final exam Flashcards
1
Q
____ is the forces from within individuals that stimulate and drive them to achieve goals
A
motivation
2
Q
Needs motivation theories are generally divided into two categories:
- content theories
- process theories
A
3
Q
____ theories explain why people have different needs at different times and how these needs motivate behavior
A
content
4
Q
There are four main content theories:
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- Alderfer’s ERG theory
- McClelland’s need theory
- Herzberg’s two-factor theory
A
5
Q
____ theories describe the cognitive processes through which needs are translated into behavior
A
process
6
Q
There are three main process theories:
- equity theory
- goal-setting theory
- expectancy theory
A
7
Q
____ theory holds that motivation is based on our perception of how fairly we are being treated in comparison with others
A
Equity
8
Q
____ theory holds that individuals are more likely to be motivated and perform well if they expect to receive desired rewards
A
expectancy
9
Q
____ justice describes how people perceive fairness in workplace practices
A
organizational
10
Q
____ justice is the degree to which people perceive outcomes to be fairly allocated
A
distributive
11
Q
____ justice is the degree to which people perceive the implementation of company policies and procedures to be fair
A
procedural
12
Q
____ justice refers to the level of dignity, politeness, and respect employees receive by supervisors during change implementation
A
interpersonal
13
Q
____ justice refers to the degree of access people are given to information and the explanations provided to convey that information regarding why certain decisions are being made
A
informational justice
14
Q
____ ____ theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome
A
Vroom’s expectancy
15
Q
Vroom’s expectancy theory describes motivation as a function of an individual’s beliefs concerning effort-to-performance relationships (e____), work-outcome relationships (i____), and the desirability of various work outcomes (v____)
A
expectancy, instrumentality, valence
16
Q
____ ____ is the performance of tasks for our own innate satisfaction
A
intrinsic motivation
17
Q
Intrinsic motivation consists of two main mechanisms:
- need for competence
- need for self-determination
A
18
Q
____ rewards are external awards to employees such as salary, bonuses, benefits, and paid vacations
A
extrinsic
19
Q
____ ____ is a method of setting forth the duties and responsibilities of a job within the intention of improving productivity and performance
A
job design
20
Q
There are three main approaches to job design:
- job enlargement
- job rotation
- job enrichment
A
21
Q
Job ____ increases the range of tasks and duties associated with a job
A
enlargement
22
Q
Job ____ is a process of periodically moving employees from one job to another
A
rotation
23
Q
Job ____ means increasing the scope of a job to make it more complex, stimulating, and satisfying for employees
A
enrichment
24
Q
Job enrichment can be further explained through the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model that identifies five core dimensions of jobs:
- skill variety
- task identity
- task significance
- autonomy
- feedback
A
25
____ is the application of consequences for the purpose of establishing patterns of behavior
reinforcement
26
____ reinforcement is the use of positive consequences to reinforce positive behaviors to make the employee more likely to behave in similar ways in the same or similar situations
positive
27
____ reinforcement is the removal of a particular item or stimulus following the demonstration of a certain behavior in order to strengthen that behavior
negative
28
____ is the administration of unpleasant consequences or removal of positive ones for the purpose of discouraging undesirable behavior
punishment
29
____ is the absence of any consequences, which reduces the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the same or similar situations
extinction
30
____ have changed whole industries, economies, and societies by transforming the way we live, communicate, and interact with each other
entrepreneurs
31
There are five types of entrepreneurial managers in practice today:
1. corporate entrepreneurship
2. entrepreneurs inside
3. social entrepreneurship
4. family enterprise
5. serial entrepreneurs
32
____ entrepreneurship is the process of creating new products, ventures, processes, or renewal within large corporations
corporate
33
____ ____ are people who think and act entrepreneurially within different types of organizations
entrepreneurs inside
34
____ entrepreneurship is the process of sourcing innovative solutions to social and environmental problems
social
35
A ____ ___ is a business owned and managed by multiple family members typically for more than one generation
family enterprise
36
____ ____ are people who start several businesses, whether simultaneously or one after another
serial entrepreneurs
37
There are 8 components of the entrepreneurship method:
1. identify the desired impact on the world
2. start with the means at hand
3. describe the idea today
4. calculate affordable loss
5. take small action
6. network and enroll others in the journey
7. build on what has been learned
8. reflect and be honest
38
Many growth accelerants affect the performance of new ventures:
- market opportunity/customers/competitors
- human capital/workforce
- product/services/after-sales
- marketing/branding
- research and development/new product development
39
Many challenges affect the performance of new ventures
