FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS Flashcards
1
Q
The vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround a space called the:
lamina
vertebral notch
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramina
A
The vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround a space called the:
vertebral foramen
2
Q
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
24
27
33
54
A
How many vertebrae make up the vertebral column?
24
3
Q
What is the centralray
angle for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction (Ferguson
Method)?
25 degrees cephalad
30 to 35 degrees cephalad
35 to 45 degrees cephalad
40 to 50 degrees cephalad
A
What is the centralray
angle for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction (Ferguson
Method)?
30 to 35 degrees cephalad
4
Q
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed:
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
scoliokyphosis
A
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed:
scoliosis
5
Q
Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
joints farthest from the IR
joints closest to the IR
both joints equally demonstrated
the L1 to L4 joints closest to the IR
A
Which zygapophyseal joints are demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine?
joints closest to the IR
6
Q
Which of the following is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the
lumbar spine?
AP
lateral
AP oblique, RPO and LPO position
PA oblique, RAO and LAO position
A
Which of the following is the essential projection used to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the
lumbar spine?
AP oblique, RPO and LPO position
7
Q
What lumbar anatomy should be demonstrated in the lateral projection?
Lumbar zygapophyseal joints
Intervertebral foramina
Pars interarticularis
Pedicles
A
What lumbar anatomy should be demonstrated in the lateral projection?
Intervertebral foramina
8
Q
Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?
1 AP oblique, LPO position
2 AP oblique, RPO position
3 PA oblique, RAO position
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
Which projections will demonstrate the right sacroiliac joint?
1 and 3
9
Q
Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve?
1 thoracic
2 lumbar
3 sacrum and coccyx
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve?
1 and 3
10
Q
Which of the following describes the central ray centering point for the L5S1
lateral projection?
2 inches posterior to the ASIS
3 inches posterior to the ASIS
2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches inferior to the iliac crest
1.5 inches posterior to the ASIS and 2 inches inferior to the iliac crest
A
Which of the following describes the central ray centering point for the L5S1
lateral projection?
2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches inferior to the iliac crest
11
Q
Women cannot be shielded for an AP projection of the:
1 hip
2 sacrum
3 coccyx
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
Women cannot be shielded for an AP projection of the:
1 hip
2 sacrum
3 coccyx
2 and 3
12
Q
Where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the lumbosacral spine?
L2
L3
the ASIS
the iliac crests
A
Where is the IR centered for an AP projection of the lumbosacral spine?
the iliac crests
13
Q
Which of the following planes is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of
the grid for a lateral lumbar spine?
horizontal plane
midcoronal plane
midsagittal plane
coronal plane
A
Which of the following planes is placed perpendicular to the tabletop and centered to the midline of
the grid for a lateral lumbar spine?
midcoronal plane
14
Q
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?
spinous process
transverse process
superior articular process
inferior articular process
A
Which vertebral process projects posteriorly from the junction of the laminae and pedicles?
spinous process
15
Q
Where does the central ray enter the body for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction
(Ferguson Method)?
at the pubic symphysis
1.5 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
3 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
at the level of the ASISs
A
Where does the central ray enter the body for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction
(Ferguson Method)?
1.5 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
16
Q
Which plane is centered to the midline of the grid when positioning for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint?
midcoronal plane
midsagittal plane
longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS
longitudinal plane 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS
A
Which plane is centered to the midline of the grid when positioning for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint?
longitudinal plane 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS
17
Q
A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts:
1 body
2 lamina
3 vertebral arch
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts:
1 body
2 lamina
3 vertebral arch
1 and 3
18
Q
Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column?
1 supports the trunk
2 protects the spinal cord
3 supports the skull superiorly
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
Which of the following are functions of the vertebral column?
1, 2, and 3
19
Q
Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a “Scottie dog”?
1 lateral
2 AP oblique
3 PA oblique
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A
Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a “Scottie dog”?
1 lateral
2 AP oblique
3 PA oblique
2 and 3
20
Q
How are the lower limbs positioned for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction?
extended
flexed
externally rotated
internally rotated
A
How are the lower limbs positioned for the AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction?
extended
21
Q
The centralray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is:
10 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
15 degrees cephalad
A
The centralray angle for an AP axial projection of the coccyx is:
10 degrees caudad
22
Q
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled:
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—cephalad
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad
8 degrees men, 12 degrees women—cephalad
8 degrees men, 12 degrees women—caudad
A
If the lumbar spine cannot be adjusted so it is horizontal for the lateral projection, the central ray should be angled:
5 degrees men, 8 degrees women—caudad
23
Q
The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the:
costovertebral joints
costotransverse joints
intervertebral joints
zygapophyseal joints
A
The articulations between the articular processes of the vertebral arches are called the:
zygapophyseal joints
24
Q
The centralray
angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is:
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
10 degrees caudad
5 to 10 degrees cephalad
A
The centralray
angle for a lateral coccyx and sacrum is:
0 degrees
25
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
2 inches at the pubic symphysis
1 inch inferior to the symphysis
1 inch at the pubic symphysis
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the sacrum?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
26
When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves?
2
3
4
5
When viewed from the side, the vertebral column presents how many curves?
4
27
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
at the pubic symphysis
1 inch inferior to the pubic symphysis
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
3 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
Where does the central ray enter the patient for an AP axial projection of the coccyx?
2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
28
The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the:
transverse process
pars interarticularis
accessory process
mammillary process
The part of the lamina that lies between the superior and inferior articular processes is called the:
pars interarticularis
29
Where is the 35 x 43 cm IR centered for a lateral lumbosacral spine?
L2
L3
the ASIS
the iliac crests
Where is the 35 x 43 cm IR centered for a lateral lumbosacral spine?
the iliac crests
30
To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, the patient angle is:
30 degrees
45 degrees
50 degrees
55 degrees
To demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine, the patient angle is:
45 degrees
31
```
Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for
the AP projection?
1 flex the hips
2 flex the knees
3 flex the elbows
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following should be performed to reduce the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine for
the AP projection?
1 flex the hips
2 flex the knees
3 flex the elbows
```
1 and 2
32
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a
PA projection performed. What is the centralray angle for this projection?
10 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
15 degrees cephalad
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a
PA projection performed. What is the centralray angle for this projection?
