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Microbiology > EXAM I MICROBIO > Flashcards

EXAM I MICROBIO Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms inhabit

A

different environments/ habitats
-are ubiqotous (found everywhere)

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2
Q

yeast fermentation yields

A

ethanol and CO2

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3
Q

microbial fermentation yields

A

sugars –> CO2 + organic acids

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4
Q

beneficial microbes

A

improve food safety, preserve foods

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5
Q

beijerick and winogradsky have shown that

A

bacteria help recycle vital elements between soil and atmosphere

bacteria + fungi –> decomposing –> environment

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6
Q

plants and animals require what compounds

A

nitrogen
carbon
phosphorous
oxygen
sulfur

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7
Q

bioenhancers

A

nitrogen and phosphorous plant fertilizers
-increase in oil-degrading bacteria

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8
Q

bioaugmentation

A

genetically modified bacteria

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9
Q

legumes convert

A

atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3)

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10
Q

legumes form

A

nodules (tiny factories that fix atmospheric nitrogen for plants to use)

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11
Q

nitrogen increases

A

protiens

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12
Q

ammonia produces

A

its own fertilizers

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13
Q

bacillus-thurogenesis

A

protects plant
-produces a toxin protien
-infects/ kills digestive system of the rodent/bug

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14
Q

crown gall cancer is caused by

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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15
Q

naturally-occurring microorganisms

A

antibiotics, enzymes, chemicals

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16
Q

microbes present in the human body

A

microbiota

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17
Q

complex carbohydrates are digested by

A

gut microbiome

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18
Q

microbiota

A

prevents pathogens
synthesize vitamins
break down complex carbs

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19
Q

from stomach to small intestine

A

increase in microbiota (in colon)

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20
Q

clostridium dificile

A

leading cause of HAIs

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21
Q

age of the earth

A

4.6 billion years

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22
Q

first microbial cells appeared

A

3.7-4.3 billion years

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23
Q

atmosphere was first

A

anoxic
-first phototrophs were anoxygenic

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24
Q

cyanobacteria present

A

earliest oxygen producing phototrophs

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25
Q

stromatolites (3.5 bya)

A

layer rocks
fossilized microbial formations (ancient)
cyanobacteria- like fossils (3-3.5 bya) (modern)

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26
Q

LUCA

A

common ancestor of plants and animals

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27
Q

stanley miller’s experiment

A

electrical charge through methane, ammonia, hydrogen water –> amino acids

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28
Q

early notion of disease

A

bad air- mismatch odors
“invisible force” causing disease

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29
Q

Hippocrates “father of western medicine” found

A

diseases have NATURAL causes from between patient and their environment

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30
Q

Antoine van Leeuwenheoek (1632- 1723)

A

first to observe microbes including bacteria “animalcules”

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31
Q

Louis Paster (1822- 1895)

A

microbial basis of fermentation
sponatenous generation
developed vaccines (rabies)

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32
Q

what did Pasteur use?

A

broth –> alcohol cells and sour milk
alcohol cells –> yeast
sour milk –> cells -> rod bacteria -> lactic acid

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33
Q

Robert Koch (1843- 1910)

A

first to connect single isolated microbe to a known human disease

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34
Q

taxonomy

A

standard format in naming, consistent terminology

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35
Q

Carolus Linneus

A

system of categorizing and naming organisms using a standard format
-consistent terminology
ex. absence of hair - no tail
presence of hair - tail

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36
Q

Linnaeus categorized

A

animals and plants

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37
Q

Ernest Haeckel

A

wrote General Morphology of Organisms
-animals, plants, protist, monera

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38
Q

Robert Whittaker

A

proposed adding fungi to the tree of life
-animals, plants, protists, monera, fungi

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39
Q

Carl Woose

A

brought further modifications based on small unit rRNA

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40
Q

Carl Woose’s tree shows

A

closer evolutionary relationship between archaea and eukaya than they have to bacteria

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41
Q

what is the basis of comparing organisms

A

DNA, protiens, RNA

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42
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

genus and species
genus: capitalized
species: lowercase

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43
Q

Haloquadrum walsbyi

A

halo: salt
walsbyi: discoverer

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44
Q

relative size of a flu virus

A

100 nm

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45
Q

prokaryotic microbes

A

-no true nucleus
-bacteria, archae
ex. vibra cholera - rodlike shape

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46
Q

eukaryotic microbes

A

-true nucleus
-bigger size
-appears more round
-fungi, protozoa, algae

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47
Q

bacteria

A

-prokaryotes
-cell wall contains peptidoglycan
-spherical (cocci), rod (bacillus), curved (spirillum, spirochete, vibrio)

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48
Q

coccus

A

round

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49
Q

bacillus

A

rod-like

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50
Q

vibrio

A

most common shape of bacteria

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51
Q

archea

A

-extremophiles
-lack pathogens or parasites

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52
Q

methanogenic archae

A

-common in guts of animals and humans
-methane production
-located in human GI tract

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53
Q

protists

A

any eukarya that isnt plants, animals or dungi

algae, protozoa

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54
Q

algae (protist)

A

photosynthetic
unicellular or multicellular
cellulose cell walls

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55
Q

protozoa (protist)

A

motility (pseudopods, flagella, cilia)
photosynthetic

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56
Q

fungi

A

eukarya
unicellular or multicellular
chitin cell walls

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57
Q

yeasts are

A

unicellular fungi
-causes bread to rise, bevs to ferment
-diseases: vaginal yeast infections, oral thrush

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58
Q

molds are

A

multicellular fungi
-decomposition of dead plants and animals
-cause mycotoxins (allergies, disease)

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59
Q

helminths (eukarya)

A

multicellular parasitic worms
flatworms, roundworms
microscopic eggs and larvae

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60
Q

Dranunculus medinesis (guinea worm)

A

occurs after a person drinks water containing water fleas infected by guinea- worm larvae

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61
Q

virus

A

*not in tree of life
acellular (no cells)
either DNA or RNA - never both
super small
obligate parasites - only replicates within cytoplasm of host cell (needs its own machinery to replicate)
influenza virus, ebola

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62
Q

prion

A

-acellular, obligate intracellular “parasites”
-misfolded PrPc infectious protien
-causes protiens to misfold, forming plaqies
-TSE (spongiform encephalopathy) in animals and humans – passed through heredity, contaminated fluids/ meats

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63
Q

how prions “mad cow disease” is spread to humans

A

sheep - scrapies
cow - infected sheep fed – “mad cow disease”
human- contaminated meats consumed or hereditarily

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64
Q

what activities do microbial cells carry out/

A

metabolism: interact with environment
reproduction: cell division
differentiation: cell structures such as spores
communication: sense + respond to environment
movement: flagellum - flagella or cilia
evolution: horizontal gene transfer - transfer or genetic material between donor and recipient; adapt better to environment

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65
Q

What bacteria causes the plague?

