Final Exam Studying Flashcards
1
Q
Attribution Theory
A
the theory that people tend to judge other’s behavior based on the situation (external attribution) or their personal disposition (internal attribution).
2
Q
Fritz Heider
A
Scientist behind Attribution Theory
3
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
4
Q
Self-Serving Bias
A
doing something for personal gain
5
Q
Just-World Hypothesis/Phenomenon
A
the idea that everybody gets what they deserve
6
Q
Attitudes
A
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
7
Q
Elaboration Likelihood Model
A
2 ways to persuade - Peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion
8
Q
Peripheral Route Persuasion
A
think credibility, ethos. convinced by a model, pope, or actor (etc.)
9
Q
Central Route Persuasion
A
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
10
Q
The Foot in the Door Phenomenon
A
People who agree with a small request will find it easier to comply later with a larger one
11
Q
Role-Playing can do what?
A
Affect attitudes
12
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
A
the mental tension we experience when our actions and attitudes collide
13
Q
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
A
relieving the tension caused by cognitive dissonance by changing our attitude to match with the act
14
Q
Social Norms
A
rules for expected and acceptable behavior
15
Q
Chameleon Effect/Social Contagion
A
we take on the behaviors or moods (mood contagion/mood linkage) of those around us
16
Q
Positive Herding
A
positive ratings generate more positive ratings. ex- rotten tomatoes
17
Q
Conformity
A
adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
18
Q
Normative Social Influence
A
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
19
Q
Informational Social Influence
A
influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality (think: line test)
20
Q
Solomon Asch
A
line test - conformity / informational social influence
21
Q
Milgram
A
Shock experiment - obedience
22
Q
Social Control
A
the power of the situation
23
Q
Personal Control
A
the power of the individual
24
Q
Minority Influence
A
the power of one or two minorities to sway majorities
25
Social Facilitation
strengthened performance in the presence of others
26
Social Loafing
the tendency for people ina group to put less effort into a group task than if they were completing it alone
27
Deindividuation
losing self awareness and self restrain (ex: mobs)
28
Group Polarization
The beliefs and attitudes we bring into a group, growing stronger as we discuss them with like-minded others
29
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when a desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
30
Culture
the behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one group to the next
31
Prejudice
a prejudgement on unjustifiable and unusually negative attitude toward a group and its members
32
Stereotypes
a generalized/sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized belief about a group of people
33
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its people
34
Ethnocentrism
assuming the superiority of one's ethnic group
35
Explicit Bias
on our radar/we're aware of it
36
Implicit Bias
not o our radar/ we're not aware of it
37
Ingroup
"Us" - the people in our circle - with who we share a common identity
38
Outgroup
"them" - outside of the circle - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
39
Ingroup
a favoring of our own group
40
Ingroup Bias
a favoring of our own group
41
Scapegoat Theory
When things go wrong, finding someone to blame can provide a target for our negative emotions
42
Schadenfreude
secret joy that we sometimes take in another's failure
43
Outgroup Homogeneity
uniformity of outgroup attitudes - "they're all the same"
44
Other-race effect (cross-race effect)
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
45
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts to enable snap judgements
46
Availability Heuristic
the tendency to estimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind - think violent crimes
47
Hindsight Bias
"she should have known better", etc
48
Aggression
any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
49
What are genetic markers for aggression?
Y - Chromosome , MAOA gene
50
What are the three influences on aggression?
Genetic (genes), Neural, Chemical (alcohol, testosterone)
51
Frustration-Aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression
52
Altruism
unselfish concern for others
53
Social Scripts
culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations
54
Prosocial Behavior
behavior that intends to help or benefit someone
55
Proximity
geographic nearness - matching starts with meeting
56
Mere Exposure Effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
57
Halo Effect
attractiveness gives us the impression that somebody is healthier, happier, more successful, etc
58
The Law of Attraction
we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us + able and willing to help us achieve our goals
59
Passionate Love
intense, short
60
Companionate Love
deep, long-lasting, affectionate attachment
61
What are the keys to companionate love?