15 degrees caudad
33
Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly.
arches
bodies
pedicles
lamina
Spina bifida is a congenital deformity of the vertebral column in which the ____ fail to unite posteriorly.
lamina
34
The centralray
angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is:
10 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
15 degrees caudad
15 degrees cephalad
The centralray
angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is:
15 degrees cephalad
35
The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the:
sacroiliac joint
pubic symphysis
acetabulum
lumbar5, sacral1 joint
The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the:
sacroiliac joint
36
The centralray
angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is:
0 degrees
5 degrees
7 degrees
5 to 7 degrees
The centralray
angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is:
0 degrees
37
Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve?
1 cervical
2 thoracic
3 lumbar
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve?
1 cervical
2 thoracic
3 lumbar
1 and 3
38
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a
PA projection performed. What is the centralray
angle for this projection?
10 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
15 degrees cephalad
Occasionally, a patient may have to be placed in the prone position for a sacrum radiography, and a
PA projection performed. What is the centralray
angle for this projection?
15 degrees caudad
39
The vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround a space called the:
lamina
vertebral notch
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramina
The vertebral body and the vertebral arch surround a space called the:
vertebral foramen
40
The centralray
angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is:
10 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
15 degrees caudad
15 degrees cephalad
The centralray
angle for an AP axial projection of the sacrum is:
15 degrees cephalad
41
The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the:
sacroiliac joint
pubic symphysis
acetabulum
lumbar5, sacral1 joint
The vertebral column articulates with the hip bone at the:
sacroiliac joint
42
The centralray
angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is:
0 degrees
5 degrees
7 degrees
5 to 7 degrees
The centralray
angle for an AP oblique sacroiliac joint is:
0 degrees
43
Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve?
1 cervical
2 thoracic
3 lumbar
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following vertebral areas have a lordotic curve?
1 cervical
2 thoracic
3 lumbar
1 and 3
44
How many true, or movable, vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
7
12
24
33
How many true, or movable, vertebrae are there in the vertebral column?
24
45
Where is the central ray directed for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
second cervical vertebra
third cervical vertebra
fourth cervical vertebra
seventh cervical vertebra
Where is the central ray directed for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
fourth cervical vertebra
46
Which of the following methods uses a "chewing motion" of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine
in an AP projection?
Ottonello
Grandy
Twining
Fuchs
Which of the following methods uses a "chewing motion" of the mandible to demonstrate the cervical spine
in an AP projection?
Ottonello
47
The vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra contains the:
1 dens
2 facets
3 spinal cord
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
The vertebral foramen of the first cervical vertebra contains the:
1 dens
2 facets
3 spinal cord
1 and 3
48
How many foramina are located in each cervical vertebra?
1
2
3
4
How many foramina are located in each cervical vertebra?
3
49
The Grandy method is a(n):
lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae
lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region
AP/PA thoracolumbar spine
lateral thoracolumbar spine
The Grandy method is a(n):
lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae
50
Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine?
second cervical vertebra
third cervical vertebra
fourth cervical vertebra
seventh cervical vertebra
Where is the IR centered for a lateral cervical spine?
fourth cervical vertebra
51
The openings in the cervical vertebrae for the transmission of the vertebral artery and vein are called the:
transverse foramen
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramina
inferior vertebral notch
The openings in the cervical vertebrae for the transmission of the vertebral artery and vein are called the:
transverse foramen
52
The first cervical vertebra is called the:
axis
atlas
dens
vertebra prominens
The first cervical vertebra is called the:
atlas
53
Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis?
Selected
```
glabellomeatal line
orbitomeatal line
acanthiomeatal line
a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid
process
```
Which of the following lines must be perpendicular to the IR for the AP "open mouth" atlas and axis?
a line drawn from the lower edge of the upper incisors to the tip of the mastoid process
54
The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
AP
lateral
AP oblique
PA oblique
The zygapophyseal joints of the cervical spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
lateral
55
The SID for a lateral cervical spine must be a minimum of how many inches?
40 inches
48 inches
40 to 60 inches
60 to 72 inches
The SID for a lateral cervical spine must be a minimum of how many inches?
60 to 72 inches
56
What is the centralray
angulation for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
15 degrees cephalad
20 degrees cephalad
What is the centralray
angulation for the AP projection of the dens, Fuchs method?
0 degrees
57
How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees
60 degrees
70 degrees
40 to 60 degrees
How much is the body rotated for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees
58
How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
30 degrees
45 degrees
60 degrees
50 to 60 degrees
How much is the body rotated for a PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees
59
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
those farthest from the IR
those closest to the IR
both sides equally demonstrated
the inferior six closest to the IR
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
those farthest from the IR
60
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
those closest to the IR
those farthest from the IR
both sides are equally demonstrated
the inferior side farthest from the IR
Which intervertebral foramina are demonstrated on the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
those closest to the IR
61
According to the text, how are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical
spine?
affixed to the elbows
affixed to the wrists
held in the hands
held by the fingers
According to the text, how are small weights applied to the arms for the lateral projection of the cervical
spine?
affixed to the wrists
62
Which vertebra contains both an anterior and a posterior arch?
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Which vertebra contains both an anterior and a posterior arch?
cervical
63
According to the text, the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open:
laterally
45 degrees anteriorly
70 degrees anteriorly
45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly
According to the text, the intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine open:
45 degrees anteriorly and 15 degrees inferiorly
64
What is the centralray
angle for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
15 degrees cephalad
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
15 to 20 degrees caudad
perpendicular
What is the centralray
angle for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
65
Which of the following methods can be used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum?
Grandy
Fuchs
Twining
Pawlow
Which of the following methods can be used to demonstrate the dens within the foramen magnum?
Fuchs
66
Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?
second cervical vertebra
third cervical vertebra
fourth cervical vertebra
seventh cervical vertebra
Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine?
fourth cervical vertebra
67
The centralray
angle for an AP axial cervical vertebrae is:
10 degrees cephalad
20 degrees cephalad
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
variable, depending on the body habitus
The centralray
angle for an AP axial cervical vertebrae is:
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
68
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral
projection (swimmer’s technique), the central ray is angled:
0 degrees
10 degrees caudad
3 to 5 degrees caudad
3 to 5 degrees cephalad
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region lateral
projection (swimmer’s technique), the central ray is angled:
3 to 5 degrees caudad
69
Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine?
second cervical vertebra
third cervical vertebra
fourth cervical vertebra
seventh cervical vertebra
Where is the IR centered for an AP axial cervical spine?
fourth cervical vertebra
70
The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is:
full expiration
full inspiration
suspended respiration
softly phonate "ah" during the exposure
The respiration phase for a lateral cervical spine is:
full expiration
71
What is the centralray
angle for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degrees cephalad
45 degrees caudad
15 to 20 degrees cephalad
15 to 20 degrees caudad
What is the centralray
angle for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical intervertebral foramina?
