- ensuring that individuals follow rules
directive
70
____ leadership is a behavioral type of leadership that proposes that employees are motivated by goals and equitable rewards
transactional
71
____ leadership uses charisma to encourage followers to share in the mission and commit to and work toward the desired goal
visionary
72
____ leadership is where leaders emphasize employee self-influence processes rather than hierarchical control processes and actively encourage followers to take ownership of their own behaviors and work processes
empowering
73
The ____ leadership perspective explores the relationship between leaders and personal qualities and characteristics, and how we differentiate leaders from nonleaders
trait
74
The dark triad is composed of three negative personality attributes:
- narcissism
- Machiavellianism
- psychopathy
75
____ leaders tend to be dominant, entitled, and superior and harbor grandiose ideas about themselves
narcissistic
76
____ leaders tend to lack empathy and interest in the well-being of others while demonstrating high levels of impulsive behaviors
psychopathic
77
____ leaders tend to be manipulative, opportunistic, and unprincipled. Will do anything to achieve their own success
Machiavellian
78
The ____ leadership perspective proposes that specific behaviors distinguish leaders from nonleaders
behavioral
79
The ____ leadership perspective suggests the effectiveness of the leader relates to the interaction of the leader’s traits or behaviors and situational factors
contingency
80
The ____ leadership model proposes that leaders should adapt their leadership style based on the types of people they are leading and the requirements of the task
situational
81
The ____-____ leadership theory suggests that leadership effectiveness is the degree to which the leader enhances the performance of followers by guiding them on a defined track toward achieving their goals
path-goal
82
Contemporary and emerging leadership perspectives
- transformational leadership
- Laissez-faire leadership
- charismatic leadership
83
____ leadership is where leaders work with people inside and outside the organization to identify opportunities for change and in the process create a higher-level vision that elicits an emotional response and commitment from followers
transformational
84
Transformational leaders
- involve followers in collaborative goal-setting
- motivate by inspiring followers to work as a team
- encourage followers to be creative and innovative in problem-solving
- empower teams, which leads to employee engagement
- work toward changing an organizational culture by implementing new initiatives
85
____-____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders fully delegate responsibility to others
Laissez-faire
86
____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders use personality or charm to inspire, motivate, and acquire loyalty and commitment from employees
charismatic
87
Charismatic leaders:
- use charm and personality to motivate employees to achieve goals
- stimulate followers by sharing their vision and ideology
- inspire confidence in followers through empathy and support
- establish high performance expectations
- capture the attention of others by clearly articulating their goals and vision
88
Power-distributing leadership perspectives
- empowering leadership
- shared leadership
- self-leadership
89
____ leadership gives or delegates power to employees that motivates and inspires them to achieve goals
empowering
90
____ leadership distributes influence among groups and individuals to achieve organizational or team goals, or both
shared
91
____-____ is a process through which people intentionally influence their thinking and behavior to achieve their objectives, using:
- behavior-focused strategies
- natural reward strategies
- constructive thought pattern strategies
self-leadership
92
____-____ strategies are targeted toward increasing our self-awareness and managing our conduct
behavior-focused
93
____ ____ strategies help us to find pleasure in certain aspects of our roles, leading to an enhanced sense of competence, self-discipline, and application
natural reward
94
____ ____ ____ strategies focus on the modification of certain key mental processes
constructive thought pattern
95
Value-based leadership perspectives
- authentic leadership
- servant leadership
- ethical leadership
96
____ leadership is a pattern of leadership behavior based on honesty, practicality, and ethicality
authentic
97
____ leadership emphasizes employees and the community rather than the leader
servant
98
____ leadership is the influence of others through personal values, morals, and beliefs
ethical
99
____ is the relatively stable pattern of traits and characteristics that help shape a person’s behavior and make the person unique
personality
100
Our ____ ____ play a large role in determining whether we are predisposed to be natural self-leaders or will have to learn, practice, and work a little harder to develop our self-leadership skills
personality characteristics
101
The ____-____ ____ ____ is used to assess the ways in which individuals perceive their environments, make decisions, and process information
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
102
The MBTI determines a person’s orientation on four sets of preference dyads:
- extraversion-introversion
- sensing-intuition
- thinking-feeling
- judging-perceiving
103
People with a preference for ____ gather information with their five senses
sensing
104
____ people look for patterns with possibilities as they interpret the world around them
intuitive
105
