Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
Which type of communication flows directly from one employee to her supervisor?
A
upward communication
2
Q
Which type of communication flows directly from a supervisor to employee?
A
downward communication
3
Q
What are the different grapevine categories?
A
isolates, liaisons, dead-enders
4
Q
employees who receive less than half of the information
A
isolates
5
Q
employees who both receive most of the information and pass it on to others
A
liaisons
6
Q
employees who receive most of the information but seldom pass it on
A
dead-enders
7
Q
What factor, referred to as interference, affects the proper reception of a message and that is defined as actual noise, appropriateness of the channel, bias, feelings about the person communicating, mood, and perceived motives?
A
Definition of noise
8
Q
What are some examples of nonverbal communication/ nonverbal cues?
A
Body Language
- eye contact
- expressions
- posture
- arm and leg use
- motion
- touching
Use of space
Use of time
9
Q
What are our tendencies when we have too much information?
A
level
sharpen
assimilate
10
Q
unimportant information is removed
A
level
11
Q
interesting and unusual information if kept
A
sharpen
12
Q
information is modified to fit existing beliefs and knowledge
A
assimilate
13
Q
What are the different listening styles? Be prepared to be tested via the presentation of definitions and/or scenarios.
A
leisure inclusive stylistic technical empathetic nonconforming
14
Q
people who listen only for words that indicate pleasure
A
leisure
15
Q
people who listen for the main idea and meaning behind any communication
A
inclusive
16
Q
people who listen to the way the communication is presented
A
stylistic
17
Q
people who listen to the details during the communication
A
technical
18
Q
people who pay attention to the feelings and other nonverbal cues of the speaker during the communication
A
empathic
19
Q
people who attend to information that is consistent with their beliefs and ways of thinking
A
nonconforming
20
Q
Research and literature reviews have identified certain traits that differentiate leaders from non-leaders (leader emergence). What traits are differentiating traits?
A
- intelligence
- openness to experience
- extraversion
- conscientiousness
- neuroticism/emotional stability
- high self-monitoring
21
Q
Regarding orientation, what are some examples/characteristics of a task versus person orientation?
A
task-oriented leaders: theory X leaders
Person-oriented leaders: Theory Y leaders
Leaders who are high in both task and person orientations are most effective as leaders and will have high performance, low turnover, and low grievance rate
22
Q
set goals and give orders
A
task-oriented leaders: theory X leaders
23
Q
act in a warm, supportive manner an show concern for the employees
-believe employees are intrinsically
A
person-oriented Leaders: theory Y leaders
24
Q
A factor that is related to Fiedler’s Contingency Model is the favorableness of a situation. According to this theory, the favorableness of a situation is determined by what three variables?
A
task structuredness
leader position power
leader-member relations
25
the extent to which tasks have clear goals and problems can be solved; the more structured the task, the more favorable the situation
task structuredness
26
the extent to which a leader, by nature of his or her position, has the power to reward and punish subordinates; the greater the position or legitimate power, the more favorable the sutiation
leader position power
27
the extent to which subordinates like a leader; the more subordinates like their leader, the more favorable the situation will be
leader-member relations
28
Based on the Path Goal theory, House (1971) believes that a leader's behavior will be accepted by subordinates only to the extent to which the behavior does what?
help the subordinates achieve their goals
29
Which theory concentrates on the interactions between leaders and subordinates or leader–member exchanges?
leader-member exchange LMX theory
30
With respect to the types of leadership, what are the characteristics of transactional leadership versus transformational leadership?