15 to 20 degrees caudad
72
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection?
1 Ottonello method
2 swimmer’s technique
3 Ferguson method
1
2
3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral projection?
2 swimmer’s technique
73
For which projection is the patient instructed to softly phonate "ah" during the exposure?
lateral cervical vertebrae
AP "open mouth" atlas and axis
AP dens, Fuchs method
AP axial cervical spine
For which projection is the patient instructed to softly phonate "ah" during the exposure?
AP "open mouth" atlas and axis
74
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections?
1 AP axial
2 AP axial oblique
3 PA axial oblique
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are demonstrated on which of the following projections?
1 AP axial
2 AP axial oblique
3 PA axial oblique
2 and 3
75
The "vertebra prominens" is the name given to the:
First cervical vertebra
Second cervical vertebra
Seventh cervical vertebra
First thoracic vertebra
The "vertebra prominens" is the name given to the:
Seventh cervical vertebra
76
A unique feature of the cervical vertebra is the location of the foramen for the passage of arteries and
veins. Where is this cervical foramen located?
on the transverse process
on the spinous process
on the lamina
on the pedicle
A unique feature of the cervical vertebra is the location of the foramen for the passage of arteries and
veins. Where is this cervical foramen located?
on the transverse process
77
The second cervical vertebra is called the:
dens
atlas
axis
vertebra prominens
The second cervical vertebra is called the:
axis
78
What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
48 inches
60 inches
40 to 48 inches
60 to 72 inches
What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical spine?
60 to 72 inches
79
Patients may arrive in the emergency department with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical
spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections?
AP axial
PA axial oblique
AP axial oblique
dorsal decubitus (crosstable) lateral
Patients may arrive in the emergency department with trauma to the neck. Which projection of the cervical
spine is performed first, and then reviewed by a physician, before proceeding with other projections?
dorsal decubitus (crosstable) lateral
80
Where should the center of the IR be positioned for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis?
to the "Adam’s apple"
first cervical vertebra
second cervical vertebra
fourth cervical vertebra
Where should the center of the IR be positioned for the "open mouth" AP projection of the atlas and axis?
second cervical vertebra
81
```
Which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical
spine?
1 lateral
2 lateral in hyperflexion
3 lateral in hyperextension
```
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which projection of the cervical spine will demonstrate the lower five zygapophyseal joints of the cervical
spine?
1 lateral
2 lateral in hyperflexion
3 lateral in hyperextension
```
1, 2, and 3
82
According to the text, for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the
recommended position of the humeral head farthest from the IR is:
move anteriorly
move posteriorly
move anteriorly 15 degrees
move posteriorly 10 degrees
According to the text, for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the
recommended position of the humeral head farthest from the IR is:
move posteriorly
83
What is the centralray
angle for an AP thoracic spine?
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
7 degrees caudad
5 to 7 degrees cephalad
What is the centralray
angle for an AP thoracic spine?
0 degrees
84
Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer’s
technique)?
```
sixth cervical vertebra
seventh cervical vertebra
first thoracic vertebra
at the C7T1
interspace
```
Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer’s
technique)?
at the C7T1 interspace
85
A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts:
1. Body
2. Lamina
3. Vertebral arch
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
A typical vertebra is composed of which main parts:
1. Body
2. Lamina
3. Vertebral arch
1 and 3
86
How much is the body rotated from the lateral position to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the
thoracic region?
30 degrees
45 degrees
20 degrees
70 degrees
How much is the body rotated from the lateral position to demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints of the
thoracic region?
20 degrees
87
What do the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
each other
articular process
head of ribs
lamina
What do the costal facets of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?
head of ribs
88
How many thoracic vertebrae have a small concave facet on the transverse process, for articulation
with the tubercle of a rib?
7
8
10
12
How many thoracic vertebrae have a small concave facet on the transverse process, for articulation
with the tubercle of a rib?
10
89
The short, thick processes that project obliquely, laterally, and posteriorly on each side of a
vertebral body are called the:
Pedicles
Laminae
Transverse process
Spinous process
The short, thick processes that project obliquely, laterally, and posteriorly on each side of a
vertebral body are called the:
Transverse process
90
Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process?
T1T3
T1T9
T1T10
T1T12
Which thoracic vertebrae contain costal facets on the transverse process?
T1T10
91
How is the thorax centered for a lateral thoracic spine?
center the anterior half to the center of the grid
center the posterior half to the center of the grid
center the midcoronal plane to the center of the grid
center the midsagittal plane to the center of the grid
How is the thorax centered for a lateral thoracic spine?
center the posterior half to the center of the grid
92
What is the centralray
angulation for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer’s
technique) when the shoulder can be depressed?
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
10 degrees caudad
5 to 10 degrees caudad
What is the centralray
angulation for the lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (swimmer’s
technique) when the shoulder can be depressed?
0 degrees
93
```
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral
projection?
1. Ottonello method
2. Swimmer’s technique
3. Ferguson method
```
1
2
3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following methods is used to demonstrate the cervicothoracic region in the lateral
projection?
1. Ottonello method
2. Swimmer’s technique
3. Ferguson method
```
2
94
According to the text, for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the
recommended position of the humeral head closest to the IR is:
move anteriorly
move posteriorly
move anteriorly 15 degrees
move posteriorly 15 degrees
According to the text, for the cervicothoracic region lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the
recommended position of the humeral head closest to the IR is:
move anteriorly
95
The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the
midsagittal plane?
45 degrees
90 degrees
15 to 20 degrees
70 to 75 degrees
The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the
midsagittal plane?
