Final exam Study

Question 1

phenol

Answer 1

chemical disinfectant
injure lipids of plasma membrane causing leakage
remain active in presence of organic matter

Question 2

what did joseph lister do

Answer 2

used phenol to control surgical infections in the operating room

Question 3

phenolic

Answer 3

chemical disinfectant
derivative of phenol
reduce irritation
increase effectiveness
O phenylphenol and ingredient in Lysol

Question 4

biphenol

Answer 4

chemical disinfectant
two phenol groups connected by a bridge
disrupt plasma membranes

Question 5

chlorohexidine

Answer 5

Biguanide - used in surgical hand scrubs, preoperative skin preparations

Question 6

Alexidine

Answer 6

Biguanide - works faster than chlorhexidine

Question 7

Essential Oils

Answer 7

mixtures of hydrocarbons extracted from plants - used for centuries in traditional medicine and preserving food

Question 8

Microbial uses of Essential Oils

Answer 8

action comes primarily due to phenolics and terpenes -stronger activity against gram pos bacteria, effectiveness against viruses not studied to date

Question 9

Tea tree oil and pine oil

Answer 9

Broad spectrum of activity that includes gram pos and gram neg and fungi

Question 10

Iodine

Answer 10

Halogen - impairs protein synthesis and alters membranes - water treatment

Question 11

Tincture

Answer 11

Iodine (halogen) - solution in aqueous alcohol

Question 12

Iodophor

Answer 12

Iodine (halogen) - combined with organic molecules - povidone iodine: skin antisepsis

Question 13

Chlorine

Answer 13

Halogen - oxidizing agent, shut down cellular enzyme systems - municipal water disinfection

Question 14

Bleach

Answer 14

Chlorine (halogen) Hypochlorous acid ( H O Cl)

Question 15

Chloramine

Answer 15

Chlorine (halogen) Chlorine + Ammonia

Question 16

Alcohols

Answer 16

• Denature proteins and dissolve lipids - no effect on endospores and nonenveloped viruses

Question 17

Ethanol and isopropanol

Answer 17

Alcohols that require water

Question 18

Alcohol based hand sanitizer

Answer 18

• about 62% alcohol - effective against most bacteria

Question 19

Alcohol based hand sanitizers are not effective against…

Answer 19

not against endospore producers and nonenveloped viruses - examples: Clostridium difficile, norovirus

Question 20

Oligodynamic action

Answer 20

When very small amounts (of metal) exert antimicrobial activity

Question 21

How are metals antimicrobial

Answer 21

Denature proteins

Question 22

Silver nitrate

Answer 22

Prevent ophthalmia neonatorum

Question 23

Silver

Answer 23

Impregnated wound dressings

Question 24

Mercuric chloride

Answer 24

Limited use as disinfectant TOXIC

Question 25

Copper sulfate

Answer 25

Algicide (used in pools)

Question 26

Cu2+ and Ag+ ions

Answer 26

Water disinfection

Question 27

zinc chloride

Answer 27

mouthwash

Question 28

Acid-anionic sanitizers

Answer 28

Soap - anions react with plasma membrane - used for cleaning food processing facilities

Question 29

quats are ineffective against

Answer 29

endospores mycobacteria

Question 30

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

Answer 30

Soap - cations are bactericidal, denature proteins, disrupt plasma membrane - relatively broad spectrum

Question 31

organic acid

Answer 31

inhibit metabolism prevent mold in some food

Question 31

sulfur dioxide

Answer 31

prevent wine spoilage

Question 32

sorbic acid, benzoid acid, calcium propionate

Answer 32

examples of organic acids

Question 33

nisin and natamycin

Answer 33

bacterions prevent spoilage of cheese

Question 33

formalin

Answer 33

aldehyde used for preserving specimen

Question 33

bacteriocins

Answer 33

protiens produced by one bacterium inhibits another

Question 33

nitrates and nitrite

Answer 33

prevent endospore germination used with meat products

Question 34

aldehydes

Answer 34

inactivate protiens by cross linking with functional groups

Question 35

glutaraldehyde