A

-Yestina pestis
-Black death
-urban rats carry these bacteria
-fleas (vector) transmit to animals and humans

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66
Q

Yestina pestis structure

A

gram negative
rod-shaped bacterium

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67
Q

Plague is transmitted by

A

rat flea, main vector
Xenopsylla cheopis

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68
Q

where does Y pestis replcate

A

X. cheopis sucks blood from another organism (host) and transmits it to host via flea bite

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69
Q

plague is primary

A

zoonosis of wild rodents - disease in animals but can be transmitted to humans

humans are accidental hosts, not in the chain but due to fleas looking for hosts humans now become part of it

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70
Q

enzootic

A

endemic
-low level of infection in animal pop.

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71
Q

epizootic

A

epidemic
-high level of infection

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72
Q

flea -> human transmission of plague

A

-flea bites human
-bacteria trapped in human-specific body site
-blood clot forms
-protein activates host plasma
-capsule
-colonization overcomes immune system to cont. replication

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73
Q

fatal forms if human plague

A

bubonic - most common
pneuomonic
septicemic

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74
Q

bubonic plague

A

incubation pd: 2-8 days
bite of infected flea
multiply in lymph node near where bacteria entered
pt develop swollen, painful nodes (buboes), fever, headache

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75
Q

pneuonomic plague

A

incubation pd: 1-3 days
person to person (infectious droplets)
bacteria spreads to lungs

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76
Q

septicement plague

A

rapid spread via bloodstream
severe, causing bleeding into skin and septic shock

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77
Q

diagnosis of plague

A

samples from blood or swollen lymph
-visualize small gram neg. with gram stain
-bipolar staining “safety pin”
ELISA confirms diagnosis

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78
Q

prevention of plague

A

control of rodents and fles
good sanitation practice
repellent
keep fleas off of pets
wear gloves

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79
Q

cocci (bacteria)

A

round
divide to reproduce

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80
Q

diplococci

A

remain in pairs after dividing

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81
Q

stretococci

A

divide and remain in chains

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82
Q

staphylococci

A

divide in planes and form grapelike clusters

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83
Q

monomorphic vs pleotrophic

A

keep one vs changing shape

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84
Q

free- living smaller cells

A

tend to grow faster
higher S to V ratio
exchange is higher
better adapted to its environment
faster rate of nutrient and waste exchange

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85
Q

shorter wavelength

A

greater resolution
higher energy

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86
Q

light is

A

absorbed, reflected or scattered

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87
Q

refractive index is affected by

A

staining

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88
Q

oil immersion

A

immersion oil has same Refractive index as glass
adding oil is like increasing the diameter of objective

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89
Q

numerical apenture

A

light gathering ability of lens

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90
Q

Bright- field microscope/ compoound

A

main microscope used
-stained and unstained specimens
-dark image, bright background

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91
Q

Dark- field microscope

A

bright image, dark background
observes living things
only observes unstained things
observes: internal structures in eukaryotic microorganisms, bacteria

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92
Q

Phase- contrast microscope

A

dark microbe, light background
observes microbial movt, bacterial structures
can observe without staining
-refractive index differ in levels of darkness
rays in phase = higher intensity
out of phase = lower intensity, dark light

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93
Q

Fluorescence Microscope

A

excite a specimen with a wavelength of light that triggers the object to emit fluorescent light
-stained by fluorochromes that absorb light, emit visible fluorescent light of higher energy

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94
Q

Electron Microscope

A

limited resolution bc visible light (low energy) is used
-uses electron beam to create image, with electromagnets as lens
-higher resolution than light microscopt
-subcellular structure/ organelles, viruses

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95
Q

Transmission (TEM) Microscope

A

thin specimens, tissues, subcellular structures
-very detailed

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96
Q

Scanning (SEM) Microscope

A

3D surface details of speciments
-fuzzy

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97
Q

wet mount

A

drop of liquid placed on slide
ie. urine, skin scrape

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98
Q

smear

A

dried preparation of bacterial cells on a slide

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99
Q

heat fixation

A

smear is fixed/ attached on slide by heart or it would be washed away during staining procedure

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100
Q

staining

A

contrast between bacteria and background
emphasizes microbial structures

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101
Q

bacterial staining

A

solvent, colored molecule, chromogen (colored compound, not a stain)

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102
Q

basic (cationic stain)

A

cell is stained

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103
Q

acidic (anionic stain)

A

background is stained

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104
Q

differential stains

A

use two or more dyes that react differently so it can distinguish one from the other

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105
Q

gram stains

A

gram negative
gram positive

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106
Q

gram negative appears

A

pink

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107
Q

gram-positive appears

A

purple-violet

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108
Q

color differences in these bacteria are due to

A

difference in cell walls

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109
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

thick cell wall
C-I
goes IN the cell

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110
Q

gram negative

A

thin cell wall
C+I
goes out of the cell
-alcohol extracts from cell wall

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111
Q

gram stain procedure

A
  1. application of crystal violent (purple)
  2. application of iodine
    –form CI complex, becomes soluble
  3. alcohol wash (decolorization)
  4. application of safranin (counterstain)
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112
Q

color of gram positive cells

A

primary stain: purple
mordant iodine(CI complex forms): purple
decolorizing alcohol acetate: purple (thick, IN)
counterstain safranin: red

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113
Q

color of gram negative cells

A

primary stain: pink
mordant iodine (CI complex forms): purple
decolorizing alcohol acetate: colorless (thin + Outer membane, OUT)
counterstain safranin: red

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114
Q

acid fast stains

A

mycobacterium
-leprosy, tuberchlosis
-gram positive
-waxy layer: mycolic acid (lipids polysaccharide)

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115
Q

structure of gram positive

A

plasma membrane
peptidoglycan

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116
Q

structure of gram negative

A

plasma membrane
peptidoglycan
outer membrane

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117
Q

acid fast (+)

A

plasma membrane
peptidoglycan
mycolic acid

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118
Q

carbol fushin

A

stains everything strongly
-reddish purple

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119
Q

decolorization with acid alcohol

A

removes stain from acid-fast negative cells

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120
Q

methylene blue

A

counterstains (non-acid fast stains)

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121
Q

endospore stain (schaffer- fulton method)

A

bacteria have the ability to form endospores to protect bacterial genome in a dormant state when the environment in unfavorable conditions by forming layers
-not all bacteria have this ability