90 degrees
96
A unique feature of the cervical vertebra is the location of the foramen for the passage of
arteries and veins. Where is this cervical foramen located?
spinous process
transverse process
superior articular process
inferior articular process
A unique feature of the cervical vertebra is the location of the foramen for the passage of
arteries and veins. Where is this cervical foramen located?
transverse process
97
Ideally for some exams, the cathode end of an xray
tube should be positioned in a certain way to
take advantage of the "heel effect" of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP
thoracic spine?
toward the head
toward the feet
head or foot end
variable, depending on body habitus
Ideally for some exams, the cathode end of an xray
tube should be positioned in a certain way to
take advantage of the "heel effect" of the tube. Where should the cathode be placed for an AP
thoracic spine?
toward the feet
98
Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve?
1. Thoracic
2. Lumbar
3. Sacrum and coccyx
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following vertebral areas have a kyphotic curve?
1. Thoracic
2. Lumbar
3. Sacrum and coccyx
1 and 3
99
If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may
have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required?
5 degrees caudad
10 to 15 degrees caudad
5 degrees cephalad
10 to 15 degrees cephalad
If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for a lateral projection, the central ray may
have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required?
10 to 15 degrees cephalad
100
The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
AP
Lateral
PA oblique
AP oblique
The intervertebral foramina of the thoracic spine are clearly demonstrated on which projection?
Lateral
101
The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the
midsagittal plane?
45 degrees
90 degrees
15 to 20 degrees
70 to 75 degrees
The zygapophyseal joints of the thoracic spine form an angle of how many degrees with the
midsagittal plane?
70 to 75 degrees
102
The "vertebra prominens" is a name given to the:
First Cervical Vertebra
Second Cervical Vertebra
Seventh Cervical Vertebra
First Thoracic Vertebra
The "vertebra prominens" is a name given to the:
Seventh Cervical Vertebra
103
According to the text, thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic
vertebrae have:
Demifacets
No transverse process
The largest spinous process
Bifid tips on the spinous process
According to the text, thoracic vertebrae differ from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic
vertebrae have:
Demifacets
104
Where should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
over the head
at the sides
at right angles to the long axis of the body
variable, depending on body habitus
Where should the arms be placed for a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
at right angles to the long axis of the body
105
```
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region
lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the central ray is angled:
```
0 degrees
10 degrees caudad
3 to 5 degrees caudad
3 to 5 degrees cephalad
```
When the shoulder is immobile and cannot be depressed sufficiently for the cervicothoracic region
lateral projection (swimmer’s technique), the central ray is angled:
```
3 to 5 degrees caudad
106
According to the text, which of the following projections should be performed with the use of a specially designed compensating filter?
AP Thoracic Spine
Lateral Thoracic Spine
RPO/LPO Thoracic Spine
Lateral Cervicothoracic Projection (Swimmer’s Technique)
According to the text, which of the following projections should be performed with the use of a specially designed compensating filter?
Lateral Cervicothoracic Projection (Swimmer’s Technique)
107
According to the text, if lead is not placed on the table posterior to the patient when performing a
lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the image may be:
underexposed
overexposed
too high in contrast
too low in contrast
According to the text, if lead is not placed on the table posterior to the patient when performing a
lateral projection of the thoracic spine, the image may be:
underexposed
108
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
level of T5
level of T7
level of T9
level of T10
Where is the central ray directed for a lateral thoracic spine?
level of T7
109
```
Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic
vertebrae?
1. Suspended at end of full inspiration
2. Suspended at end of expiration
3. Quiet breathing
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following breathing techniques can be used for a lateral projection of the thoracic
vertebrae?
1. Suspended at end of full inspiration
2. Suspended at end of expiration
3. Quiet breathing
```
2 and 3
110
```
Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP
thoracic spine?
1. Flex the hips
2. Flex the knees
3. Flex the cervical spine
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following should be performed to place the back in contact with the table for an AP
thoracic spine?
1. Flex the hips
2. Flex the knees
3. Flex the cervical spine
```
1 and 2
111
Where should the superior edge of the IR be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
1 inch above the shoulders
1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders
1 1/2 to 2 inches below the shoulders
at the level of the shoulders
Where should the superior edge of the IR be placed for an AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae?
1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders
112
What is the centralray
angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine?
10 to 20 degrees cephalad
30 to 40 degrees cephalad
10 to 20 degrees caudad
30 to 40 degrees caudad
What is the centralray
angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine?
30 to 40 degrees caudad
113
Which of the following examinations requires the use of time markers on the radiographic images?
1 stomach
2 small intestine
3 large intestine
1 only
2 only
3 only
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following examinations requires the use of time markers on the radiographic images?
1 stomach
2 small intestine
3 large intestine
2 only
114
The gallbladder functions to:
produce and secrete bile
store and concentrate bile
regulate digestion of fatty acids
break down toxins in the blood stream
The gallbladder functions to:
store and concentrate bile
115
Which of the following are advantages of using the double contrast technique for examination of the
stomach?
1 fewer radiographs are required
2 small lesions are not obscured
3 the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are advantages of using the double contrast technique for examination of the
stomach?
1 fewer radiographs are required
2 small lesions are not obscured
3 the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized
2 and 3
116
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon?
1 PA oblique, LAO
2 AP oblique, RPO
3 left lateral
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon?
1 PA oblique, LAO
2 AP oblique, RPO
3 left lateral
1 and 2
117
The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include:
1 no contrast
2 single contrast
3 double contrast
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include:
1 no contrast
2 single contrast
3 double contrast
2 and 3
118
What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the
esophagus?
AP, LAO
AP, LPO
PA, RAO
PA, LAO
What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the
esophagus?
PA, RAO
119
What is the length of the large intestine?
3 feet
5 feet
7 feet
8 feet
What is the length of the large intestine?
5 feet
120
Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for radiographs of the
esophagus?
1 varices are better filled
2 easier to swallow barium
3 more complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for radiographs of the
esophagus?
1 varices are better filled
2 easier to swallow barium
3 more complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
1 and 3
121
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?
PA oblique, RAO
PA oblique, LAO
PA axial
AP axial
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure?
PA oblique, RAO
122
Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series?
1 AP or PA
2 lateral
3 PA oblique
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series?
1 AP or PA
2 lateral
3 PA oblique
1, 2, and 3
123
Which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?
Sims
Trendelenburg's
lithotomy
right lateral
Which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?
Sims
124
The spleen is located in the________ of the abdomen.
LUQ
RUQ
LLQ
RLQ
The spleen is located in the________ of the abdomen.