- market opportunity/customers/competitors
- human capital/workforce
- company financing and revenue
- operations management/systems
- top management/board
- market size
- market value creation and customer adoption
40
____ ____ are the type that end in bankruptcy or even severe legal implications
big failures
41
There are several coping strategies to deal with fear of failure at work:
- reframe failure
- set goals with positive outcomes
- create a "fear list"
- focus on learning
42
____ is the quality that enables people to work hard and sustain interest in their long-term goals
grit
43
____ ____ today are most likely to be people who lead from a position of influence rather than power and who use their decision-making, motivational, and communication skills to inspire others with their vision to generate results
effective leaders
44
Most people associate leadership with ____, which is the ability to influence
power
45
The powers that are given are called ____ powers, which are powers granted because of a manager's position and ability to affect someone positively or negatively through resource allocation or disciplinary measures
positional
46
Managers also have ____ powers, which are obtained by being perceived as likeable and well informed
personal
47
The four basic types of leaders:
1. Directive leadership
2. Transactional leadership
3. Visionary leadership
4. Empowering leadership
48
____ leadership is characterized by implementing guidelines, providing information on what is expected, setting definite performance standards, and ensuring that individuals follow rules
directive
49
____ leadership is a behavioral type of leadership that proposes that employees are motivated by goals and equitable rewards
transactional
50
____ leadership uses charisma to encourage followers to share in the mission and commit to and work toward the desired goal
visionary
51
____ leadership shifts the focus from the leader to the follower through the idea of self-leadership
empowering
52
The ____ leadership perspective explores the relationship between leaders and personal qualities and characteristics, and how we differentiate leaders from nonleaders
trait
53
The dark triad is composed of three negative personality attributes:
- narcissism
- Machiavellianism
- psychopathy
54
The ____ leadership perspective proposes that specific behaviors distinguish leaders from nonleaders
behavioral
55
The ____ leadership perspective suggests the effectiveness of the leader relates to the interaction of the leader's traits or behaviors and situational factors
contingency
56
The ____ leadership model proposes that leaders should adapt their leadership style based on the types of people they are leading and the requirements of the task
situational
57
The ____-____ leadership theory suggests that leadership effectiveness is the degree to which the leader enhances the performance of followers by guiding them on a defined track toward achieving their goals
path-goal
58
Contemporary and emerging leadership perspectives
- transformational leadership
- Laissez-faire leadership
- charismatic leadership
59
____ leadership is where leaders work with people inside and outside the organization to identify opportunities for change and in the process create a higher-level vision that elicits an emotional response and commitment from followers
transformational
60
____-____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders fully delegate responsibility to others
Laissez-faire
61
____ leadership is a style of leadership in which leaders use personality or charm to inspire, motivate, and acquire loyalty and commitment from employees
charismatic
62
Power-distributing leadership perspectives
- empowering leadership
- shared leadership
- self-leadership
63
____ leadership gives or delegates power to employees that motivates and inspires them to achieve goals
empowering
64
____ leadership distributes influence among groups and individuals to achieve organizational or team goals, or both
shared
65
____-____ is a process through which people intentionally influence their thinking and behavior to achieve their objectives, using behavior-focused strategies, natural reward strategies, and constructive thought pattern strategies
self-leadership
66
Value-based leadership perspectives
- authentic leadership
- servant leadership
- ethical leadership
67
____ leadership is a pattern of leadership behavior based on honesty, practicality, and ethicality
authentic
68
____ leadership emphasizes employees and the community rather than the leader
servant
69
____ leadership is the influence of others through personal values, morals, and beliefs
ethical
70
____ ____ ____ is an organizational function that deals with the effective management of people in an organization
human resource management
71
Many companies have adopted the process of ____ ____, a strategic, deliberate approach to attracting new, highly skilled workers and developing the abilities of existing employees to meet current and future organizational objectives
talent management
72
Once HR has defined and planned the organization's needs, it begins the ____ ____
recruitment process
73
To hire the right candidate for the role, managers use a ____ ____ to screen job applicants
selection process
74
The selection process involves using three types of selection tools:
- application forms
- selection tests
- interviews
75
____ is the process of equipping workers with the skills, knowledge, and behaviors to transition into an organization
onboarding
76
There are 7 ways managers can help integrate new hires:
1. understand their challenges
