Final Exam Studying Flashcards
Attribution Theory
the theory that people tend to judge other’s behavior based on the situation (external attribution) or their personal disposition (internal attribution).
Fritz Heider
Scientist behind Attribution Theory
Fundamental Attribution Error
we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
Self-Serving Bias
doing something for personal gain
Just-World Hypothesis/Phenomenon
the idea that everybody gets what they deserve
Attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
Elaboration Likelihood Model
2 ways to persuade - Peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion
Peripheral Route Persuasion
think credibility, ethos. convinced by a model, pope, or actor (etc.)
Central Route Persuasion
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
The Foot in the Door Phenomenon
People who agree with a small request will find it easier to comply later with a larger one
Role-Playing can do what?
Affect attitudes
Cognitive Dissonance
the mental tension we experience when our actions and attitudes collide
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
relieving the tension caused by cognitive dissonance by changing our attitude to match with the act
Social Norms
rules for expected and acceptable behavior
Chameleon Effect/Social Contagion
we take on the behaviors or moods (mood contagion/mood linkage) of those around us
Positive Herding
positive ratings generate more positive ratings. ex- rotten tomatoes
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality (think: line test)
Solomon Asch
line test - conformity / informational social influence
Milgram
Shock experiment - obedience
Social Control
the power of the situation
Personal Control
the power of the individual
Minority Influence
the power of one or two minorities to sway majorities
Social Facilitation
strengthened performance in the presence of others
Social Loafing
the tendency for people ina group to put less effort into a group task than if they were completing it alone
Deindividuation
losing self awareness and self restrain (ex: mobs)
Group Polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring into a group, growing stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when a desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Culture
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one group to the next
Prejudice
a prejudgement on unjustifiable and unusually negative attitude toward a group and its members
Stereotypes
a generalized/sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized belief about a group of people
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its people
Ethnocentrism
assuming the superiority of one’s ethnic group
Explicit Bias
on our radar/we’re aware of it
Implicit Bias
not o our radar/ we’re not aware of it
Ingroup
“Us” - the people in our circle - with who we share a common identity
Outgroup
“them” - outside of the circle - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Ingroup
a favoring of our own group
Ingroup Bias
a favoring of our own group
Scapegoat Theory
When things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our negative emotions
Schadenfreude
secret joy that we sometimes take in another’s failure
Outgroup Homogeneity
uniformity of outgroup attitudes - “they’re all the same”
Other-race effect (cross-race effect)
the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts to enable snap judgements
Availability Heuristic
the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind - think violent crimes
Hindsight Bias
“she should have known better”, etc
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
What are genetic markers for aggression?
Y - Chromosome , MAOA gene
What are the three influences on aggression?
Genetic (genes), Neural, Chemical (alcohol, testosterone)
Frustration-Aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression
Altruism
unselfish concern for others
Social Scripts
culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations
Prosocial Behavior
behavior that intends to help or benefit someone
Proximity
geographic nearness - matching starts with meeting
Mere Exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
Halo Effect
attractiveness gives us the impression that somebody is healthier, happier, more successful, etc
The Law of Attraction
we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us + able and willing to help us achieve our goals
Passionate Love
intense, short
Companionate Love
deep, long-lasting, affectionate attachment
What are the keys to companionate love?
Equity (people receive in proportion to what they give), Self-disclosure (the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others), Positive Support
Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process - maximize our benefit, minimize our costs. whatever’s best for us
Reciprocity Norm
the expectation that we should return help, not harm, those who have helped us
Social Responsibility Norm
the expectation that we should help those who need help
Social Traps
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Mirror-Image Perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people - each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and sees the other side as aggressive
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
(1) The Scientific Attitude
Curiosity (does it work?) ; Skepticism (what do you mean? how do you know?) ; Humility (what matters is not my truth or yours, but the truths revealed by questioning and testing)
(1) Empiricism
the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
(1) Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
“father of psychology” - established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
(1) Who was L.G. Stanley Hall?
one of Wundt’s students. established the first formal US psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
(1) Structuralism
uses introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind (Edward Bradford Titchener)
(1) Introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one’s own psychological processes
(1) Functionalism
explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. The purpose of the behavior
(1) Who was Mary Chiton Calkins?
men turned her away, william james taught her, but the college still refused to give her a degree
(1) Who was Margaret Flay Washburn?
first official Psychology PHD
(1) Behaviorism
the view that psychology should 1) be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes (2 is controversial)
(1) Humanistic Psychology
emphasized human growth potential
(1) Cognitive Psychology
the study of mental processes in learning, perceiving, etc
(1) Cognitive Neuroscience
brain activity linked with cognition
(1) Psychology
the study of behavior and mental processes