LUQ
125
Functions of the stomach include:
1 storage of food
2 absorption of food products
3 chemical breakdown of food
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Functions of the stomach include:
1 storage of food
2 absorption of food products
3 chemical breakdown of food
1 and 3
126
The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and colon is
the:
cecum
rectum
sigmoid colon
vermiform appendix
The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and colon is
the:
cecum
127
One of the most important considerations for the Technoloogist in gastrointestinal radiography is:
elimination of motion
speed of the examination
production of a highcontrast
image
production of a highresolution
image
One of the most important considerations for the Technoloogist in gastrointestinal radiography is:
elimination of motion
128
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
PA
lateral
AP oblique, LPO
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?
lateral
129
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?
PA
AP oblique, LPO
PA oblique, LAO
PA oblique, RAO
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach?
AP oblique, LPO
130
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure?
AP axial
lateral
PA oblique, LAO
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure?
PA oblique, LAO
131
Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal?
1 anus
2 colon
3 esophagus
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal?
1 anus
2 colon
3 esophagus
1, 2, and 3
132
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?
20 degrees
30 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
35 to 40 degrees
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus?
35 to 40 degrees
133
For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
sthenic
asthenic
hyposthenic
hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical?
asthenic
134
Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine?
1 AP
2 PA
3 lateral
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine?
1 AP
2 PA
3 lateral
1 and 2
135
The main functions of the small bowel are:
1 digestion of food
2 absorption of food
3 storage of food
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
The main functions of the small bowel are:
1 digestion of food
2 absorption of food
3 storage of food
1 and 2
136
The main functions of the large intestine are:
1 digestion of food
2 reabsorption of fluids
3 elimination of waste products
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
The main functions of the large intestine are:
1 digestion of food
2 reabsorption of fluids
3 elimination of waste products
2 and 3
137
According to the text, how far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema?
12 inches
18 to 24 inches
24 to 36 inches
4 feet
According to the text, how far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema?
18 to 24 inches
138
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is:
20 degrees
30 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
35 to 45 degrees
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is:
35 to 45 degrees
139
```
Which of the following contrast media are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract?
1 air
2 barium sulfate
3 watersoluble
iodinated solution
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following contrast media are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract?
1 air
2 barium sulfate
3 watersoluble
iodinated solution
```
1, 2, and 3
140
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents towards the rectum are called:
respiration
peristalsis
mastication
deglutition
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents towards the rectum are called:
peristalsis
141
What is the length of the average adult small intestine?
10 feet
12 feet
20 feet
22 feet
What is the length of the average adult small intestine?
22 feet
142
Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal?
1 mouth and pharynx
2 stomach and intestine
3 liver and pancreas
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal?
1 mouth and pharynx
2 stomach and intestine
3 liver and pancreas
1 and 2
143
What is the respiration phase for all radiographic exposures of the stomach and intestines?
inspiration
expiration
suspended respiration
slow, shallow breathing
What is the respiration phase for all radiographic exposures of the stomach and intestines?
expiration
144
```
During an ERCP, an endoscope is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. "Spot"
radiographs are usually taken of the:
1 pancreatic duct
2 hepatic ducts
3 common bile duct
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
During an ERCP, an endoscope is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. "Spot"
radiographs are usually taken of the:
1 pancreatic duct
2 hepatic ducts
3 common bile duct
```
1 and 3
145
Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the
lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air?
AP oblique, RPO
AP oblique, LPO
AP, right lateral decubitus
AP, left lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the
lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air?
AP, right lateral decubitus
146
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the:
cecum
ileum
sigmoid
ascending colon
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the:
cecum
147
The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the:
left colic flexure
right colic flexure
sigmoid colon
duodenojejunal flexure
The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the:
right colic flexure
148
The largest gland in the body is the:
liver
spleen
pancreas
duodenum
The largest gland in the body is the:
liver
149
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the:
ileum
pylorus
jejunum
duodenum
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the:
ileum
150
Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
PA
PA oblique, RAO
AP oblique, LPO
AP oblique, RPO
Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile?
PA oblique, RAO
151
The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the:
pyloric portion
duodenojejunal flexure
right colic flexure
descending region
The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the:
duodenojejunal flexure
152
For which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?
sthenic
asthenic
hyposthenic
hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal?
hypersthenic
153
The most common contrast medium used for radiologic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract is:
```
air
carbon dioxide
barium sulfate
watersoluble
iodine
```
The most common contrast medium used for radiologic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract is:
barium sulfate
154
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure?
1 right lateral
2 AP oblique, LPO
3 PA oblique, RAO
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure?
1 right lateral
2 AP oblique, LPO
3 PA oblique, RAO
2 and 3
155
Which of the following describes the function of the spleen?
1 produces glucagon
2 produces lymphocytes
3 stores and removes dead red blood cells
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following describes the function of the spleen?
1 produces glucagon
2 produces lymphocytes
3 stores and removes dead red blood cells
2 and 3
156
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the:
ileocecal valve
ampulla of Vater
pyloric valve
greater duodenal papilla
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the:
ileocecal valve
157
Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area?
1 lateral
2 PA axial
3 AP axial
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area?
1 lateral
2 PA axial
3 AP axial
1, 2, and 3
158
The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to:
produce and secrete bile
produce and secrete insulin
produce and secrete glucagon
produce and secrete digestive juice
The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to:
produce and secrete digestive juice
159
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed:
cholangiography
cholecystography
hepatography
hepatorrhaphy
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed:
cholangiography
160
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?
PA
AP
AP, Trendelenburg's position
AP, R lateral decubitus
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation?
AP, Trendelenburg's position
161
The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the:
ascending colon
descending colon
R colic flexure
transverse colon
The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the:
descending colon
162
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
epigastrium and left hypochondrium
right hypochondrium and epigastrium
right lateral and umbilical
umbilical and left lateral
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver?
right hypochondrium and epigastrium
163
The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions?
3
4
5
8
The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions?
3
164
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the
medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air?
AP oblique, RPO
AP oblique, LPO
AP, right lateral decubitus
AP, left lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the
medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air?
AP, left lateral decubitus
165
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon?
PA oblique, RAO
PA oblique, LAO
PA axial
AP axial
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon?
PA oblique, RAO
166
The space between each of the ribs is called the:
costal cartilage
intercostal spaces
costovertebral joints
costotransverse joints
The space between each of the ribs is called the:
intercostal spaces
167
Which ribs are attached to the vertebrae only?