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122
Q

Bacilius and Clostridum that can form Endospores

A

C tetani: tetanus
C dificile: pseudomembranous colitis
C perfringens: gas gangrene
C botulinium: botulism

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123
Q

positions of endospores within vegetative cell

A

terminal
sub-terminal
central or medial

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124
Q

bacterial spores

A

-use heat to push primary stain machalite green into the endospore
-endospore retains green stain, then counterstained pink with safranin

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125
Q

chemical composition of a stain

A

benzene: organic colorless agent
chromophere
auxochrome

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126
Q

Francesco Redi’s experiment

A

housefly –> eggs –> larvae maggots –> pupae
-maggots were offspring of flies, not the product of spontaneous generation

open container: formation of maggot in meat
cork sealed container: no formation of maggot in meat
gauze-covered container: no formation of maggots in meat

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127
Q

John Needham

A

new microbes arise spontaneously
likely did not boil the broth enough to kill pre-existing microbes
conditions: nutrient broth heated, then placed in a sealed flask
results: microbial growth
argued that life originates from a “life force” that was destroyed during Spallanzani’s ext boiling

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128
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

-suggested microbes were introduced into these flasks from the air
conditions: nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, sealed
results: no microbial growth

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129
Q

Louis Pasteur (1862)

A

*disproves spontaneous generation w swan neck flask experiments
boiled solutions
left flasks exposed to air
result: no growth of microorganisms in swan-neck flasks
found that microbes are present in nonliving matter: air, liquids, solids

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130
Q

Swan neck flask experiments

A

bacteria settles in bend of flask
curve of bend prevents bacteria from entering the main reservoir and contaminating the broth
when neck of flask is broken off, bacteria reaches the sterile broth and organism growth begins

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131
Q

before swan neck flask experiments

A

other proponents can no longer enter

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132
Q

now due to swan neck flask experiments

A

opens it to the air, microbes enter and stay in the bend

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133
Q

theory of biogenesis (Rudolf Virchow)

A

all cells arise from another cell

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134
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

death rates in hospital were high –> handwashing to prevent disease transfer

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135
Q

Joseph Lister

A

use carbolic acid (phenol) spray disinfectant/antiseptic during surgery
-reduce postsurgical infection caused by his techniques

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136
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

specific disease is attributed to specific disease
-tuberculosis, anthrax, cholera
Germ theory of disease

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137
Q

Koch’s postules steps

A

-microorgansms isolated
-microorganism grown in pure culture
-microorganism incoluated in healthy animal
-disease reproduced in healthy animal
-microorganism is isolated from animal and grown in pure culture
-microorganism is identified

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138
Q

Koch’s Postules Key Concepts

A

-specific disease is caused by specific microbe
-determines etiology of disease, first step in treatment and prevention
-microbiologists use these steps to identify causes of emerging disease
treponoma pallidum

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139
Q

vaccination

A

coined by Edward Jenner
-milkmaids who developed cow pox were immune to more serious smallpox

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140
Q

Louid Pasteur (late 1800s)

A

rabies vaccine
-obtained rabies virus from rabid dogs and cultivated the virus in rabbits
-first treat an infected human in 1885

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141
Q

first antimicrobial drugs

A

antiseptics could kill pt
“magic bullet”- antibiotic that kills microbe only
Paul Ehrich speculated about penicillin

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142
Q

Salvarsan

A

arsenic derivative effective against syphillis

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143
Q

development of antibiotics

A

Fleming 1928
“zone of clearing” from mold
Penecillin produced by Penicillium chrysogenum

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144
Q

huge breakthrough of powerful antibiotics

A

started in 2nd half of WWII
-purified penicillin and saved lives

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145
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

1) aerobic bacteria is engulfed
2) eukarya becomes mitochondria
3) photosynthetic bacteria becomes chloroplasts

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146
Q

origin of viruses come from

A

prokaryotes

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147
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory is defined as

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts arose from prokaryote establishing symbiotic relationship within a eukaryotic host

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148
Q

mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in size and shape

A

-circular DNA (typical of prokarya)
-reproduce independetly of their host cell
-ribosomes resemble prokarya
-antibiotics that inhibit protien synthesis on -ribosomes in bacteria also inhibit protien synthesis on ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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149
Q

prokaryotic cell structure

A

envelope (liposaccharide, outer membrane, cell wall, periplasm, cell membrane)
cytoplasm
nucleoid

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150
Q

DNA and binding protiens (nucleoid) bind to

A

cytoplasm

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151
Q

what is the cytoplasm comprised of?

A

80% water, protiens, inclusions

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152
Q

outer membrane

A

sugars overcome predators

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153
Q

peptidoglycan of cell wall

A

provides shape, structure, protection, strength

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154
Q

outside bacterial cell wall

A

gram-negative bacteria has outer membrane

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155
Q

cell envelope of bacterial cell (for gram negative species)

A

cell membrane
cell wall
outer membrane

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156
Q

chromosome is organized within the cytoplasm

A

looped coils “nucleoid”

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157
Q

phospholipids

A

phospho - core of glycerol, phosphate
lipid - protiens, fatty acid

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158
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

keeps on moving up and down, dynamic

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159
Q

glycoprotien

A

cell to cell communication interaction binding site

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160
Q

channel

A

only small gases (O2, CO2) can travel in and out freely

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161
Q

transmembrane protien

A

spans entire membrane
makes the channel

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162
Q

peripheral protien

A

cytoplasmic (protiens, chemicals for growth); leak-proof

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163
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

barrier to diffusion of most polar or charged substances
-phospholipid bilayer with protiens

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164
Q

hydrophilic region

A

extracellular
phosphate, glycerol

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165
Q

hydrophobic region

A

cytoplasm
fatty acids

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166
Q

bacterial membrane proteins

A

-peripheral and integral membrane protiens
-support for structures that protrude from the cell (pili, flagella)
-transport of substances in and out of cell across membrane
-singaling and communication (legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
-selective permeability

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167
Q

coupled transport

A

use of energy from one gradient to drive transport up another gradient
-symport, antiport

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168
Q

proton motive force

A

membrane = energized
H+ seperated from OH-
move protons outward across the membrane

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169
Q

water molecules pass through plasma membrane by

A

moving through lipid bilayer (simple diffusion) or through integral membrane protiens (aquaporins) that function as water channels

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170
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

no energy transporter
high - low conc
water channels: aquaporins allows water to move around

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171
Q

carrier saturated with substrate

A

once it hits saturation, rate of solute entry plateaus

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172
Q

active transport

A

symport: same direction movt
antiport
group translocation
ABC transporters

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173
Q

symport (active transport)

