Final Exam review Flashcards
What is free speech? Ethical speech?
Legally protected speech or speech acts…Ethical speech is people decisions based on their values and moral principles by what they think is right or wrong
What is slander?
False speech that harms someone
Why are “to inform” or “to persuade” ethical goals, while “to coerce” or “to manipulate” are unethical?
because if you are trying to inform or persuade, you are still giving your audience choices
What requirements must be present for evidence and reasoning to be ethical?
they must have a responsible goal, use sound evidence, is sensitive and tolerant to differences, honest, and avoids plagiarism
What is accommodation, and why is it important?
This means that your are sensitive to the needs and feelings of others who are listening..it is important to avoid bias and remain ethical
What is plagiarism, and what are some examples of it?
Plagiarism is using someone else’s words or ideas as if they were your own..using a commencement speech that was previously used, buying a paper to submit, copying directly off of Wikipedia
what is Plagiaphrasing?
plagiarism that is not word for word, but the ideas that are used is still the same
What types of information, ideas, etc. should a speaker give credit for?
Direct quotations, opinions, statistics, nonoriginal visual materials, graphs, or pics
What is an oral citation, and can you provide an example of one?
A citation that is given orally in a speech. You do this by giving information about the source like the author, title, and year of publication
What is ethos, and why is it important?
ethos demonstrates your credibility through your sources
What are the main sources of supporting material?
Personal knowledge, the internet, online databases, traditional library holdings, and interviews
What are the six criteria for evaluating a website, and how might they be applied to various types of websites?
Accountability (who is responsible for the site), Accuracy(is the info correct), Objectivity(is the site free of bias), Timeliness,(is the site current) Usability, Diversity
How does a database differ from the internet at large, or from search engines?
often times you will need to go to the library to access these as they are restricted
What are some of the traditional holdings available in the library?
dictionaries, directories, atlases, almanacs, yearbooks, and encyclopedias
What are the steps in conducting research?
Develop a preliminary bibliography, locate resources, assess the usefulness of resources, take notes, identify possible presentation aids
what is preliminary bibliography
A list of potential resources to be used in preparation of a speech
What are the types of supporting material one might use in a speech?
Illustrations, descriptions and explanations, and definitions
Illustration
A story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem a speaker is discussing
hypothetical illustration
an example that might happen but has not yet happened
What makes illustration effective?
It almost always guarantees audience interest by appealing to their emotions
what makes descriptions and explanations effective?
This allows the audience to develop a mental picture of what the speaker is talking about
What makes definitions effective?
This shows how a specific thing works or how it is applied in a specific instance
definition by classification
constructed by both placing a term in the general class to which it belongs and differentiating it from all the other terms that are in that class
operational definition
explaining how something works or what it does…speaker uses it to clarify what it is to the audience
What are the two types of analogies?
Figurative and Literal
Figurative analogy
two things that are different but share a common feature
literal analogy
a comparison between two similar things
What are the guidelines for using statistics correctly in a speech?
Make the statistics understandable and memorable, use reliable sources, use authoritative sources, use unbiased sources
What are the two types of opinions?
Lay testimony and expert testimony
Expert testimony
an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on a subject (a national cancer institute source on the issue of cancer)
Lay Testimony
An opinion given by a non expert but has firsthand experience. (someone who is estimating damage of a fire that she was in, but isn’t an expert)
How do you determine which supporting material is best to use in your speech?
There are six things to determine from. Magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, and suitability
What pet peeves do teachers have about ineffective introductions and conclusions
ending a speech with thank you, ending a speech with “are they any questions?, beginning with “ok,” etc
What are the main functions of an introduction?
- ) get the audiences attention
- ) give the audience a reason to listen
- ) introduce the subject
- ) establish your credibility
- ) preview your main ideas
What are the different ways to introduce a speech?
quotations, humor, questions, references, illustrations
What factors make humor effective in an introduction?
if the topic is appropriate for a little humor..if it is a serious topic…probably not the best idea
What is a rhetorical question?
A question that is intended to provide thought rather than a genuine response
What are the purposes of conclusions?
To summarize the speech and provide closure
How might a speaker provide closure to the speech?
By motivating the audience to respond, or use verbal or nonverbal cues to signal the end of the speech
What specific strategies are effective in conclusions?
same as the intro..quotations, personal references, illustrations
oral language styles vs written language styles
oral is more personal, written usually sounds much more serious and formal, oral style is more repetitive
written style is
less personal
no interaction between writer and reader
more formal
less repetitive
oral style is
more personal
less formal
more repetitive
how can a speaker use words effectively for their audience (6 ways)
- repeating
- contradicting
- substituting
- complementing
- emphasizing
- Regulating
connotation
The meaning listeners associate a word based on their experience (not the literal meaning of a word)
denotation
The literal meaning of a word
How does a speaker adapt their language style to their listeners?
use language that is understandable, appropriate, and unbiased
ethnic vernacular
A variety of English that includes words and phrases used by a specific ethnic group (speaking two languages in one)
Regionalisms
words or phrases used uniquely by speakers in one part of a country
jargon
slang for a specific hobby or profession (buzzin)
What is considered unbiased language?
not having a bias toward any sex, ethnicity, or anything like that
How can a speaker create memorable word structures?
speakers can do this by using metaphor, simile, personification, etc. memorable word structures allow there to be a specific sound bite that sums a lot of stuff up
What are figures of speech, and what kinds might you use in a speech?
Figure of speech is language that deviates from the ordinary to make a word more vivid or memorable. you could use simile, metaphor, personification, etc.