1 to 7
1 to 10
8 to 12
11 and 12
Which ribs are attached to the vertebrae only?
11 and 12
168
How many ribs attach directly to the sternum?
5
7
10
12
How many ribs attach directly to the sternum?
7
169
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body?
sthenic
asthenic
hyposthenic
hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus will the diaphragm be at the highest level in the body?
hypersthenic
170
The approximate length of the sternum is:
3 inches
4 inches
5 inches
6 inches
The approximate length of the sternum is:
6 inches
171
Which part of the sternum is most inferior?
Manubrium
Head
Body
Xiphoid process
Which part of the sternum is most inferior?
Xiphoid process
172
Which ribs are called the false ribs?
1 to 7
1 to 10
8 to 12
11 and 12
Which ribs are called the false ribs?
8 to 12
173
Where is the IR centered for a PA oblique sternum?
fifth thoracic vertebra
seventh thoracic vertebra
manubrium sterni
jugular notch
Where is the IR centered for a PA oblique sternum?
seventh thoracic vertebra
174
Which breathing techniques can be used when performing an oblique projection of the sternum?
1) Inspiration
2) Expiration
3) Slow, shallow breathing
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which breathing techniques can be used when performing an oblique projection of the sternum?
1) Inspiration
2) Expiration
3) Slow, shallow breathing
2 and 3
175
How far is the top of the 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IR or collimated field placed above the upper
border of the shoulder for projections of the ribs?
1 inch
1.5 inches
2 inches
2.5 inches
How far is the top of the 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IR or collimated field placed above the upper
border of the shoulder for projections of the ribs?
1.5 inches
176
Where is the bottom of the IR positioned for an AP projection of the ribs (below the diaphragm)?
at the xiphoid
at the ASIS
inches above the crest of the ilium
at the iliac crest
Where is the bottom of the IR positioned for an AP projection of the ribs (below the diaphragm)?
at the iliac crest
177
What is the respiration phase for a lateral projection of the sternum?
Suspend at expiration
Suspend at inspiration
Slow, shallow breathing
Suspend respiration
What is the respiration phase for a lateral projection of the sternum?
Suspend at inspiration
178
How are the hands placed for a PA projection of the ribs so that the scapulae are rotated away from
the rib cage?
palm of the hands against the hips
palm of the hands against the midthigh
back of the hands against the hips
back of the hands against the midthigh
How are the hands placed for a PA projection of the ribs so that the scapulae are rotated away from
the rib cage?
palm of the hands against the hips
179
How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum?
Top of the IR is at C7T1
Top of the IR is at T3
Top of the IR is 1.5 inches above the jugular notch
Top of the IR is 2 inches above the jugular notch
How is the IR positioned for a lateral sternum?
Top of the IR is 1.5 inches above the jugular notch
180
Which ribs are called the true ribs?
1 to 7
1 to 10
8 to 12
11 and 12
Which ribs are called the true ribs?
1 to 7
181
Which of the following is the recommended breathing technique that should be used when examining
the ribs that lie above the level of the diaphragm?
Suspended at full inspiration
Suspended at expiration
Suspended respiration
Slow, shallow breathing
Which of the following is the recommended breathing technique that should be used when examining
the ribs that lie above the level of the diaphragm?
Suspended at full inspiration
182
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body
rotation technique)?
10 degrees
20 degrees
10 to 15 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body
rotation technique)?
10 to 15 degrees
183
The total movement of the diaphragm will be less for which type of body habitus?
sthenic
asthenic
hyposthenic
hypersthenic
The total movement of the diaphragm will be less for which type of body habitus?
hypersthenic
184
How much is the body rotated for an AP or PA axillary projection of the ribs?
30 degrees
45 degrees
20 to 30 degrees
35 to 45 degrees
How much is the body rotated for an AP or PA axillary projection of the ribs?
45 degrees
185
Which of the following projections would be used to demonstrate the sternum on a trauma patient
who must remain relatively supine?
AP projection
PA projection, RAO
AP projection, LPO
AP projection, RPO
Which of the following projections would be used to demonstrate the sternum on a trauma patient
who must remain relatively supine?
AP projection, LPO
186
Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?
48 inches
60 inches
72 inches
120 inches
Which SID is recommended for the lateral projection of the sternum for management of magnification?
72 inches
187
How is the head positioned for a PA projection of both sternoclavicular articulations?
on the left side
on the right side
with the forehead and nose on the table
with the midsagittal plane vertical
How is the head positioned for a PA projection of both sternoclavicular articulations?
with the midsagittal plane vertical
188
Where should the patient's hands be positioned for an upright lateral sternum?
locked behind the back
straight down at the side
locked above the head
back of the hands against the thighs
Where should the patient's hands be positioned for an upright lateral sternum?
locked behind the back
189
Where is the top of the IR positioned for an AP oblique projection of the ribs?
at the level of T1
1 inch above the upper border of the shoulder
1.5 inches above the upper border of the shoulder
2 inches above the upper border of the shoulder
Where is the top of the IR positioned for an AP oblique projection of the ribs?
1.5 inches above the upper border of the shoulder
190
Ribs lie in an oblique plane in the thorax. How are the anterior ends situated in comparison to the
posterior ends?
1 inch lower
1 inch higher
3 to 5 inches lower
3 to 5 inches higher
Ribs lie in an oblique plane in the thorax. How are the anterior ends situated in comparison to the
posterior ends?
3 to 5 inches lower
191
The average/normal adult has _____________ ribs?
6
12
18
24
The average/normal adult has _____________ ribs?
24
192
Which of the following is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?
AP, supine
PA, prone
PA oblique, LAO
PA oblique, RAO
Which of the following is the essential projection and body position for demonstration of the sternum?
PA oblique, RAO
193
The centralray
angle for the PA oblique projection of the sternum is:
5 degrees caudad
10 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
Perpendicular
The centralray
angle for the PA oblique projection of the sternum is:
Perpendicular
194
The easily palpable superior border of the manubrium is called the:
body
xiphoid
sternal angle
jugular notch
The easily palpable superior border of the manubrium is called the:
jugular notch
195
When performing the PA oblique projection (body rotation technique) of the sternoclavicular
articulations, which of the joints would be demonstrated?
both joints are demonstrated
the joint closest to the IR
the joint farthest from the IR
both joints—but varies depending on body habitus
When performing the PA oblique projection (body rotation technique) of the sternoclavicular
articulations, which of the joints would be demonstrated?
the joint closest to the IR
196
The centralray
angulation for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body
rotation technique) is:
5 degrees cephalad
7 degrees cephalad
10 degrees cephalad
perpendicular
The centralray
angulation for the PA oblique projection of the sternoclavicular articulation (body
rotation technique) is:
perpendicular
197
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the ribs below the diaphragm?