A
  1. energy is released as one substrate moves down its conc gradient
    2.this energy moves a 2nd substrate against its gradient and into the cell

lactate/ H+

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174
Q

Antiport (active transport)

A
  1. antiporter binds substrate A on cytoplasmic side of membrane
    2.antiporter opens to the outside of the cell where conc of A is lower
    3.substrate A leaves its binding site and B binds to the site
  2. antiporter (cytoplasm -> outside) opens to the inside of the cell; substrate B is released in exhange for A
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175
Q

group translocation

A

unique to prokarya
PEP
G6P: modified substrate; cant move out

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176
Q

cytoplasmic group translocation

A

Enz I, HPr, Enz 2A

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177
Q

peripheral group translocation

A

Enz 2B

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178
Q

transmembrane group translocation

A

Enz 2C

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179
Q

ABC systems

A

ATP binding cassette
-expel wastes, antibiotics
-efflux transporters
-multidrug efflux pumps

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180
Q

Mechanism of ABC Transporter

A

periplasmic binding protien: high affinity for substrate
membrane-spanning protien: form transport channel
cytoplasmic ATP hydrolyzing protien: supply energy for the transport to get the substrate inside the cell

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181
Q

gram negatives have

A

significant periplasm

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182
Q

gram positives have

A

substrate binding

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183
Q

iron transport via

A

siderophone and ABC transport complex

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184
Q

Iron in ABC transport complex mechanism

A
  1. bacteria secretes siderophore that binds iron
  2. iron is brought inside
  3. iron is released inside the cell
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185
Q

myobacterium tuberclosis

A

colonize lungs and requires iron to grow in lungs

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186
Q

iron is locked up in

A

iron transport protiens and hemoglobins

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187
Q

small pox replicates in

A

cytoplasm

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188
Q

smallpox is characterized as

A

linear
double-stranded
DNA virus

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189
Q

small pox varialation

A

sick individual -> postule -> material -> scraping -> inoculating healthy individuals

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190
Q

small pox is a ___ virus

A

variola

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191
Q

small pox is caused by an

A

orthopoxvirus known as the smallpox (variola) virus

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192
Q

smallpox is transmitted via

A

face to face
cough, sneeze, droplets
contaminated objects

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193
Q

clinical presentation of smallpox

A

incubation pd: 7-19 days
initial symptoms: high fever, head and body aches, rash, scabs

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194
Q

measles (rubeola)

A

negative
single-stranded
enveloped RNA

member of mobillivirus

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195
Q

humans are the only natural hosts of measles

A

true

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196
Q

symptoms of measles

A

CCC: cough, conyza (runny nose), conjuctivitis

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197
Q

koplicks spots

A

white spots on buccal mucosa
on inner cheeks
rash -> hairline on face going downwards

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198
Q

spread of measles

A

highly contagious, lives in nose and throat mucus of infected person

can spread via coughing, sneezing (airborn transmission)

if people breathe contaminated air or touch the infected surface then touch themselves…

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199
Q

signs and symptoms of measles

A

high fever
koplicks spots (white tiny spots inside mouth)
measles rash

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200
Q

measles is most risky to

A

-children under 5
-adults over 20
-pregnant women
-compromised immune systems: leukemia or HIV infection

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201
Q

common complications of measles in children

A

ear infection

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202
Q

isolation of smallpox rash

A

infected ppl should be isolated for 4 days after they develop rash

-airborne isolation
-N95 respirator

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203
Q

detection of measles

A

-IgM antibody
-also passed through urine

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204
Q

treatment for measles

A

no specific anti-viral therapy
-vitamin A administration
-MMR vaccine prevents it

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205
Q

Glycolayces (Glycocalyx) and S- Layers

A

-sticky, gelatinous polymer external to cell wall
-composed of polysacc, polypeptode
-made inside the cell and secreted to outside cell
*disease causing ability

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206
Q

capsules

A

organizes and firmly attached
-resistant to phagocytosis
-protect from desiccation

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207
Q

slime layer

A

unorganized, loosely attached to cell wall
-motility
-porous
-unorganized

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208
Q

NAG and NAM

A

alternating sugars that form carb backbone of the cell wall

209
Q

tetrapeptide

A

mirror- like image
L and D forms

210
Q

L form

A

laxorotation
-more common
-used in protein synthesis

211
Q

D form

A

dextral rotation
-cell wall
-targets antibiotics

212
Q

peptide bridges only form on

A

NAM

213
Q

alternating NAG and NAM

A

forms bridges to strengthen the cell wall

214
Q

lysozome

A

cleaves glycosilic bond

215
Q

peptide cross-bridge formation is blocked by

A

penecillin

216
Q

interbridge

A

short stretch of amino acids
g positive

217
Q

gram negative

A

polysaccharide backbone

218
Q

in gram negative bacteria, cross link forms from

A

amino group of DAP
-no interbridge is present

219
Q

in gram positive bacteria, cross link forms from

A

interbridge

220
Q

lysozome is active in

A

cell wall of gram positive bacteria, making it more vulnerable to lysis

221
Q

gram positive cell walls

A

-primarily composed of peptidoglycan
-teichoic acids (negative)

222
Q

techoic acids (negatively charged) of gram positive cell walls

A

–primarily an alcohol (glycerol, ribitol) and phosphate
-maintain cell envelope
-protect from environmental substances (antigenic specificity)
-bind to host cells to initiate infection

223
Q

+Ve ions transport

A

Calcium, Magnesium

224
Q

why are techoic acids negatively charged?

A

from the phosphate groups

225
Q

gram negative cell wall structure

A

complex
thin layer of peptidoglycan
lipopolysaccharide: outer leaflet of outer membrane; lipid A and polysaccharide chains

226
Q

lipid A

A

endotoxin in lysed cells

227
Q

do gram negative cell walls have techoic acids?

