Final exam select topics-pesticides

Question 1

Organophosphates target/ mechanism

Answer 1

phosphorylates acetylcholinesterase

Question 2

what os oxon

Answer 2

formed when parent compound is metabolized by oxidative desulfuration (compound derived from another chemical in which a P=S bond has been replaced by a P=O bond)

Question 3

what is aging

Answer 3

non enzymative hydrolysis of one of the 2 alkyl groups on Organophosphates

Question 4

what is structure of Organophosphates

Answer 4

R1 R2 X and =O (or S, needs to be removed) on P

Question 5

what is the mechanism of pramlidoxone + when can it be used

Answer 5

dephosphorylation of serine active site with Organophosphates poisoning, ONLY if it has not been aged

Question 6

which pesticide causes induced delayed polyneuropathy + mechanism

Answer 6

Organophosphates, neuropathy target esterase (NTE) must be aged for it to occur

Question 7

what pesticide causes intermediate syndrome + mechanism

Answer 7

Organophosphates, unknown (not AChE)

Question 8

what is the mechanism of DDT

Answer 8

targets Na+ and slows down their opening and closing

Question 9

what is an example of organochlorine compounds

Answer 9

DDT

Question 10

what kind of thing is DDT

Answer 10

organochlorine

Question 11

what is the less and more toxic form of DDT

Answer 11

more is p,p less is o,p

Question 12

what is the mechanism of pyrethroids (type 2)

Answer 12

targets Na+ and slows down their opening and closing + also inhibits GABA

Question 13

what is the mechanism of pyrethroids (type 1)

Answer 13

targets Na+ and slows down their opening and closing

Question 14

what does DDT not effect in the cell

Answer 14

resting potential, rising phase or peak amplitudes

Question 15

what is name of type 1 pyrethroids disease

Answer 15

type 1 syndrome (T) t for tremor

Question 16

what is name of type 2 pyrethroids disease

Answer 16

type 2 syndrome (CS) sc for choreoathetosis salivation

Question 17

what is the structure difference between type 1 and 2 pyrethroids

Answer 17

type one is R-C=O- R

type two is R-C-CN-R

Question 18

what do pyrethroids do exactly to sodium channels (what type)

Answer 18

bind to VGSC subunit, slows rate of activating/opening and closing/inactivaion - hyperexitable state

Question 19

what type of thing is nithiazine

Answer 19

neonicitinoid pesticide

Question 20

what is the binding site diff with insects and mammals for neonicitinoids

Answer 20

insects its positively charged, mammals its negative

Question 21

how do neonicotinoids affect insects

Answer 21

it must be absorbed by plants then the bug eats the plant

Question 22

what does a high logP value mean for neonicotinoids

Answer 22

that it is very lipophilic so more toxic

Question 23

what does a low logP value mean for neonicotinoids

Answer 23

that it is not very lipophilic so less toxic

Question 24

how do first gen neonicotinoids work

Answer 24

nAChR overstimulation, desensitization, death

Question 25

how do second gen neonicotinoids work

Answer 25

poor nAChR agonist, full AChR agonist in periphery and maybe mAChR agonist

Question 26

what is the metabolite of first gen neonicotinoids

Answer 26

6-chloronicotinic acid

Question 27

what is the metabolite of second gen neonicotinoids

Answer 27

clothianidin

Question 28

what is clothianidin

Answer 28

metabolite of second gen neonicotinoids

Question 29

what is 6-chloronicotinic acid

Answer 29

metabolite of first gen neonicotinoids

Question 30

what causes bee colony collapse disorder

Answer 30

imidacloprid

Question 31

what is imidacloprid

Answer 31

first gen neonicotinoids

Question 32

what is an example of first gen neonicotinoids

Answer 32

imidacloprid

Question 33

what is the mechanism of phosphine

Answer 33

inhibits cyt c and ETC

Question 34

what results from phosphine

Answer 34

lipid peroxidation, protein denaturation, alveolar capillary damage

Question 35

how do biopesticides work

Answer 35

contain Cry and VIP genes

Question 36

what is the structure of Cry

Answer 36

1 domain forms a pore | 2 domains affinity for gut carbs in insects

Question 37

how does cry work (5 steps)

Answer 37

``` 1-attaches to cadherin in gut 2-binds to aminopeptidase receptor 3-proteolytic cleavage of cry toxin 4-pore into membrane 5-flux of K+ and sucrose, so water rushes in ```

Question 38

what are 3 treatments for OP

Answer 38

atropine, diazepam, pralidoxime

Question 39

what is the lipophilicity of OPs

Answer 39

high lipophilic

Question 40

where does DDT accumulate in our body

Answer 40

adipose

Question 41

what is acute DDT poisoning like + what causes death

Answer 41

unrest, tremors, seizors then maybe death resp failure

Question 42

what happens in type 1 pyrethroid syndrome (4)

Answer 42

aggressive, still tonic seizure, tremors, sensitive

Question 43

what happens in type 2 pyrethroid syndrome (4)

Answer 43

clonic seizures, choreostasis, salivation, burrowing

Question 44

what does chronic DDT do to you

Answer 44

increase liver weight (hepatic cell hypertrophy)

Question 45

what happens with dermal exposure of pyrethroid

Answer 45

some paresthesia but reverses

Question 46

what happens with chronic pyrethroid exposure + Does it cause cancer

Answer 46

mild liver enlargement, probably not teratogen or mutagen (so probably no cancer)

Question 47

what is a pyrethroid treatment

Answer 47

vitamin E

Question 48

is nicotine more toxic to mammals or insects

Answer 48

mammals

Question 49

what is the half life of nicotine in enviro

Answer 49

short

Question 50

what is the lipophilicity of nicotine + why

Answer 50

short bc protonated at neutral and low Ph

Question 51

what happens at the nithiazine binding site common to both insects and mammals

Answer 51

H bonding site

Question 52

what may cause 2nd gen pyrethroid toxicity

Answer 52

clothianidin

Question 53

what are the 2 phases of phosphine symptoms (Cardiac)

Answer 53

1-sinus tachycardia | 2-ST segment changes, dysrhythmia

Question 54

what are the general symptoms for phosphine

Answer 54

nausea, vomit, breathless, paresthesia, cardiac collapse

Question 55

what is the main type of biopesticies

Answer 55

bacillus thuringienis

Question 56

how do bugs die when they eat biopestidies

Answer 56

they die of stavation

Question 57

what is the alternative Cry mechanism (4)

Answer 57

- toxin binds cadherin - stimulates apoptosis - insertion/activation of ion channels - Mg++ floods in and death