Final exam study guide Flashcards
1
Q
What % of our Earth is covered in oceans?
A
70.8%
2
Q
Name 3 general characteristics of oceans.
A
Oceans are essential to all the life forms
Water is the major component of nearly every life-form on earth
Oceans are a source of food, minerals, and energy, that remains nearly untapped
3
Q
Earth is the only planet in our solar system with liquid water on its surface. True or false?
A
True
4
Q
Name FIVE reasons why oceans are important to our planet.
A
- Oxygen production
- Climate regulation
- biodiversity
- Food source
- economics importance
5
Q
List the four principal oceans. What is the “plus one” ocean?
A
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Plus one – Southern ocean
6
Q
List 3 characteristics of each of the five oceans.
Pacific
A
Largest Ocean
Deepest Ocean
Contains many small tropical islands
7
Q
List 3 characteristics of each of the five oceans.
Atlantic
A
second largest ocean
Separates old world from the new world
Not quite as deep as the pacific
8
Q
List 3 characteristics of each of the five oceans.
Indian
A
Slightly smaller than the atlantic has about the same depth
Mostly in the southern hemisphere
Named after its proximity to India
9
Q
List 3 characteristics of each of the five oceans.
Arctic
A
Smallest ocean
Shallowest Ocean
Has a permanent layer of sea ice at the surface
10
Q
List 3 characteristics of each of the five oceans.
southern
A
- Define the meeting of currents near antarctic called the antarctic coverage
- This ocean is mixed of the water from the other oceans except the arctic about 50 degrees south of latitude
- Named for its location in the southern hemisphere
11
Q
Distinguish between an ocean and sea.
A
Sea’s are smaller than oceans and are usually located where the land and ocean meet
12
Q
Historically, what were the major seas?
A
Red sea
Persian Gulf
Black Sea
Adriatic sea
Caspian sea
Indian ocean
13
Q
When did scientists start studying oceans using technology?
A
1930s
14
Q
Name the islands of the South Pacific (Oceania). Name 2 theories of how scientists think that these chains of islands were discovered.
A
Micronesia, Melonesia, Polynesia
Fast and slow migration theory
15
Q
In your opinion, what are two reasons why the Rapa Nui people of Easter Island diminished in population?
A
Environmental disasters
European diseases
16
Q
What did the Vikings of Scandinavia discover?
A
The islands of the Atlantic - iceland, greenland, and eventually newfoundland, and canada
17
Q
Who was Ferdinand Magellan and what did he do?
A
He was a portuguese explorer who is credited with with masterminding the first expedition to the circumnavigate world `
18
Q
Who was James Cook and what did he do?
A
British naval explorer who sailed the seaways and coasts of canada and conducted 3 expeditions to the pacific ocean
19
Q
How long ago was our sun and solar system formed?
A
4.6 billion years ago
20
Q
Explain the Nebular Hypothesis
A
All bodies in the solar system formed an enormous cloud composed mostly H and He, with only a small percentage of heavy elements as the accumulation of gas and dust revolved around it center it began to contract under its own gravity
21
Q
How did the Sun form? How did Proto-Earth form? How did our moon form?\
A
- The sun formed because of the nebular hypothesis
-The proto earth formed by Small amounts of the gas and dust created protoplanets which then created proto earth
-The moon formed when meteorites and comets from space bombarded proto earth
22
Q
How was Proto-Earth different from present-day Earth?
A
Protoearth was larger had no oceans or life and had a uniform composition throughout
23
Q
What is density-stratification?
A
The formation of earth’s atmosphere and the formation of the oceans
24
Q
What was Earth’s 1st atmosphere like?
A
Consists of leftover gasses from the nebula, but those particles were blown out to space by the sun’s solar wind
25
What was Earth’s 2nd atmosphere like? (what is outgassing?)
there was very little free oxygen, outgassing is the release of trapped gas or vapor that was previously dissolved
26
How did the oceans form? What are some other possibilities for sources of water?
They formed from relent;ess rainfall, hotsprings,
27
How did the oceans become salty?
Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine
28
Why was the presence of oceans critical for the development of life on Earth?
Most believe that is where life has begun in the deep ocean
29
What are 3 ideas of how the molecules that started life become available on Earth?
The building blocks of life arrived in meteors, comets, or cosmic dust, OR life may have originated around hydrothermal vents or hotsprings on the deep ocean floor, OR life originated in certain minerals that acted as chemical catalysts within rocks deep below earth's service.
30
According to fossil records, what were the earliest life-forms on Earth?
Primitive bacteria
31
What % of our current atmosphere is made up of oxygen?
21%
32
Name 2 reasons why oxygen is essential to humans.
To burn or oxidize food, protects us from the sun's harmful rays
33
Describe the Miller-Urey experiment. Why was it significant?!
They recreated the earth's atmosphere to see how life was forming
34
Which evolved first - autotrophs or heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs
35
How long did it take for photosynthetic organisms to develop and begin producing abundant FREE oxygen?