How can a speaker create drama in a speech?
by using omission, inversion, and suspension
What is cadence, and what are the ways speakers might employ it in a speech?
Cadence is the rhythm of a speech. Speakers can use it through repetition, parallelism, and antithesis
Parallelism
Use of the same grammatical pattern for two or more phrases
repetition
use of a key word or phrase more than once for emphasis
antithesis
using the same structure in a two part structure. “Our mission is not to be ministered, but to minister ourselves”
What is non verbal communication
Communication other than written or spoken language that creates meaning…this includes eye contact, vocal quality, and facial expression
nonverbal expectancy theory
A theory that says that if the way that listeners expect to get the information is violated, they are less likely to favor the message
What are the differences between manuscript speaking, memorized speaking, impromptu speaking, and extemporaneous speaking?
Manuscript speaking: reading a speech from a written text
memorized speaking: delivering speech word for word without using notes
impromptu speaking: delivering speech on the spot
extemporaneous speaking: speaking from a written or memorized speech outline without having memorized the exact wording of a speech
What should an impromptu speaker do in order to be effective?
consider your audience, be brief, organize, speak honestly, and be cautious
What are the stages of developing an extemporaneous speech?
Early rehearsal, later rehearsal, final rehearsal
What are the main characteristics of effective delivery?
eye contact, gestures, movement, facial expression, vocal delivery
articulation
production of clear and distinct sounds
dialect
consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group
pronunciation
the use of sounds to form words clearly and accurately
What are pitch, rate, and pauses, and how do they affect a speech?
pitch: How high or low your voice is
rate: how fast you talk
Pauses: a rightly timed pause is very effective..This all affects the smoothness of a speech
What are some tips the books suggests for rehearsing a speech?
Time your speech, rehearse standing up, present to someone else, etc.
How does a speaker respond to questions?
anticipate questions that will be coming, when you don’t know admit it, be brief, use organizational signposts
What is persuasion?
The process of changing or reinforcing a listeners attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior
In what circumstances might a speaker want to reinforce rather than change beliefs, values, or attitudes
reinforcing attitudes: this is persuading to favor or not favor something they should or shouldn’t want
beliefs: this is trying to persuade by evidence
values: these are the most engrained into our minds..hardest to change these
logos
this refers to logic used to reach a conclusion
ethos
This covers speakers credibility
pathos
This covers a humans emotion
what are the direct and indirect routes of persuasion?
direct routes consists of audience members hearing direct evidence and arguments while indirect persuasion occurs as a result of the emotional appeals..people are less likely to realize why they are persuaded with the indirect routes
How can cognitive dissonance motivate listeners?
Cognitive dissonance is what prompts a person to change thought patterns when they hear a new piece of information. (speaker says that smoking cigs is bad, but you smoke cigs)
How do listeners cope with dissonance?
Either they will stop doing what they are doing that is bad, or they will pretend like the speech never happened
What are Maslow’s levels of motivational needs?
Self actualization, self esteem, social, safety, Physiological
How can a speaker motivate positively?
by emphasizing benefits, not just features
How can a speaker motivate negatively
by using fear appeals
What are the steps in developing a persuasive speech?
select and narrow topic, determine purpose, develop central idea, generate main ideas, gather supporting material, organize speech, rehearse speech, deliver speech
What is social judgment theory
A theory that a speech falls into three categories for people. 1.) latitude of acceptance 2.) latitude of rejection 3.) latitude of non commitment
fact vs value vs policy
fact: focuses on whether something is true or false or whether it did or did not happen
value: calls for listener to judge the worth or importance of something
policy: advocates a change in a policy, procedure, or behavior
what is creditability
there are three phases, and each is suppose to show how a speaker gets there sources
what are the three elements of creditability?
Initial, derived, and terminal
Initial creditability
the listeners original thought when they see you before you’ve even spoke
derived creditability
The perception of a speaker’s creditability during the speech
terminal creditability
The final impression that the listeners have upon the speaker once there speech is complete
What’s the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
inductive reasoning: This is reasoning that uses examples to reach a general conclusion
deductive reasoning: Reasoning that moves from a general statement of principle to a specific conclusion
What is reasoning by analogy?
This reasoning compares one thing with another to predict how something will perform and respond….(no texting and driving has cut down on deaths in Missouri, so Wisco should have that law too)
What is a syllogism, and what are its parts?
A three part argument that consists of a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
What is causal reasoning?
Reasoning in which two or more events leads you to conclude that one of the events caused the others.
What kinds of evidence might a speaker use?
Facts, examples, opinions, stats
What are the criteria we can use to judge whether evidence is effective
use credible evidence, new evidence, specific evidence, and have it be diverse to the audience
What is a fallacy, and what are the common fallacies addressed in the book?
False reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or arguments…common fallacy’s: causal, bandwagon, either/or
emotional response theory
feeling pleasure, arousal, or dominance.
What is a non sequitur?
Latin for “it does not follow” which is an idea or conclusion that does not logically relate to the previous idea
What are some of the ethical concerns that might arise in the use of emotion?
a speaker must make sure they do not make false claims, misuse evidence to arouse emotions, or rely only on emotions without offering evidence to support a conclusion
receptive audience
a receptive audience is an audience that already supports you..this allows you to go into greater depth with your topic
neutral audience
This is where the majority of the audiences will be..they haven’t made up there minds on you so your challenge is to interest them in your message.
unreceptive audience
this is when you try to persuade audience members who are against your message..strategies include not announcing that you want to change their minds, begin by noting agreement between disagreement, and establishing creditability