Transactional Leadership- leadership style in which the leader focuses on task-oriented behaviors(setting goals, monitoring performance, and providing consequence for success or failure)
-Transformational leadership- visionary leadership in which the leader changes the nature and goals of an organization
Transformational leaders are visionary, charismatic, inspirational, confident, and optimistic; and they challenge the status-quo and carefully analyze problems
31
What form of leadership requires that leaders reflect on their own ethics, core beliefs, and values rather than leading by copying the leadership style of others?
authentic leadership
32
What criterion for being considered a group refers to a condition when something affects one member of the group it affects all members?
corresponding effects (interdependence)
33
What term refers to the extent to which group members like and trust one another?
group cohesiveness
34
What are the different group roles members can assume?
task oriented roles
social-oriented roles
individual role
35
involve behaviors such as offering new ideas, coordinating activities, finding new information
task-oriented roles
36
involve encouraging cohesiveness and participation
social-oriented roles
37
a third category that includes blocking group activities, calling attention to oneself, and avoiding group interaction; seldom result in higher group productivity
individual role
38
Considers the effect on individual performance when people work together on a task. States that individuals in a group often exert less individual effort than they would if they were not in a group.
What is a definition of social loafing according to the social loafing theory?
39
What is a situation in which a group becomes so cohesive and like-minded that it makes poor decisions by ignoring information relevant to the decision-making process known as?
groupthink
40
Which source of conflict results when geographical boundaries or lines of authority are unclear?
jurisdictional ambiguity
41
What is the conflict resolution strategy that involves a neutral third party who operates as facilitator and who helps both sides reach a mutually agreeable solution known as?
mediation
42
What methods facilitate upward communication?
```
Attitude surveys
Focus groups
Exit interviews
Suggestion/complaint boxes
-allows for the communication of opinions, complaints, suggestions, etc. to management in a designated area and in an anonymous fashion at virtually any time.
Third Party facilitators
-liaison
-ombudsperson
```
43
What are the different types of grapevine patterns?
single-strand pattern
gossip pattern
probability pattern
cluster pattern
44
information is passed on from one person to another
single strand
45
information is passed on by one person to a selected group
gossip
46
information is passed on by one person to a selected group who then randomly passes on the information
probability
47
information is passed on by one person to a selected group who then selectively passes on the information
cluster
48
the exchange of a message across a communication channel from one person to another
What is a definition of interpersonal communication?
49
What is a definition of paralanguage? Be prepared to be tested via the presentation of definitions and/or scenarios.
```
Rate of speech
loudness
intonation
amount of talking
voice pitch
pauses
```
50
What do artifacts include? Be prepared to be tested via the presentation of definitions and/or scenarios.
```
our office
-decor
-desk placement
what we wear
-clothing
-accessories
-hair styles
-tattoos
the care we drive
the house we live in
```
51
What are our reactions to information overload? Be prepared to be tested via the presentation of definitions and/or scenarios.
```
omission
error
queuing
escape
use of a gatekeeper
use of multiple channels
```
52
involves the conscious decision not to process certain types of information
omission
53
involves processing all information but processing some of it incorrectly
error
54
involves prioritizing and organizing information into an order in which it will be handled; placing the communication into a waiting line
queuing
55
involves an employee beginning to miss a lot of work or leaving the organization to reduce stress
escape
56
involves the use of a person who screens potential communication for someone else and allows only the most important information to pass through
use of a gatekeeper
57
involves directing some of the communication to another person
use of multiple channels
58
What factors affect the way in which a received message is interpreted?
- listening skills
- listening style
- emotional state
- cognitive ability
- bias
59
Research by McClelland and Burnham (1976) and McClelland and Boyatzis (1982) has demonstrated that high performance managers have a "leadership motive pattern." High performance managers have what type of leadership motive pattern?