1 billion years
36
What is the Great Oxidation Event?
When earth's atmosphere become oxygen rich
37
What happened to the early ANAEROBIC bacteria?
Became extinct
38
How old is Earth?
4.5 billion years ago
39
What are the 3 types of marine organisms?
Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
40
For each type: a) what is its “nickname”, b) what is its definition, & c) list 3 examples (be able to recognize other examples)
Plankton
Plankton
a) Drifters
b) Includes all organisms that drift with the ocean current, they cannot determine their horizontal position
c) Algae, animals, bacteria
41
For each type: a) what is its “nickname”, b) what is its definition, & c) list 3 examples (be able to recognize other examples)
Nekton
a) Swimmers
b) Includes the animals of moving independently of the ocean current by swimming or other means of propulsion
c) Sharks, penguins, fish
42
For each type: a) what is its “nickname”, b) what is its definition, & c) list 3 examples (be able to recognize other examples)
Benthos
a) Bottom dwellers
b) Describes organisms that live on or in the ocean bottom
c) Epifauna, Infauna, Nekton benthos
43
. Phytoplankton
Autotrophs undergo photosynthesis can range in size (EX - Green algae)
44
Zooplankton
Heterotrophs includes drifting marine animals (EX - Krill)
45
Bacteria plankton
Free- ;living bacteria more abundant and widely distributed
46
Viro Plankton
Smaller than bacterioplankton, viruses ( Tupan virus)
47
Holoplankton
Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton (Krill)
48
Meroplankton
Many organisms that spend their adult lives as nekton or benthos but spend their young lives as plankton ( Diatom)
49
Macroplankton
large floating animals and algae such as jellies
50
List a few reasons why nekton are not able to move throughout the entire ocean.
-Temperature: some can only adapt to certain temperatures.
-Salinity: some nekton species are adapted to specific salinity levels.
-Food some Nekton need to stay in areas where they can find prey
51
List the 3 types of benthos. Write a short description for each. Include one example.
-Epifauna: Live on the surface of the sea floor, either attached to rocks or moving along the bottom
-Infauna: live buried in the sand, in discarded shells, or within the mud
- Nekton Benthos: Live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor
52
How many marine and terrestrial species inhabit Earth? What percent are terrestrial? What percent are marine?
87% are terrestrial species and 13% are marine Species, there is currently 1.8 million together
53
How many species are discovered each year?
2000 new species
54
Why don’t we know more about the ocean?!
Because of its immense size and inaccessibility
55
If the ocean is such a prime habitat for life and if life originated there, why do so few of the world’s organisms live in the oceans? (3 reasons)
-The marine environment is more stable than the terrestrial environment
-The relatively uniform conditions of the open ocean do not pressure organisms to adapt, so therefore fewer species live there
- Ocean temperatures are not only table but also relatively low low below the sunlight surface waters
56
What are the 2 major divisions in the oceans? Give a brief description of each.
-The water itself is called the PELAGIC ENVIRONMENT where drifters and swimmers play out their lives in a complex food web
- The ocean bottom is called the BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT where marine algae and animals that do not float or swim spend their lives
57
Name the 2 zones that the pelagic environment is divided into and give a brief description.
Coastal zone-- Shallower extends to the coast line
Oceanic zone- extends across the ocean
58
How many known marine species exist? (this is an exact number!) What % of those species inhabit the pelagic environment? Why?
242,000
59
Study the pairs of contrasting statements that describes the pelagic and benthic environments
-Pelagic- lighter and warmer, open sea, not more than the atmospheric pressure, sunlight and plants
- Benthic- darker, colder, bottom of the ocean, depend on decaying matter, area of immense pressure, scavengers, and detrivores
60
Define the following: euphotic zone, disphotic zone and aphotic zone. Know how far down (in meters) each goes.
-euphotic zone- The first layer the photic zone is the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis.
-disphotic zone- there is enough light for visual predators to see, and even for some photosynthesis
-aphotic zone- The aphotic zone is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight
61
Need for physical support
Land plants have vast root systems that anchor them securely to the ground
62
Viscosity
Is a substance internal resistance to flow. High viscosity = does not flow easily (toothpaste) Low = flows more readily (water)
63
Temperature
Ocean temperatures have a narrower range than temperatures on land ( The heat capacity of water is higher than that of land
64
Salinity
The sensitivity of marine life changes in their environment varies from organism to organism ( saltwater fish are hypotonic (less salty) and experience low osmotic pressure, Freshwater fish are hypertonic and experience high osmotic pressure
65
Dissolved gasses
The amount of gasses that dissolve in seawater increases as the temperature of sea water decrease, so cold water dissolves more gas than warm water
66
Transparency
Water has a relatively high transparency compared to many other substances. This is good because it allows sunlight to penetrate to a depth of about 1000m
67
Pressure
In the deep ocean, water pressure is on the order of several hundred atmosphere
68
Stenothermal-
can tolerate small changes in temperature
69
Eurythermal-
Can tolerate wide range of changes in temperature
70
Stenohaline-
can stand a wide range of salinity
71
Euryhaline
can stand small range of salinity changes
72
Camouflage-
avoidance of observation, blending in with surroundings
73
Countershading-
dark on top and light on the bottom
74
Disruptive coloration-
used to break up the animals outline and feature
75
Salt/freshwater fish
hypertonic or hypotonic
Salt- Hypotonic
Fresh- hypertonic
76
Salt/freshwater fish
Low or high ostomic pressure
salt- low
fresh- high
77
Salt/freshwater fish
Drink ocean water or do not
Salt - do
Fresh- - do not
78
Salt/freshwater fish
Excrete salts or absorbs salts
salt- excrete
fresh- absorb
79
Salt/freshwater fish
Excrete small or large amounts of water
Salt- large
fresh- small
80
Salt/freshwater fish
Urine is dilute or urine is concentrated?