A

no

228
Q

porin protien

A

regulates portin size (what goes in and out)

229
Q

lipoprotien

A

connects cell wall to next membrane

230
Q

phospholipid

A

lower leaflet

231
Q

inner to outer most

A

phospholipid - lipoprotien - liposaccharide

232
Q

outer membrane is permeable and small due to

A

protiens “porins” that act as channels for entrance and exit of solutes

233
Q

nonspecific porins

A

water-filled channels

234
Q

liposaccharide has 3 parts

A

lipid A: outer membrane
Core polysaccharide: 10 sugar joined to lipid A
O side chain (O antigen): polysacc that extends out from core

235
Q

functions of LPS

A

negative charge on cell surface
stabilize outer membrane
permeability barrier
host defense protection
acts as endotoxin

236
Q

mycobacterial envelope

A

complex cell wall with peptidoglycan and mycolic acid
resistant to staining
considered gram positive but envelopes are too thick and comples including extra layers

237
Q

hopanoids

A

sterol like molecules
-present in the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria

238
Q

sterols

A

rigid, planar molecules that strenghten the membranes of eukaryotic cells
ex. cholerstrol

239
Q

osmotic pressure

A

cell wall provides protection against changes by preventing flow of water inside the cell

240
Q

isotonic solution

A

solute conc outside = solute conc. inside the cell

241
Q

hypertonic cell

A

water moves out of cell
membrane shrinks and detaches from cell wall
-crenation

242
Q

hypotonic solution

A

water moves into the cell
cell wall counteracts osmotic pressure to prevent swelling and lysis
-expand, lysis

243
Q

myoplasms

A

lack cell wall
sterols in plasma membrane

244
Q

archae

A

wall-less
pseudomurein (lack NAM and D- amino acid)

245
Q

what breaks the bond between NAG and NAM

A

lysozome

246
Q

what cleaves the glycosylic bond: NAG or NAM

A

NAM

247
Q

penecillin inhibits

A

peptidoglycan synthesis

248
Q

protoplast

A

gram positive cell that loses cell wall
-surrounded by plasma membrane, may remain intact if lysis does not occur

249
Q

spheroplast

A

-gram negative cell that loses cell wall
-wall is not completely destroyed, some of outer membrane also remains

250
Q

what is bacterial DNA organized in?

A

nucleoid

251
Q

plasmids

A

replicate independently of bacterial chromosomes

252
Q

nucleoid region is a

A

condensed area of DNA found within prokaryotic cells

253
Q

DNA interacts with

A

-NAPs
assist in the organization and packaging of the chromosome

254
Q

NAPs function similar to

A

histones

255
Q

ribosomes are composed of

A

protien and rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

256
Q

site of protien synthesis

A

prokaryotic ribosomes - 70S

S= Sveaberg’s unit; rate of sedimentation

257
Q

bacterial ribosomal RNA

A

16S rRNA in small subunit
23S and 5S in large subunit

258
Q

16S helps in

A

evolutionary relationship identification

259
Q

23S and 5S help in

A

microbe identification

260
Q

sedimentation rate

A

dependent on size, shape, weight
-centrifuge runs in high speed

261
Q

inclusions

A

separated from the cytoplasm

262
Q

energy reserve inclusions

A

lipid
sulfur
polysaccharide granule:
glycogen: red
starch: black, blue

263
Q

magnetosomes

A

common in low O2 environments

264
Q

bacterial endospore

A

released when bacteria experiences unfavorable conditions

265
Q

bacterial endospore steps

A
  1. dna replicates (spore septum)
  2. membrane forms around dna
    3.forespore forms more membranes
    4.protective cortex forms around spore
    5.protien coat forms around cortex
    6.spore is released
266
Q

sporulation

A

process of endospore formation within vegetative cell
-not a means of reproduction

267
Q

stages of endospores

A

DNA, ribosome, enzymes -> nutrients available -> enzymes break layers -> germination -> cell

268
Q

endospores - sportulation

A

produces dormant cell - no metabolic activity - until nutrients are available and growth resumes

269
Q

mature spores

A

contain: Dipicolinic and Calcium ions

270
Q

flagella

A

motility in bacteria by swimming
-chemotaxis

271
Q

lophotrichous

A

swims left

272
Q

peritrichous

A

swims all over

273
Q

filament

A

made up of flagellin

274
Q

flagellar protien - H antigen

A

distinguishes diff stain variations within G- species

275
Q

run (rotation of flagella)

A

flagella bundle, rotate in CCW direction

276
Q

tumble (rotation of flagella)

A

flagella seperated, rotate in CW direction

277
Q

chemotaxis involves

A

rotation of flagella that propels cell in response to chemoreceptors
-these sensory proteins bind the chemicals

278
Q

attractant

A

chemical gradient extends the length of run

279
Q

axial filament

A

endoflagella - has periplasm, outer sheath
-rotation causes cell to move a spiral motion

280
Q

pili

A

shorter than flagella
made of pilin protien

281
Q

fimbrae

A

attachment pili
-attach cells to surfaces

282
Q

conjugation (sex) pilus

A

transfers of DNA between cells
could be drug resistant

283
Q

surface motility

A

can swim but different motilities

284
Q

twitching motility

A

require ATP hydrolysis to extend- retract causing cell to move forward; movt occurs in discrete
-type IV pili
short, intermittent, jerky motion

285
Q

what do twiching motility attach

A

pathogenic bacteria to their host cells

286
Q

gliding

A

type IV pili
secrete polysaccharide slime from pores onto outer surface of cell
requires cells be in contact with solud surface

287
Q

nucleolus

A

site of rRNA synthesis
assembly of ribosomes begin
proteins form then move to cytoplasm

288
Q

nucleosome

A

dna + histones

289
Q

ribosomes

A

protien synthesis

290
Q

free ribosomes

A

synthesize protiens used inside the cell

291
Q

membrane bound ribosomes

A

attached to RER and make proteins for insertion in cell membrane to proteins for export

292
Q

80s and 70s

A

processed/ formed in nucleolosis then move to cytoplasm

293
Q

RER

A

synthesize secretory protiens and membrane molecules

294
Q

SER

A

unique enzymes involved in biosynthesis of lipids, fats, steroids
detoxifies toxic compounds

295
Q

endomembrane system

A

attach to each other
-RER
-SER
-Golgi apparatus
-Lysosome

296
Q

Golgi complex

A

function in concert with ER
chemically modified, destined for secretion

297
Q

glycosylation

A

common modification by adding sugar residues

298
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

chemical modifications
transport vesicle

299
Q

golgi complex

A

secretory vesicle, storage vesicle (lysozome)

300
Q

lysozome (formed from golgi complex)

A

membrane-enclosed
contain digestive enzymes
degrade damaged organelles, food
phagocytosis- ingest bacteria, contain lys.

