Final Exam Study (Fall '22) Flashcards
Differences in the shapes of DNA and RNA
DNA = double strand (double helix)
RNA = single strand
Base pairs of DNA and RNA and pairing rules
DNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + Thymine
RNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + URACIL
What is a nucleotide?
A nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate.
Through what part of the nucleotides are the two strands of DNA held together?
Hydrogen bonds hold together nucleotides through the base pairs.
What make up the ‘rungs’ of DNA?
Base pairs
Name for RNA?
Ribonucleic Acid
What sugars does RNA contain?
Ribose sugars
Name for DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What sugars does DNA contain?
Deoxyribose sugars
What occurs in replication and where does it occur?
DNA makes a copy of itself - occurs in the nucleus.
What are the results of replication?
Two new copies with an original strand on each (semi-conservative replication)
What occurs in transcription and where does it occur (four areas)?
An RNA copy is made of the DNA - starts in the nucleus, goes to the cytoplasm, then to the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum), and to the ribosome lastly (for translation to start).
What occurs in translation (what is turned to what) and where does it occur?
RNA is used to make amino acids, which are made to polypeptides into proteins - it occurs in the cytoplasm in the ribosome
Where does translation begin (where on the strand)?
Starts at the start codon and stops at the stop codon
ENZYME: Helicase - what does it do and where?
‘unzips’ or splits the DNA along the hydrogen bonding
ENZYME: Primase - what does it do and where (on the strand)?
Generate primers that bind to the 3’ (three prime) end of the strand
ENZYME: Polymerase - what does it do?
Creates the new strand through elongation.
ENZYME: Other than replication, what other processes does polymerase participate in? (Two)
Repair and error-checking
Okazaki fragments - what are they, what made them, and where are they located?
Pieces of DNA added by polymerase to the lagging strand (between primers)
ENZYME: Ligase - what does it do?
joins or ‘glues’ the Okazaki fragments together
ENZYME: Topoisomerase - what is another name for it? What does it do, and for what purpose?
Gyrase - Unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to keep them from becoming supercoiled
What does mRNA stand for and what does it do in what stage of protein synthesis?
Messenger RNA - carries code from DNA to ribosomes in transcription.
What does tRNA stand for and what is its role?
Transfer RNA - brings the mRNA codon and corresponding amino acid together through tRNA’s anticodon.
What does rRNA stand for, what is its role, and where is it located?
Ribosomal RNA - located on the ribosome, it reads mRNA codons and matches them to tRNA codons
What is a codon?
The RNA three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
What is an anticodon?
The three nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence (codon)
How many amino acids are there?
20
How many nucleotides (bases) are there?
4 (A, T, G, C) or (A, U, G, C)
How many possible codons (combinations of nucleotides) are there?
64
Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for what?
DNA structure
Describe concentrations in an isotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why
Concentration of solution and cell are the same - nothing happens to the cell because the solution and cell ‘go through’ each other
Describe concentrations in a hypertonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why
Concentration of solution is higher than that of the cell - cell can crenate (deflate) because the lower concentration in the cell ‘wants’ to go to the higher concentration solution
Describe concentrations in a hypotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why
Concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell - the cell can lyse (burst) as the lower concentration solution ‘wants’ to go to the higher concentration cell
Identify organelles of an animal cell (link)
https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3810
Identify organelles of a plant cell (link)
https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3809
Responsibility of proteins (amino acids)?
Growth and repair
What are carbohydrates for?
Energy (ex. glucose)
What are lipids for?
Insulation, nervous transmission, energy
What things does nucleic acid have a part in?
DNA, RNA, nucleic acids
What is Part 1 of the Cell Theory?
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
What is Part 2 of the Cell Theory?
All cells arise from preexisting cells
What is Part 3 of the Cell Theory?
Cells are the structural and functional unit of life
What is specific heat capacity?
The measurement of how much energy a substance can absorb before changing temperature.
Why does water have a high specific capacity?
Because of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
What does boiling point equal, and what does that equal?
Boiling point = vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure
What are some properties of water that hydrogen bonds are responsible for? (four)
Cohesion, adhesion, a high boiling point, and surface tension
Describe the normal Kinetic Theory:
Solids are the most dense, liquids are less dense, and gases are the least dense.
How does water differ from the normal Kinetic Theory?
Solid water (ice) is less dense than its liquid form, so it floats.
What is an intermolecular bond/attraction?
A bond between molecules (inter = between)
What is an intramolecular bond/attraction?
A bond within the molecule (Intra = within)
What type of bond are hydrogen bonds? (Inter or Intramolecular - why?)
Intermolecular as the bond is between the water molecules, not in the molecule - aka intramolecular
What are ionic bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?
Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals - electrons are transferred (‘stolen’)
What are covalent bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?
Covalent bonds are between nonmetals - electrons are shared.
What is dehydration synthesis?
The creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.
What is hydrolysis?
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water.
What is anabolism - is energy required or is it released?
Where small molecules are assembled into large ones - energy is required.
What is catabolism - is energy required or is it released?
Where large molecules are broken down into small ones - energy is released.
What are enzymes made of?
Proteins
Can enzymes be reused for reactions, and what effect do they have on the reaction?
Yes, and enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction (the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur).
What are the factors that affect the optimal conditions of an enzyme’s functioning?
Temperature, Concentration, and pH
What is denaturing of an enzyme?
When the conditions the enzyme is in are too extreme, and the enzyme is unable to funciton.
Where does glycolysis occur?
The cytoplasm
Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur?
Mitochondria
What molecule does Kreb’s cycle begin with?
Acetyl-CoA
What causes sore muscles following exercise?
Anaerobic respiration builds up lactic acid
Between glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), which produces the most ATP?
The ETC (32-34 ATP)
What are the products of Kreb’s Cycle?
NADH, FADH2, ATP
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
Where do Light-dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid inside cholorplast
What are the products of the Light-dependent reactions?
ATP, O2, NADPH
What is the product of the Calvin cycle?
Sugar (glucose)
What does the Light-dependent cycle require?
Sun(light) and water
What does the Calvin cycle require?
ATP, NADPH, CO2
What are carbohydrates for?
Energy (ex. glucose)
What are lipids for? (3)
Insulation, nervous transmission, energy
What things do nucleic acid have a part in?
DNA, RNA, nucleic acids
What things do nucleic acid have a part in?
DNA, RNA, nucleic acids
Give four things that define a theory:
- Based on facts and observations
- Supported by majority of scientists
- Can change due to new information
- Technological advances help develop theories
What is glycemic index?
It is the ability of a food to raise blood glucose levels