Equity (people receive in proportion to what they give), Self-disclosure (the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others), Positive Support
62
Bystander Effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
63
Social Exchange Theory
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process - maximize our benefit, minimize our costs. whatever's best for us
64
Reciprocity Norm
the expectation that we should return help, not harm, those who have helped us
65
Social Responsibility Norm
the expectation that we should help those who need help
66
Social Traps
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
67
Mirror-Image Perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people - each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and sees the other side as aggressive
68
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
69
Superordinate Goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
70
(1) The Scientific Attitude
Curiosity (does it work?) ; Skepticism (what do you mean? how do you know?) ; Humility (what matters is not my truth or yours, but the truths revealed by questioning and testing)
71
(1) Empiricism
the idea that knowledge comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
72
(1) Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
"father of psychology" - established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany
73
(1) Who was L.G. Stanley Hall?
one of Wundt's students. established the first formal US psychology laboratory at John Hopkins University
74
(1) Structuralism
uses introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind (Edward Bradford Titchener)
75
(1) Introspection
the process of looking inward in an attempt to directly observe one's own psychological processes
76
(1) Functionalism
explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. The purpose of the behavior
77
(1) Who was Mary Chiton Calkins?
men turned her away, william james taught her, but the college still refused to give her a degree
78
(1) Who was Margaret Flay Washburn?
first official Psychology PHD
79
(1) Behaviorism
the view that psychology should 1) be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes (2 is controversial)
80
(1) Humanistic Psychology
emphasized human growth potential
81
(1) Cognitive Psychology
the study of mental processes in learning, perceiving, etc
82
(1) Cognitive Neuroscience
brain activity linked with cognition
83
(1) Psychology
the study of behavior and mental processes
84
(1) Nature-Nurture Issue
are human traits inherited or learned?
85
(1) Natural Selection
girl u know this
86
(1) Evolutionary Psychology
(how are we alike because of common biology that has evolved over time?)
87
(1) Behavior Genetics
(how do we differ based on our genes and environments?)
88
(1) Positive Psychology
the scientific study of human fluorishing
89
(1) The Biopsychosocial Approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social/cultural viewpoints
90
(1) Behavioral Psychology
the study of observable behavior and it explanation
91
(1) Biological Psychology
links between biological (genetic, neural, and hormones) and psychological processes
92
(1) Psychodynamic Psychology
studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behaviors (used to treat people with behavior disorders)
93
(1) Social-Cultural Psychology
study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
94
(1) Testing Affect
Enhanced memory after being tested on it
95
(1) SQ3R
study method - survey, question, read, retrieve, review
96
(1) Psychometrics
scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
97
(1) Developmental Psychology
studies psychological change throughout development
98
(1) Educational Psychology
how psychological processes can affect/enhance teaching and learning
99
(1) Personality Psychology
study of individuals' characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting
100
(1) Social Psychology
study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
101
(1) Applied Research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
102
(1) Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I/O)
application of psychology to make work better
103
(1) Human Factors Psychology
(related to I/O) focuses on the interaction of people, machine, and physical environments
104
(1) Counseling Psychology
helps people to cope with mental challenges
105
(1) Clinical Psychology
studies/assesses/treats those with psychological disorders
106
(1) Psychiatry
also provide therapy for psychological disorders
107
(1) Community Psychology
studies how people interact in communities
108
(1) Forensic Psychologists
principals to legal issues
109
(1) Environmental Psychologists
studies the interactions of people of nature and urban environments
110
(1) Health Psychologists
psych relating to promoting health and preventing disease
111
(1) Neuropsychologists
investigate the relationships between neurological processes and behavior
112
(1) Rehabilitation Psychologists
mama use your brain on this one
113
(1) Replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different partial parts in different situations - to see whether basic findings can be reproduced
114
(1) Descriptive method
describes behaviors
115
(1) Correlation Coefficient
a statistical measure of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 - 1.00)
116
(1) Experimental Methods
manipulate variables to discover their effects
117
(1) Case Study
one certain case
118
(1) Naturalistic Observation
studying something in its natural environment
119
(1) Survey
self-reported attitudes/behaviors
120
(1) Correlation
a trait or behavior tends to coincide with another
121
(1) Illusory Correlation
it looks like it correlates, but it DOES NOT
122
(1) Regression Toward the Mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall bag (regress) towards the average
123
(1) Experimental Group
the group exposed to the treatment (ind.variable)
124
(1) Control Group
the group NOT exposed to the treatment
125
(1) Random Assignment
participants are assigned to experimental and control groups randomly
126
(1) Doube-Blind Procedure
both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant/blind about wether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
127
(1) Placebo Effect
you know this one
128
(1) Descriptive Statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics into groups
129
(1) Measure of Central Tendency
a single score that represents a whole - like mode, median, etc .