301
Q

endocytosis

A

helps in digestion of food particles

302
Q

vacuole (derived from golgi complex)

A

space/cavity in cytoplasm of cell
proteins, sugars
endocytosis bring food into the cell
metabolic wastes and poisons

303
Q

peroxisomes

A

not part of endomembrane system
membrane bound organelle
enzymes that oxidize organic and toxic substances

304
Q

what do peroxisomes generate and degrade

A

hydrogen peroxide (catalase)

305
Q

what do peroxisomes protect against

A

other parts of cell from toxic of hydrogen peroxide

306
Q

cytoskelaton

A

maintains shape

307
Q

microfilament

A

two strands of actin
amoebid movement
pseudopodia “false feet”

308
Q

intermediate filaments

A

maintain position of nucleus
keratin

309
Q

microtuble

A

cell motility: cilia, flagella
hollow tubes composed of proteins A-tubulin and B-tubulin

310
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell
ATP prodicution
mitochondrial DNA and 70S ribosomes (prokarya origin)
-mitochondrial protiens

311
Q

matrix

A

contains all enzymes

312
Q

chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll
algae, plants
photosynthesis
70s ribosomes, dna

313
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
peripheral protiens
integral protiens
sterols

314
Q

group translocation does not occur in

A

eukarya

315
Q

cell wall

A

plants, algae, fungi
carbohydrates
cellulose, chitin (fungi), glucan (yeast), mannan

316
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbs extending from animal plasma membrane
bonded to protiens and lipids in membrane

317
Q

cytoplasm

A

inside plasma, outside nucleus

318
Q

cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

319
Q

cytoskelaton

A

microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules

320
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

moving cytoplasm throughout cells
-one part of the cell to another which helps distribute nutrients
-move the cell over a surface

321
Q

flagella

A

few, long
constructed of microtubules

322
Q

cilia

A

short, numerous
constructed of microtubules
rapid, flexible, waving motion

323
Q

prokaryotic flagellum

A

rotates

324
Q

eukaryotic flagellum

A

moves in a wavelike manner

325
Q

cilia

A

rapid, flexible, waving motion due to its shorter length

326
Q

hydrogenosomes

A

some eukaryotic microorganisms are killed by O2
-live an anaerobic life
-lack mitochondria
-fermentative metabolism

327
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

anaerobic protist

328
Q

ribosomes in eukarya

A

80S- cytoplasm, RER
70S- mitochondria, chloroplast

329
Q

SA:V ratio in bacteria and archae

A

high

330
Q

SA:V ratio in eukaryotes

A

low

331
Q

cell division of prokaya

A

binary fission

332
Q

bacteria contains or lacks histones

A

lacks

333
Q

archae contains or lacks histones

A

contains

334
Q

membrane lipid composition of prokarya and eukarya

A

ester-linked

335
Q

cell wall composition of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

336
Q

cell wall composition of archae

A

pseudopeptidoglycan
glycopeptide
polysaccahraide
S layer

337
Q

cell wall composition of eukarya

A

cellulose
chitin
silica

338
Q

bacteria motility structure

A

rigid spiral flagella

339
Q

archaeal motility structure

A

rigid spiral flagella composed of archaeal flagellins

340
Q

eukarya motility structure

A

flagella and cilia composed of microtubules

341
Q

catabolism: microbial buffet

A

metabolism: all chemical reactions inside a cell

342
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown –> energy is released in energy
carbs, lipids, protiens broken down
smaller biomolecules (AA, fatty acid, simple sugars) are produced

343
Q

anabolism

A

takes and uses energy to synthesize

344
Q

substance oxidized

A

electron donor

345
Q

substance reduced

A

electron acceptor

346
Q

redox potential

A

tendency to donate or accept electrons

347
Q

donors

A

reduction potential: H2
electrons falling

348
Q

.10 = donor/ acceptor

A

fumarate

349
Q

acceptor

A

+.90

350
Q

oxygen is at the ___ of redox tower

A

bottom

351
Q

oxygen is the strongest __

A

electron acceptor

352
Q

principal electron carrier originate from

A

B vitamin group

353
Q

B vitamin group derivates of

A

NAD+
NADP
FAD

354
Q

ADP is phosphorylated to

A

ATP

355
Q

adenine

A

base

356
Q

ribose

A

sugar

357
Q

NAD+ is

A

reduced to NADH + H+

358
Q

NADH reduced

A

produces energy and biosynthesis of ATP

359
Q

C6H12O6 is broken into

A

CO2 and H20
-energy released, ATP is produced

360
Q

coenzymes

A

organic helper molecules required for enzyme action
common source: dietary vitamins

361
Q

NADH and ATP

A

common co-enzymes
provide high-energy electrons or phosphate groups
bind to enzymes by activating them

362
Q

catalysts

A

speed up chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves

363
Q

factors that affect reaction rate

A

pH, temp, conc

364
Q

glycolysis (splitting of sugar)

A

energy investment phase
uses energy from 2 ATP molecules
2 phosphorylated 3C molecules: G3P

365
Q

energy pay off of glycolysis

A

energy by oxidizing G3P to pyruvate

366
Q

net gain glycolysis from breakdown of single glucose molecule

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

367
Q

ED pathway

A

go to pseudonomes
2 pyruvate
ATP
NADH
NADPH

368
Q

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

A

intermediates to biosynthesis
ATP
2NADPH

369
Q

for pyruvate to enter the next oxidative pathway it must be

A

decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase to a 2 carbon acetyl group

370
Q

Krebs cycle (TCA) occurs in __ for prokarya

A

cytoplasm

371
Q

Krebs cycle (TCA) occurs in __ eukarya

A

mitochondrial matrix

372
Q

Intermediates from Krebs Cycle as Building Blocks for Biosynthesis

A

amino acids
fatty acids
nucleotides

373
Q

per turn of the cycle

A

1 CO2
3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP (GTP)

374
Q

2 turns for pyruvate would produce

A

6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP (GTP)

375
Q

Glycolysis

A

glucose -> NAD reduced to NADH
pyruvate net gain 2 ATP
either fermented or cellular resp.
fermentation is either aerobic or anaerobic - ETC

376
Q

Respiration

A

anaerobic: -O2 final acceptor ex. nitrate
aerobic: +O2 final acceptor ex. oxygen

377
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-catabolism from substrate breakdown to reduction of a terminal electron acceptor ex. O2
-catabolism by donating electrons from NADH to the ETS that stores energy by pumping protons

378
Q

oxidative phosphorylation is used for

A

hydrogen ions return to cell via ATP synthase

379
Q

ETS (electron transport system)

A

electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed rapidly from one ETS electron carrier to the next

in aerobic resp: final e- acceptor is OXYGEN and is reduced to water

in anaerobic resp: final e- acceptor is inorganic molecule other than oxygen

380
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

soil bacteria
anaerobic terminal electron acceptor

380
Q

flavoprotien (flavo mononucleotide)

A

riboflavin B2

380
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP

381
Q

coenzyme Q

A

non-protien
high energy

382
Q

Cytochrome B

A

Iron contain Gp (heme)

383
Q

as electrons go down ETS

A

higher electron negativity going down

384
Q

how do inner and outer surfaces of the membrane differ

A

charge
pH
electrochemical potential

385
Q

Q (guinone)