2. accelerate their learning
3. make them part of a team
4. connect them with key stakeholders
5. give them direction
6. help them succeed early
7. coach them for success
77
To continue the integration, new hires will be provided with a degree of ____ ____, which is the process of teaching new or existing employees the skills necessary to carry out their roles and improve current job performance
formal training
78
Organizations use 8 common training strategies:
1. training by an instructor
2. interactive training
3. hands-on training
4. e-learning training
5. video training
6. coaching and mentoring
7. cross-training
8. peer-to-peer learning
79
The ____ training model is an instructional design model (ISD) used to support instructors when designing and building their training and learning programs
ADDIE
80
____ ____ is a process that provides feedback to employees to maintain and improve performance in line with organizational objectives
performance management
81
There are four stages of a traditional performance management process:
1. planning
2. acting
3. tracking
4. reviewing
82
There are several types of performance reviews used in organizations, such as:
- annual reviews
- self-appraisals
- 360-degree appraisals
- BARS method
83
Many organizations have replaced the traditional annual review process with a more ____ approach to performance management
agile
84
A ____ is a tool that helps managers use information to influence behavior and affect operational performance through greater efficiencies and effective decision-making
control
85
There are 4 main steps in the control process:
1. set standards
2. measure performance
3. compare performance to standards
4. take corrective action where necessary
86
____ ____ involves the development, maintenance, and use of computer system, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of data
information technology
87
Information technology services include:
- cloud computing
- IaaS
- ERP
- PaaS
- SaaS
- data analytics
- artificial intelligence
- machine learning
88
There are several types of information systems, including:
- management information systems (MIS)
- transaction processing systems (TPS)
- enterprise resource planning (ERP)
- executive support systems (ESS)
- decision support systems (DSS)
- learning management systems (LMS)
89
A ____ ____ system is a tool that aids organizations to run more efficiently by incorporating people, technology, and information systematically
management information (MIS)
90
A ____ ____ system is an information processing system that records the daily business transactions of an organization at the operational level
transaction processing (TPS)
91
A ____ ____ ____ is a process used by organizations to integrate important parts of the business
enterprise resource planning (ERP)
92
A ____ ____ system is a management information system that uses internal and external data to aid the executive staff with their decision-making process with regard to organizational performance
executive support (ESS)
93
A ____ ____ system is a computer-based information system that helps organizations with their decision-making process
decision support (DSS)
94
A ____ ____ system is a software application that facilitates educational courses, training programs, or learning and development programs
learning management (LMS)
95
____ ____ are processes, policies, and procedures implemented by managers to meet the organization's financial goals
financial controls
96
There are many types of financial controls, including:
- budgeting
- financial statements
- audits
97
Due to the rise of cybersecurity threats, organizations need to carry out a ____ ____, or a formal assessment of an organization's cybersecurity policies and procedures together with the identification of any deficiencies that could leave the organization open to risk
cybersecurity audit
98
There are a variety of cybersecurity threats that pose significant risks for organizations:
- ransomware
- malware
- social engineering
- phishing
99
____ is used by an attacker to gain access to a victim's computer files, lock them, and then demand a ransom to unlock them
ransomware
100
____ is any file or program used for harms, such as worms, viruses, Trojan horses, and spyware
malware
101
____ ____ is the act of tricking users into divulging sensitive information
social engineering
102
____ is a cybercrime in which fraudulent e-mails to resemble legitimate institutions are sent to users to extract sensitive information such as banking and credit card details, passwords, or log-in information
phishing
103
Some performance development management practices include:
- lean manufacturing
- JIT method
- supply chain management
- TQM
- SQC
- Deming management
- Six Sigma
- lean Six Sigma
- ISO 9000
- ISO 14000
- kaizen
104
____ ____ is the implementation of best practices to eliminate inefficiencies and waste while increasing profit
lean manufacturing
105
____-____-____ ____ is an inventory system that provides an item as needed rather than keeping inventory in stock
just-in-time method (JIT)
106
____ ____ ____ is a long-range, big-pictures process that assists companies in better overall management for the entire organization
total quality management (TQM)
107
____ ____ ____ is the use of statistics taken from samples from production runs for the sole purpose of determining production quality
statistical quality control (SQC)
108
____ ____ is a business management strategy designed to analyze the causes of defects, using statistical methods
six sigma
109
The ____ ____ series provides an exact measure of quality globally over a platform of systems