Salt-concentrated
Fresh- Dilute
81
How have pelagic environment organisms adapted to avoid being prey? (2 ways)
Mobility
swimming speed
82
What is a “school”? List 2 advantages of schooling
A school is where they are all in one group traveling together Advantages (They are able to get away from predators and find food better, their confusing to predators)
83
Describe the 3 types of symbiotic relationships and give one example of each
-Commensalism
One species is benefit and other is not harmed or helped
Shark and remora
-Mutualism
Both species benefit
Clownfish and sea anemone
-Parasitism
One host is negatively affected
Icopod living in fishes mouth
84
How have pelagic environment organisms adapted to seeking and catching prey? (
Mobility
Swimming speed
adaptations
85
Distinguish between lungers and cruisers and give one example of each
- Lungers
Organisms that sit and wait from the prey and lung to get them
grouper
- Cruiser
Tuna
Actively seeking prey always swimming
86
Describe the types of muscle tissue (red or white)
Grouper
White muscle tissue
Cruiser
Red muscle tissue
87
Define poikilothermic and homeothermic.
- Poikilothermic
Body temp is same as environment
- Homeothermic
Body has a way to regulate their body temperature (Faster, better vision)
88
Deep-water nekton’s food sources are either ___ or ___
Detritus or eachother
89
What is bioluminescence? Name 2 ways it is useful.
When organisms can biologically produce light (Normally deep sea)
2 ways -
Communication
Attracting prey
90
Marine organisms that are not small and do not float have to stay above the ocean floor. Name 2 things that help them achieve this.
Swim bladders and Buoyancy
91
Typically, slow-moving fish have swim bladders and very active swimmers usually do not have swim bladders. True or false?
False
92
Name 5 characteristics of mammals
Warm blooded
Breath air
Have hair
Bare live young
Nurse live young
93
What are the 4 main types of marine mammals?
Define each type. Give examples of each.
Cetaceans
- Dolphins, whales, porpoises
Fissipeds
- Polar bears and sea otters
Cerenians
- Manatees and dugongs
Pinnipeds
- Sea lion, walrus, seals
94
Distinguish between pinnipeds and fissipeds
Fissipeds only rely on ocean for their survival but pinnipeds completely live in the ocean most of the time
95
What is unique about a sea otter? Polar bears? Walruses?
Seaotters- use other tools
Polar bears - Excellent swimmers
Walruses - Long tusks for climbing
96
What are 3 differences between seals and sea lions?
- Seals - ear holes, short front flippers, Short back legs
- Sea lions - Ear flaps, long front flippers, big back legs
97
What are 2 differences between manatees and dugongs?
Manatees - found in tropical atlantic ocean, larger
Dugongs - indian ocean, smaller
98
Describe 5 physical characteristics of cetaceans (whales)
- Insulated with blubber
- Cigar body shape
- Horizontal tail
- Come up for air
- Have a blow hole or 2
99
Describe the whale’s diving ability compared to that of a human’s in terms of oxygen usage, muscular adaptations and nitrogen narcosis
- They have more capillaries that surround their blood vessels to store more oxygen
- They have muscles that don't get tired quickly making it easier to dive deeper
- When humans dive it increases the nitrogen in their body causing pressure to get dizzy or pass out, whales seem to hold the pressure better
100
What are the 2 types of whales and give 3 examples of each
Baleen Whales (filter feeders with baleen plates instead of teeth):
Blue Whale
Humpback Whale
Gray Whale
Toothed Whales (have teeth and eat fish or squid):
Sperm Whale
Orca (Killer Whale)
Beluga Whale
101
Name 5 differences between the two types of whales
- Feeding: Baleen whales filter food; toothed whales chew.
- Blowholes: Baleen whales have two; toothed whales have one.
- Size: Baleen whales are generally bigger.
- Diet: Baleen whales eat tiny organisms; toothed whales eat fish and squid.
- Echolocation: Toothed whales use echolocation; baleen whales do not.