A

electron transfer is coupled to pumping H+ ions
carry electrons to another ETS complex pumping H+

386
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

series of protein complexes, electron carriers, ion pumps
pump H+ out of bacterial cytoplasm into Extracellular space

387
Q

H+ flows back down the electrochemical gradient

A

into the bacterial cytoplasm through ATP synthase providing energy for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation

388
Q

How much ATP is generated

A

38 ATP
2 ATP glycolysis
2 ATP TCA cycle
10 NADH
2 FADH

389
Q

ETS pumps H+

A

out of the cell

390
Q

for every 3 H+ that flow through the F0

A

F1 rotates 1/3rd of the turn
catalyzes ADP conversion to ATP

391
Q

Lithotrophy

A

alternative route to get electrons for ETS and PMF
unique energy pathway used only by some types of bacteria

392
Q

Litotrophs serve as

A

electron donor
-Ferrous iron (FE2+)
-Ammonium ion (NH4+)
-Hydrogen gas (H2)

393
Q

what serves as the final electrin acceptor for ETS

A

oxygen or alternative gas

394
Q

in fermentation

A

final acceptor is made in the cell
pyruvic acid and electrons carried by NADH are from glycolysis and incorporated into fermentation end-products

395
Q

fermentation

A

if respiration does not occur, NAD+ reuse as electron carrier for glycolysis

396
Q

fermentation does not involve

A

ETS
-does not directly produce additional ATP beyond glycolysis by substrate-level phosphorylation

397
Q

common fermentation pathways

A

alcohol -> ethanol, CO2
beer, bread

398
Q

aerobic respiration

A

38 atp
glycolysis 2 atp
krebs 2 atp
etc 34 atp

399
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

5-36 atp
glycolysis 2 atp
krebs 2 atp
etc 1-32 atp

400
Q

fermentation

A

2 atp
glycolysis 2 atp

401
Q

essential nutrients

A

microbe cannot make it but must gather it from its immediate environment to grow and divide

402
Q

what are the essential nutrients

A

carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
hydrogen
oxygen
sulfur
magnesium
iron
potassium

403
Q

Shigella

A

growth factor: Nicotinamide (NAD)
disease: bloody diarhea
habitat: human intestina

404
Q

S. auerus

A

multiple grown factors needed

405
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own carbon compounds starting with CO2

406
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain carbon compounds from other compounds

407
Q

chemotrophs can be either

A

chemoheterotroph
chemoautothroph

408
Q

CO2 is a

A

chemoautotroph

409
Q

what do chemoautotrophs do?

A

oxidize a variety of inorganic compounds

410
Q

organic compounds are

A

chemoheterotroph

411
Q

if O2 is the final electron acceptor

A

all animals, most fungi, protozoa, bacteria get it

412
Q

if its an organic compound

A

fementative
ex. Streptococcus

413
Q

if its an inorganic compound

A

ETC
ex. Clostridum

414
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

green nonsulfur bacteria
purple nonsulfur bacteria

415
Q

photoautotrophs that use H2O to reduce CO2

A

oxygenic photosynthesis (green plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

416
Q

phototrophs that do not use H2O to reduce CO2

A

anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria

417
Q

physical requirements for growth

A

pH, temp, moisture, hydrostatic and osmotic pressure, radiation

418
Q

chemical requirements for growth

A

carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, trace elements, organic compounds, oxygen availability

419
Q

temperature extremophiles

A

hyperthermile (above 80 celcius)
thermophile (50-80)
Psychophile (below 15)

420
Q

pH extremophiles

A

alkaliphile - above 9
neutralaphile- 5-8
acidophile- below pH 3

421
Q

osmolarity extremophile

A

halophile (high salt, greater than 2 M NaCl)

421
Q

facultative microbe

A

can grow with or without oxygen

422
Q

pressure extremophile

A

barophile: high pressure, greater than 380 atm

423
Q

variations in temperature

A

psychrophiles
mesophiles
thermophiles

424
Q

psychrophile

A

membranes adapt
cold-loving microbe

425
Q

mesophile

A

moderate temp loving microbes
in lab, 37 celcius is optimal for growth

426
Q

thermophiles

A

heat-loving microbes

427
Q

danger zone

A

15-50 celcius
rapid growth of bacteria, some may produce toxins

428
Q

neutrophile

A

pH optimal: 7
ex. E coli

429
Q

Acidophile

A

pH optimal: 5, 3
water drainage, cold mines

430
Q

Alkaphile

A

pH optimal: 8,9,10
high carbonic soil
industrial commericial use
protease, lipase, laundry detergent

431
Q

Sodium leaks into cytoplasm

A

ion pumps excrete Na, for K
balances charge and maintains pH

432
Q

pH haemostasis

A

extracellular: pH
intracellular: macromolecular work

433
Q

variations in pressure

A

membranes are high in unsaturated fatty acids so it doesnt get out and maintain fluidity

434
Q

barophile

A

require high atmospheric pressure for growth

435
Q

enzymes produced by barophilic bacteria function at high pressure

A

useful in bioractors, toxic clean-up in deep sea and high pressure food processors

436
Q

water availability is measured as

A

water activity (aw)
-between 0 (no free water) and 1 (pure water)

437
Q

halophiles

A

require high salt conc

438
Q

halotolerant

A

grow and multiply in presense of high salt but do not require it for growth

439
Q

osmophiles

A

organisms living in high sugar environment

440
Q

water availability strategies

A

proton motive force
increase solutes within cytoplasm to counteract water loss
excrete sodium for K and maintain neutrality

441
Q

isotonic solution

A

net water exchange = 0
solute conc in solute conc = higher
cell wall provides pressure
water comes into cell

442
Q

alkalafile

A

sodium motive force
for microbe to grow in that env

443
Q

plasmolyzed cell in hypertonic solution

A

environment is hypertonic
water leaves cell
growth of cell is inhibited
can increase number of AA and sugars

444
Q

obtaining nitrogen

A

nitrogen fixation converts N2 (nitrogen) to NH4+ (ammonium ions) used for biosynthesis

445
Q

decomposition

A

decay in plants -> ammonia
ammonification

446
Q

legume -> ammonia

A

nitrogenase allows this via fixation

447
Q

ammonia - nitrites

A

nitrification

448
Q

ammonia is used for

A

synthesis of protiens in plants

449
Q

nitrates

A

easily reaches roots of plants

450
Q

nitrates to nitrite

A

denitrification

451
Q

symbiotic

A

live within plants to help fix nitrogen
-Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium

452
Q

Assimilation

A

decay organisms (aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fungi)

453
Q

binary fission

A

origin of replication
- cytoplasm separates -> each daughter cell gets parental genome