Suspended respiration
Suspend at full inspiration
Suspend at full expiration
Slow, shallow breathing
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the ribs below the diaphragm?
Suspend at full expiration
198
What is the recommended SID necessary to blur the posterior ribs on a PA oblique projection of the
sternum?
30 inches
40 inches
48 inches
72 inches
What is the recommended SID necessary to blur the posterior ribs on a PA oblique projection of the
sternum?
30 inches
199
Which joints articulate with a vertebra?
1) Costovertebral
2) Costotransverse
3) Costochondral
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which joints articulate with a vertebra?
1) Costovertebral
2) Costotransverse
3) Costochondral
1 and 2
200
The phase of respiration for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:
suspend at expiration
Suspend at inspiration
Suspended respiration
Slow, shallow breathing
The phase of respiration for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints is:
suspend at expiration
201
Which of the following form the bony thorax?
1) Sternum
2) 12 pairs of ribs
3) 12 thoracic vertebrae
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following form the bony thorax?
1) Sternum
2) 12 pairs of ribs
3) 12 thoracic vertebrae
1, 2, and 3
202
To obtain a more uniform density, the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the
sternoclavicular joints is:
Suspended at inspiration
Suspended at expiration
Suspended respiration
Slow, shallow breathing
To obtain a more uniform density, the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the
sternoclavicular joints is:
Suspended at expiration
203
What is the respiration phase for the PA projection of the upper ribs?
suspend at full expiration
suspend at full inspiration
Suspended respiration
Slow, shallow breathing
What is the respiration phase for the PA projection of the upper ribs?
suspend at full inspiration
204
Which position would best demonstrate a fracture in the axillary portion of the ribs?
Oblique
PA
AP
Lateral
Which position would best demonstrate a fracture in the axillary portion of the ribs?
Oblique
205
Which projection and body position will demonstrate the sternum through the heart?
PA oblique, RAO
PA oblique, LAO
AP oblique, RPO
AP oblique, LPO
Which projection and body position will demonstrate the sternum through the heart?
PA oblique, RAO
206
The central ray for a PA projection of the upper ribs is:
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
10 degrees cephalad
12 degrees cephalad
The central ray for a PA projection of the upper ribs is:
0 degrees
207
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of sternoclavicular joints?
second thoracic vertebra
third thoracic vertebra
manubrium sterni
body of the sternum
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a PA projection of sternoclavicular joints?
third thoracic vertebra
208
How much should the body be rotated for a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
10 degrees
20 degrees
5 to 10 degrees
15 to 20 degrees
How much should the body be rotated for a PA oblique projection of the sternum?
15 to 20 degrees
209
Which skull suture is located between the parietal bones?
hyoid
coronal
sagittal
squamosal
Which skull suture is located between the parietal bones?
sagittal
210
Which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial
base?
acanthiomeatal line
orbitomeatal line
infraorbitomeatal line
mentomeatal line
Which line should be placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection of the cranial
base?
infraorbitomeatal line
211
Which parts of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (Caldwell method)?
1 forehead
2 nose
3 chin
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which parts of the patient's face touch the table for a PA axial projection (Caldwell method)?
1 forehead
2 nose
3 chin
1 and 2
212
How many degrees and in which direction should the centralray
be angled for the PA axial
projection, Haas Method of the skull?
15 degrees cephalad
10 degrees cephalad
30 degrees caudad
25 degrees cephalad
How many degrees and in which direction should the centralray
be angled for the PA axial
projection, Haas Method of the skull?
25 degrees cephalad
213
Which plane of the head is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for a lateral projection of the skull?
sagittal
transverse
midsagittal
midcoronal
Which plane of the head is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for a lateral projection of the skull?
midsagittal
214
Which method of examining the skull will demonstrate the petrous ridges in the lowerthird
of
the orbits, the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and the crista galli?
Towne
Caldwell
Schüller
Waters
Which method of examining the skull will demonstrate the petrous ridges in the lowerthird
of
the orbits, the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and the crista galli?
Caldwell
215
All of the following are cranial bones except the:
maxillae
frontal
sphenoid
occipital
All of the following are cranial bones except the:
maxillae
216
If the patient cannot flex the neck to place the orbitomeatal line perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial
(Towne) projection, which line should be placed perpendicular?
acanthiomeatal line
infraorbitomeatal line
glabellomeatal line
mentomeatal line
If the patient cannot flex the neck to place the orbitomeatal line perpendicular to the IR for an AP axial
(Towne) projection, which line should be placed perpendicular?
infraorbitomeatal line
217
The central ray and center of the IR position for a lateral projection of the skull is:
1 inch below the EAM
2 inches below the EAM
1 inch above the EAM
2 inches above the EAM
The central ray and center of the IR position for a lateral projection of the skull is:
2 inches above the EAM
218
Which of the following bones is contained in the floor of the cranium?
1 ethmoid
2 sphenoid
3 temporal
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following bones is contained in the floor of the cranium?
1 ethmoid
2 sphenoid
3 temporal
1, 2, and 3
219
For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray should always be perpendicular to the:
mentomeatal line
orbitomeatal line
infraorbitomeatal line
acanthiomeatal line
For an SMV projection of the cranial base, the central ray should always be perpendicular to the:
infraorbitomeatal line
220
The six areas of incomplete ossification in a newborn infant's skull are called the:
sulci
sutures
diploë
fontanels
The six areas of incomplete ossification in a newborn infant's skull are called the:
fontanels
221
If the infraorbitomeatal line is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial (Towne) projection of
the skull, how much is the central ray angled?
15 degrees caudad
30 degrees caudad
37 degrees caudad
45 degrees caudad
If the infraorbitomeatal line is placed perpendicular to the IR during an AP axial (Towne) projection of
the skull, how much is the central ray angled?
37 degrees caudad
222
Which of the following is true regarding the lateral projection of the skull?
1 the midsagittal plane of the head is parallel to the plane of the IR
2 the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR
3 the mentomeatal line is parallel with the bottom edge of the IR
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is true regarding the lateral projection of the skull?