130
(1) Skewed Distribution
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
131
(1) Standard Deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
132
(1) Normal Curve (Normal Distribution)
symmetrical bell-shaped curve
133
(1) Inferential Statistics
helps us determine how reliable and statistically significant the differences are
134
(2) Neuron
a nerve cell - basic building block of the nerve system
135
(2) Cell Body
part of a neuron - contains the nucleus ; the cell's life support center
136
(2) Dendrites
branching extensions that receive and integrate messages
137
(2) Axon
the neuron extension that passes messages through the branches to other neurons/muscles/glands
138
(2) Myelin Sheath
protective shit
139
(2) Glial Cells (glia)
nourish neurons
140
(2) Action Potential
a neural impulse - a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon
141
(2) Refractory Period
resting pause after a neuron fires
142
(2) All-or-none response
neuron reaction is like a trigger 0 it either fully goes or it doesn't
143
(2) Synapse
the meeting point between neurons - between an axon terminal and a dendrite
144
(2) Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers
145
(2) Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
146
(2) Agonist
a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action
147
(2) Antagonist
a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neruotransmitter's action
148
(2) Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal chord. decision maker
149
(2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor
150
(2) Sensory Neurons
carry incoming sensory info
151
(2) Motor Neurons
carry outgoing info from the brain and spinal chord to the muscles and glands
152
(2) Interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal chord. communicate/internally process info between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
153
(2) Somatic Nervous System
skeletal nervous system
154
(2) Autonomic Nervous System
controls glands + internal organs muscles. The automatic stuff
155
(2) Sympathetic Nervous System
arouses and expends energy
156
(2) Parasympathetic Nervous System
opposite of sympathetic - calms
157
(2) Endocrine System
hormones babyyyy
158
(2) Adrenal Glands
part of the endocrine system - secretes hormones like adrenaline to help arouse the body in times of stress
159
(2) Pituitary Gland
them growth hormoneesss
160
(2) Medulla
heart rate and breathing
161
(2) Thalamus
brain's sensory control center
162
(2) Reticular Formation
nerve network - controls arousal
163
(2) Cerebellum
balance
164
(2) Limbic System
neural system associated with emotions
165
(2) Amygdala
fear emotions
166
(2) Hypothalamus
regulating eating, drinking, body temp
167
(2) Hippocampus
memories
168
(2) Cerebral Cortex
covers cerebral hemispheres - ultimate info-processing center
169
(2) Frontal Lobes
speaking, muscle movements, making judgements
170
(2) Parietal Lobes
top of the head. sensory input and body position
171
(2) Occipital Lobes
(2) back of the head, visual fields
172
(2) Temporal Lobes
roughly above the ears. Auditory
173
(2) Neurogenesis
formation of new neurons (someone gains more spatial awareness)
174
(2) Corpus Callosum
connects the two hemispheres
175
(2) Sequential Processing
processing one problem at a time
176
(2) Genome
all of the genetic material in the chromosomes
177
(2) Molecular-Behavior Genetics
molecular structure / function of genes and how it affects our psychology
178
(2) Epigenetics
studies the molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression
179
(2-2) Alpha Waves
relaxed, awake state
180
(2-2) NREM
non-rapid eye movement
181
(2-2) NREM -2
sleep spindles - you begin to relax more deeply
182
(2-2) Delta Waves
deep, slow brain waves of NREM-3
183
(2-2) Manifest Content
(freud) the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream
184
(2-2) Latent Content
the "unacceptable" unconscious drives and wishes // the underlying meaning of a dream
185
(2-2) REM Rebound
the tendency from REM sleep to increase follwing REM sleep deprivation
186
(2-2) Psychoactive Drugs
chemicals that change perceptions and moods
187
(2-2) Depressants
drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions (alcohol, barbituates, opioids
188
(2-2) Barbiturates
tranquilizers. impacts memory and judgement
189
(2-2) Opiates
opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin. Depresses neural activity , temporarily loosening anxiety
190
(2-2) Stimulants
Drugs that excite neural activity
191
(2-2) Examples of Stimulants
Nicotine, Cocaine, Amphetamines, Ecstasy
192
(2-2) Hallucinogens
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
193
(2-2) Examples of Hallucinogens
LSD, THC
194
(3) Sensory Receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
195
(3) Perception
the process by which the brain interprets and organizes sensory input
196
(3) Bottom-Up Processing
WHAT I'M SEEING NOW - starts at sensory receptors and works up to higher levels/ the brain
197
(3) Top - Down Processing
WHAT I ALREADY KNOW - constructs perceptions by drawing on past experiences / expectations
198
(3) Selective Attention
focusing awareness on a single stimulus
199
(3) Innattentional Blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is focused elsewhere
200
(3) Change Blindness/Deafness
inability to notice/hear changes
201
(3) Transduction
stimulus into neural impulses
202
(3) Gustav Fechner
studied absolute threshold
203
(3) Absolute Threshold
the absolute stimulus energy needed to detect a certain stimulus 50 percent of the time
204
(3) Signal Detection Theory
theory predicting how/when we will detect weak stimulus (signal)
205
(3) Subliminal
below one's absolute threshold
206
(3) Difference Threshold
telling the difference between one stimuli and the other
207
(3) Weber's Law
for an average person to perceive a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum
208
(3) Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivty - getting used to a sensation