____ tend to make decisions with rationality, facts, and objective principles
thinkers
106
____ tend to decide things with a greater concern for people and values
feelers
107
People with a ____ orientation prefer and ordered, structured, and resolved situation
judging
108
____ types tend to be more flexible, adaptable, and open-ended when approaching the world around them
perceiving
109
In one study, all eight judging MBTI types scored ____ on a measure of the self-leadership strategies than all eight of the perceiving MBTI types
higher
110
The ____ ____ ____ is based on the lexical hypothesis, which states that all meaningful differences in personality are encoded in language
Big Five Model
111
Studies show that people low in conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability are ____ likely than people high in these characteristics to engage in self-leadership effectively
less
112
Younger people may tend to engage in self-leadership ____ than older people
more
113
Some studies suggest that women are ____ likely than men to engage in rumination or negative, obstacle-type thinking in response to negative emotions
more
114
Women tended to choose ____ performance tasks than did men
easier
115
Five cultural dimensions
1. power distance
2. individualism
3. masculinity
4. uncertainty avoidance
5. long-term orientation
116
____ ____ is the degree of equality or inequality between people in a country’s society
power distance
117
____ is the extent to which a society values individual or collective achievement
individualism
118
____ is the degree to which a society reinforces traditional masculine roles, including male achievement, control, and power
masculinity
119
____ ____ is the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity in a society
uncertainty avoidance
120
____-____ ____ is the extent to which a society embraces long-term devotion to traditional or forward-thinking values
long-term orientation
121
The ____ career path is self-directed rather than organization-directed and requires occasional reshaping and reformulation as changing situations dictate
protean
122
In her song “Shake It Off”, ____ ____ reminds us that we create our own psychological worlds and that we have the power to dismiss the negativity of others
Taylor Swift
123
Taylor Swift advocates being aware of and comfortable with who you are, reflecting the self-leadership concepts of ____-____ and ____
self-observation, purpose
124
Taylor Swift also embraces the self-leadership concepts of ____ ____ and leading oneself to do necessary but unattractive tasks
hard work
125
____-____-____ can provide athletes with direction for their efforts
self-goal-setting
126
A review of sixty different sports studies across a wide range of activities and ages of performers found a consistent positive relationship between ____ ____ ____ and performance
constructive mental imagery
127
Those in ____ ____ jobs need to play a critical role in their own development, motivation, and systematic self-leadership
uniquely autonomous
128
“Mind and Body”
- individual behaviors
- individual thoughts
- team behaviors
- team thoughts
129
World-altering strategies
- reminders and attention focusers
- removing negative cues
- increasing positive cues
130
Self-imposed strategies
- self-observation
- purpose examination
- self-goal setting
- self-reward
- self-punishment
- practice
131
Natural reward strategies
- discover your natural rewards
- build natural rewards into your life’s activities
- focus on the natural rewards
132
____ ____ can be described as being able to deal with life’s many challenges and enjoy the successful handling of them
personal effectiveness
133
____-____ is our level of effectiveness in dealing with our world, or our perception of our own ability to overcome the situations and challenges we face in life
self-efficacy
134
____ is the process of helping others develop and practice systematic effective self-leadership
superleadership
135
SuperLeadership consists of three primary components:
- setting a good example
- guidance
- reinforcement of self-leadership
136
Barbara Brown argues that the ____ and ____ are two distinct parts
brain, mind
137
____ are those who are able to influence others and possess managerial authority
leaders
138
____ consists of creating a vision, introducing change and movement, and influencing others to achieve goals
leadership
139
____ maintain the status quo, promote stability, and ensure the smooth running of operations
managers
140
Movie example of directive leadership
The Devil Wears Prada
141
Movie example of transactional leadership
Remember the Titans
142
Example of visionary leadership
"I have a Dream" speech
143
TV example of empowering leadership
New Amsterdam
144
A ____ consists of three or more people who work independently, while interacting with each other, to accomplish organizational goals
group
145
A ___ is a purposeful group formed to accomplish a project, task, or goal
team
146
Positives of Groups/Teams
1. Enhanced performance
2. Improved creativity
3. Greater Esprit De Corps
147
Movie example of enhanced performance
Scent of a Woman
148
Movie example of improved creativity
Apollo 13
149
Movie example of Esprit De Corps
Coach Carter
150
Negatives of Groups/Teams
1. Pressures to conform
2. Pressures to perform at a group mean level
3. Social loafing
151
Movie example of pressures to conform
Dead Poets Society
152
Movie example of pressures to perform at a group mean level
Big
153
TV example of social loafing
Community
154
____ is balancing the "me" with the "we" in teams
teamthink
155
Examples of teamthink
acapella, Mr. 3000