High need for achievement
high need for power
low need for affiliation
60
Hogan (1989) has identified characteristics associated with poor leadership. What are characteristics associated with poor leadership?
lack of training
cognitive deficiencies
personality problems
61
What are the behavioral styles and respective ideal climates according to the IMPACT theory of leadership?
leadership style:
- information
- magnetic
- position affiliation
- coercove
- tactical
Ideal climate:
- ignorance
- despair
- instability
- anxiety
- crisis
- disorganization
62
What are the four behavioral leadership styles proposed by House ‘s Path Goal theory?
instrumental style
supportive style
participate style
achievement-oriented style
63
a leadership style in which the leaders influence others by virtue of their appointed or elected authority
position
64
effective in a climate of _____, an organizational climate in which people are not sure what to do
instability
65
a style of leadership in which the leader leads through knowledge and information
information
66
effective in a climate of _____, an organizational climate in which important information is not available
ignorance
67
a style of leadership in which the leader has influence because of his or her charismatic personality
magnetic
68
effective in a climate of ____, an organizational climate characterized by low morale
despair
69
a leadership style in which the individual leads by caring about others
affiliation
70
effective in a climate of _____, an organizational climate in which worry predominates
anxiety
71
a leadership style in which the individual leads by controlling reward and punishment
coercive
72
effective in a climate of ____, a critical time or climate for an organization in which the outcome to a decision has extreme consequences
crisis
73
a leadership style in which a person leads through organization and strategy
tactical
74
effective climate of ______________, a climate in which the organization has the necessary knowledge/resources bus does not know how to efficiently use the knowledge/resources
disorganization
75
plans, organizes, controls
instrumental style
76
shows concern for employees
supportive style
77
shares information and lets employees participate
participative style
78
sets challenging goals and rewards increases in performance
achievement-oriented style
79
What are the different forms of power a leader can obtain?
```
expert power
legitimate power
reward power
coercive power
referent power
```
80
power that individuals have because they have knowledge
expert power
81
the power that individuals have because of their elected or appointed position
legitimate power
82
leadership power that exists to the extent that the leader has the ability and authority to provide rewards
reward power
83
leadership power that comes from the leader's capacity to punish others
coercive power
84
leadership power that exists when followers can identify with a leader and the leader's goals and when followers have positive feelings the leader
referent power
85
Visionary charismatic managers are often known as what type of leaders?
transformational leaders
86
What are the criteria for being a group?
multiple members
group rewards
corresponding effects(interdependence)
common goals
87
2 or more people that perceive themselves as a group
multiple members
88
process must be beneficial and valued; the group must provide rewards to its members
group rewards
89
anything that happens to one member of the group affects every other member
corresponding effects(interdependence)
90
the members of the group must share a common goal
common goals
91
What are the reasons why people join groups?
psychological needs
survival needs
commonality
situational reasons
92
What term refers to the extent to which group members are similar?
group homogeneity
93
- the negative effects that occur when a person performs a task in the presence of others
- social facilitation: the positive effects that occur when a person performs a task in the presence of others
What is a definition of social inhibition; what is a definition social facilitation?
94
What are truths regarding the effects of individual dominance in a group?
When one member of a group dominates the group
If the leader or group member asserting his/her dominance has an accurate solution to a problem, is intelligent, and conscientiousness; the group will probably perform at a high level.
95
What type of team is also called cross-functional teams and consists of representatives from various departments (functions) within an organization teams consist of representatives from various departments within an organization?
parallel teams
96
What are the different reactions to conflict/ different conflict styles?
```
avoiding style
accommodating style
forcing style
collaborating style
compromising style
```
97
What is the conflict resolution strategy in which a neutral third party who operates as a judge and who listens to all parties involved in a conflict and then makes a decision called?
arbitration; under third party intervention
98
the conflict style of a person who reacts to conflict by pretending that it doesnt exist
avoiding style; withdrawal and trianlging
99
the conflict style of a person who tends to respond to conflict by giving in to the other person
Accommodating style; also known as the "giving-in" style, "smoothing and conciliation" style
100
the conflict style of a person who responds to conflict by always trying to win
forcing style; winning at all costs
101
the conflict style of a person who wants a conflict resolved in such a way that both sides get what they want
collaborating style; win win style
102
a style of resolving conflicts in which an individual allows each side to get some of what it wants
compromising style; negotiation and bargaining, give and take