1 the midsagittal plane of the head is parallel to the plane of the IR
2 the interpupillary line is perpendicular to the IR
3 the mentomeatal line is parallel with the bottom edge of the IR
1 and 2
223
The centralray
angle for the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the skull is:
5 degrees cephalad
10 degrees cephalad
12 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
The centralray
angle for the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the skull is:
15 degrees caudad
224
Which bone has condyles that articulate with the atlas of the cervical spine?
temporal
occipital
parietal
foramen magnum
Which bone has condyles that articulate with the atlas of the cervical spine?
occipital
225
The cranial bones are rigidly jointed together by articulations called:
joints
bursae
sutures
cartilage
The cranial bones are rigidly jointed together by articulations called:
sutures
226
How many bones make up the cranium?
4
6
8
10
How many bones make up the cranium?
8
227
The posterior half of the base of the skull is formed by which bone?
temporal
sphenoid
occipital
parietal
The posterior half of the base of the skull is formed by which bone?
occipital
228
Which bone in the skull contains the auditory organs and the organs of hearing?
temporal
sphenoid
occipital
ethmoid
Which bone in the skull contains the auditory organs and the organs of hearing?
temporal
229
Which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne)
projection?
orbitomeatal line
infraorbitomeatal line
glabellomeatal line
acanthiomeatal line
Which of the following lines is placed perpendicular to the plane of the IR for the AP axial (Towne)
projection?
orbitomeatal line
230
Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method?
Haas
Rhese
Towne
Schüller
Radiographic demonstration of the cranial base is performed by which method?
Schüller
231
How many degrees and in which direction should the centralray
be angled for the PA axial (Caldwell)
projection of the skull?
15 degrees cephalad
10 degrees cephalad
30 degrees caudad
15 degrees caudad
How many degrees and in which direction should the centralray
be angled for the PA axial (Caldwell)
projection of the skull?
15 degrees caudad
232
Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for a PA axial projection of the skull (Caldwell
method). What centralray
angle would be used if the AP axial projection is used instead?
10 degrees caudad
15 degrees cephalad
10 to 15 degrees caudad
10 to 15 degrees cephalad
Often a patient cannot be turned into the prone position for a PA axial projection of the skull (Caldwell
method). What centralray
angle would be used if the AP axial projection is used instead?
15 degrees cephalad
233
What is the average centralray
angulation for the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull?
25 degrees caudad
25 degrees cephalad
30 degrees caudad
30 degrees cephalad
What is the average centralray
angulation for the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull?
25 degrees cephalad
234
Which skull suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones?
sagittal
coronal
squamosal
lambdoidal
Which skull suture is found between the frontal and parietal bones?
coronal
235
```
Which of the following should be seen nearlysuperimposed
on a lateral projection of the skull?
1 orbital roofs
2 external acoustic meatius
3 temporomandibular joints
```
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
```
Which of the following should be seen nearlysuperimposed
on a lateral projection of the skull?
1 orbital roofs
2 external acoustic meatius
3 temporomandibular joints
```
1, 2, and 3
236
The suture located between the occipital bone and the parietal bones is the:
lambdoidal
squamosal
sagittal
corona
The suture located between the occipital bone and the parietal bones is the:
lambdoidal
237
What is the centralray
angulation for the SMV projection?
0 degrees
5 degrees caudad
5 degrees cephalad
5 to 7 degrees cephalad
What is the centralray
angulation for the SMV projection?
0 degrees
238
When positioning the recumbent lateral skull, which is true?
IPL is perpendicular, IOML is parallel to the transverse axis of the cassette
IPL perpendicular, MSP perpendicular
MSP perpendicular, OML perpendicular
IPL parallel, IOML perpendicular
When positioning the recumbent lateral skull, which is true?
IPL is perpendicular, IOML is parallel to the transverse axis of the cassette
239
Which of the following is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial
(Towne) projection of the skull?
1 dorsum sellae
2 sella turcica
3 posterior clinoid processes
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is clearly demonstrated within the foramen magnum during an AP axial
(Towne) projection of the skull?
1 dorsum sellae
2 sella turcica
3 posterior clinoid processes
1 and 3
240
What are the two components of a nephron?
Renal corpuscle and renal capsule
Renal tubule and renal corpuscle
Renal capsule and glomerulus
Renal column and medulla
What are the two components of a nephron?
Renal tubule and renal corpuscle
241
What is the trigone?
The triangular area at bladder base between the three openings
The area between the calyces of the kidneys and the medulla
The outer covering of the kidneys
The junction of the ureter and the urethra
What is the trigone?
The triangular area at bladder base between the three openings
242
Contraindications to compression during excretory urography include:
1. Suprapubic catheter
2. Presence of urinary stones
3. Hypertension
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2, and 3
Contraindications to compression during excretory urography include:
1. Suprapubic catheter
2. Presence of urinary stones
3. Hypertension
1 and 2 only
243
IVU examinations are used to evaluate all of the following, except:
Urolithiasis
Trauma
Pyelonephritis
Post-lithotripsy for kidney function
IVU examinations are used to evaluate all of the following, except:
Post-lithotripsy for kidney function
244
What position is used for the AP oblique projection for cystourethrography of a male patient?
10- to 15-degree posterior oblique
20- to 25-degree posterior oblique
35- to 40-degree posterior oblique
45- to 60-degree posterior oblique
What position is used for the AP oblique projection for cystourethrography of a male patient?
35- to 40-degree posterior oblique
245
Which kidney is placed parallel to the IR in the AP oblique projection, 30-degree RPO position?
Right
Left
Neither; a 45-degree oblique is required for the AP oblique of the kidneys
Which kidney is placed parallel to the IR in the AP oblique projection, 30-degree RPO position?
Left
246
The vaginal end of the uterus is the:
Fundus
Cervix
Isthmus
Body
The vaginal end of the uterus is the:
Cervix
247
The junction of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle forms the:
Ejaculatory duct
Epididymis
Prostate duct
Urethra
The junction of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle forms the:
Ejaculatory duct
248
Hysterosalpingography may be performed to:
Determine size, shape, and position of the uterus and uterine tubes
Delineate lesions such as polyps, submucous tumor masses, or fistulous tracts
Investigate patency of the uterine tubes in patients who are unable to conceive
All of the above
Hysterosalpingography may be performed to:
All of the above