ISO 9000
110
The ____ ____ series broadens the concept by focusing on the organization's environmental impact and quality
ISO 14000
111
____ is a Japanese strategy where managers and employees work together to identify opportunities and find solutions
Kaizen
112
____ ____ refers to the characteristics that make people different from one another
- personality traits
- gender
- age
- cultural background
- education
- work experience
individual differences
113
____ is the relatively stable pattern of traits and characteristics that help shape a person's behavior and make the person unique
personality
114
Our ____ ____ play a large role in determining whether we are predisposed to be natural self-leaders or will have to learn, practice, and work a little harder to develop our self-leadership skills
personality characteristics
115
The ____-____ ____ ____ is used to assess the ways in which individuals perceive their environments, make decisions, and process information
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
116
The MBTI determines a person's orientation on four sets of preference dyads:
- extraversion-introversion
- sensing-intuition
- thinking-feeling
- judging-perceiving
117
People with a preference for ____ gather information with their five senses
sensing
118
____ people look for patterns with possibilities as they interpret the world around them
intuitive
119
____ tend to make decisions with rationality, facts, and objective principles
thinkers
120
____ tend to decide things with a greater concern for people and values
feelers
121
People with a ____ orientation prefer and ordered, structured, and resolved situation
judging
122
____ types tend to be more flexible, adaptable, and open-ended when approaching the world around them
perceiving
123
In one study, all eight judging MBTI types scored ____ on a measure of the self-leadership strategies than all eight of the perceiving MBTI types
higher
124
The ____ ____ ____ is based on the lexical hypothesis, which states that all meaningful differences in personality are encoded in language
Big Five Model
125
Studies show that people low in conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability are ____ likely than people high in these characteristics to engage in self-leadership effectively
less
126
Younger people may tend to engage in self-leadership ____ than older people
more
127
Some studies suggest that women are ____ likely than men to engage in rumination or negative, obstacle-type thinking in response to negative emotions
more
128
Women tended to choose ____ performance tasks than did men
easier
129
Five cultural dimensions
1. power distance
2. individualism
3. masculinity
4. uncertainty avoidance
5. long-term orientation
130
____ ____ is the degree of equality or inequality between people in a country's society
power distance
131
____ is the extent to which a society values individual or collective achievement
individualism
132
____ is the degree to which a society reinforces traditional masculine roles, including male achievement, control, and power
masculinity
133
____ ____ is the level of tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity in a society
uncertainty avoidance
134
____-____ ____ is the extent to which a society embraces long-term devotion to traditional or forward-thinking values
long-term orientation
135
The ____ career path is self-directed rather than organization-directed and requires occasional reshaping and reformulation as changing situations dictate
protean
136
In her song "Shake It Off", ____ ____ reminds us that we create our own psychological worlds and that we have the power to dismiss the negativity of others
Taylor Swift
137
Taylor Swift advocates being aware of and comfortable with who you are, reflecting the self-leadership concepts of ____-____ and ____
self-observation, purpose
138
Taylor Swift also embraces the self-leadership concepts of ____ ____ and leading oneself to do necessary but unattractive tasks
hard work
139
____-____-____ can provide athletes with direction for their efforts
self-goal-setting
140
A review of sixty different sports studies across a wide range of activities and ages of performers found a consistent positive relationship between ____ ____ ____ and performance
constructive mental imagery
141
Those in ____ ____ jobs need to play a critical role in their own development, motivation, and systematic self-leadership
uniquely autonomous
142
"Mind and Body"
- individual behaviors
- individual thoughts
- team behaviors
- team thoughts
143
World-altering strategies
- reminders and attention focusers
- removing negative cues
- increasing positive cues
144
Self-imposed strategies
- self-observation
- purpose examination
- self-goal setting
- self-reward
- self-punishment
- practice
145
Natural reward strategies
- discover your natural rewards
- build natural rewards into your life's activities
- focus on the natural rewards
146
____ ____ can be described as being able to deal with life's many challenges and enjoy the successful handling of them
personal effectiveness
147
____-____ is our level of effectiveness in dealing with our world, or our perception of our own ability to overcome the situations and challenges we face in life
self-efficacy
148
____ is the process of helping others develop and practice systematic effective self-leadership
superleadership
149
SuperLeadership consists of three primary components:
- setting a good example
- guidance
- reinforcement of self-leadership
150
Barbara Brown argues that the ____ and ____ are two distinct parts
brain, mind