454
Q

binary fission steps in order

A

dna replication
cell elongation (growth)
formation of division septum
cell seperation

455
Q

FtsZ

A

related to tubulin
cell division protein in eukarya

456
Q

FTsZ ring

A

-anchors to the plasma membrane
-separates cytoplasm of new cells
-pinches cell envelope to separate cytoplasm of 2 cells
-cleavage furrow

457
Q

generation time

A

time it takes for pop to double one round of binary fission
*depends on type of species
e. coli is quickest to replicate

458
Q

generation time is expressed as

A

2^n
n= generations

459
Q

lag phase`

A

very slow, needs to meet requirements
synthesis of AA, nucleotide, metabolite
aged culture -> repair
takes up most nutrients
no increase, just prepating

460
Q

log phase

A

exponential growth
uses nutrients, has everything ready
quorum sensing
binary fission or mitosis

461
Q

stationary phase

A

microbial death balance production of new
stress enzymes
decrease in cell size
endospores
increased antibiotic resistance

462
Q

deathor decline phase

A

wastes and nutrients die off
decrease

463
Q

mature endospore

A

dehydrated
contain calcium dipicolinate and SASPs

464
Q

dipclonate acid

A

protects against heat and radiation

465
Q

calcium ions

A

stabilize DNA

466
Q

steps of sporulation

A
  1. spore septum isolates newly replicated dna and small portion of cytoplasm
  2. membrane is isolated
  3. spore septum surrounds isolated portion
  4. peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
  5. spore coat forms
  6. release of endospore
467
Q

population density is controlled by

A

concentration of limiting nutrient in reservoir

468
Q

growth rate is controlled by

A

dilution rate

469
Q

chemostat

A

continuous culture
nutrients are supplied at steady rate

470
Q

culture media

A

feed: constantly added and
effluent: constantly removed

471
Q

diluting medium increase

A

limiting nutrient increase
essential nutrient increase
growth increase

472
Q

biofilms

A

mass of cells adhering to surfaces
start unattached, stick via lipposaccharide and flagella

473
Q

if food is scarce

A

biofilms will look for another site to attach

474
Q

3D biofilms are viewed via

A

Confocal microscope

475
Q

multiple cells can overcome the immune system

A

increased resources lead to growth of pathogens

476
Q

quorum sensing:

A

-cells find their presence in the environment
-lowest amt that can produce toxins to overcosume the immune system
-autoinducer: as conc increases, gene exp increases more regulatory changes in biofilm

477
Q

planktonic cells

A

cells swim
twitch, glide: motility to search for nutrients to feed on

478
Q

steps involved in biofilms

A
  1. cellular flagella attach to monolayer
  2. microcolonies form
  3. cells produce EPS (exopolysaccharide)
  4. biofilm matures
  5. biofilm dissolves and cells disperse
479
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

A

-protection against harmful substances
-shield from immune system, phagocytes, antibiotics and grow it in there
-water can go in, wastes go out

480
Q

negatives of biofilms

A

can stay for months/ years in a host
negative in species
oil spill: biofilm adheres to it
nature

481
Q

agar

A

complex polysaccharide
not metabolized by mirobes
used as solifying agent for culture media in peti
liquifies at 100 celcius
solidifes at 40 celcius

482
Q

culture media

A

provides essential nutrients for bacteria

483
Q

chemically defined media

A

exact chemical composition is known

484
Q

complex media

A

made up of nutrients
exact chemical composition varies

485
Q

reducing culture media

A

growth of obligate anaerobes
-sodium thioglycolate combinrd with oxygen

486
Q

selective culture media

A

supression of unwanted microbes

487
Q

differential

A

differentiation of colonies of desired microbes from others

488
Q

enrichment

A

start with one microbe -> more
low -> detectable level of desired microbe
favor growth of particular microbe but not others

489
Q

minimal medium

A

single carbon source
gene expression
mimics environment

-limited to nutrients organsms need to grow

490
Q

blood agar

A

differentiate by streaking on diffential media
how they lyse RBCs, identify via complete, incomplete or no hemolysis

491
Q

pure culture

A

one bacteria gives rise to one colony
streak them on differential media

1000 –> 10-20 via flame

492
Q

isolation

A

streaking allows separation of colonies into pure cultures
population of identical cells

493
Q

Anaerobe jar

A

Oxygen removed
Carbon dioxide generated

catalyst in lid and GasPak combine with oxygen so theres no more O2 to produce CO2 and H2 produces water

494
Q

Anaerobic chamber

A

filled with inert gases
equipped w air locks to introduce cultures and materials

495
Q

molecular oxygen

A

is not toxic, but O2 can be converted to toxic oxygen by-products

496
Q

aerobic bacteria have to take care of

A

enzymes to take care of toxic byproducts

497
Q

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

498
Q

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxide

499
Q

O2- superoxide

A

superoxide dismutase

500
Q

growth zones

A

aerobic (high oxygen): top
microaerophilic: low oxygen
anaerobic: bottom (no oxygen)

501
Q

more crowding at top

A

obligate aerobe
+SOD
+Catalase

502
Q

facultative anaerobe

A

+SOD
+Catalase

503
Q

aerotolerant anaerobe

A

tolerate O2, fementative
+SOD
NO CATALASE

504
Q

strict anaeribe

A

no enzymes
no not survive in O2
grow in bottom

505
Q

microaerophile

A

dust- like O2
grow below rim
needs little bit of O2

506
Q

aerobes

A

destroy reactive oxygen species with SOD to remove superoxide and peroxidase and catalase to remove hydrogen peroxide

507
Q

mycobacterium lepae

A

clostridum spp
anaerobic microbe

508
Q

filration method

A

selective and differential media
grow filter paper
-allows growth of coliform bacteria only

509
Q

direct microscope count via counting chamber

A

does not yield accurate count of number of live cells
cant distinguish between live, dead and debris of same size under microscope

510
Q

Flourescent labelling

A

differential staining
-stain only live cell, red are dead cells

511
Q

FACS

A

count and separate bacterial cells that synthesize a flourescent protien

512
Q

spread plate

A

early dilutions show confluent growth
each colony on agar plate represents one viable organism

513
Q

pour [plate

A

heat sensitive bacterial isolates

514
Q

dilute cultures

A

standard microbiology protocol
30:300
moves until you get isolated colonies

515
Q

viable plate count

A

expressed as colony forming units
-number of viable or live cells

516
Q

turbidity

A

measured in real time using spectrophotometer which passes a beam of light through sample of culture

-decrease in intensity of light due to scrattering of light = optical density

OD 600

Microbiology (7 decks)

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