Final exam review Flashcards
Scientists work to avoid bias is by using which of the following? (choose all that apply)
-qualitative measurements whenever possible
-subjective evidence
-objective evidence
-quantitative measurements whenever possible
-objective evidence
-quantitative measurements whenever possible
Science is more than just a body of knowledge. Scientists do which of the following? (choose all that apply)
-evaluate and create new knowledge with bias
-use subjective evidence over objective evidence to reach logical conclusions
-use objective evidence over subjective evidence to reach logical conclusions
-evaluate and create new knowledge without bias
-use objective evidence over subjective evidence to reach logical conclusions
-evaluate and create new knowledge without bias
An explanation that cannot be tested or does not meet scientific standards is considered
-paganism
-pseudoscience
-science
-falsifiable
pseudoscience
Which of the following is an objective statement?
-I observed rain yesterday
-Geology is an important science
-Green cupcakes always taste better
-Everyone should take a geology class
-My father is a good man
I observed rain yesterday
Why is science normally a slow process?
-The process of weeding out misinformation and verifying results takes time.
-Because their work is intense, scientists require lengthy vacations.
-Arguing with pseudoscientists consumes scientists.
-Scientific meetings are usually drawn out arguments.
-All experiments take a long time to complete.
The process of weeding out misinformation and verifying results takes time.
In the scientific method, which of these steps would normally follow experimentation and sharing of results? (choose all that apply)
-Hypothesis creation
-Observation
-Hypothesis development
-Peer review
-Theory development
-Hypothesis creation
-Observation
-Hypothesis development
-Peer review
Which of the following best matches the word theory?
-A concept widely tested and accepted
-An idea whose experimental results agree with the hypothesis
-An idea based on observations
-A conclusion subjected to peer review
-An idea undergoing experimentation
A concept widely tested and accepted
What evidence was found by Galileo that proved the Earth could not be the center of the universe?
-Moons orbiting around Jupiter
-Orbit of Saturn
-Comet return time
-Asteroid belt
-Craters on the moon
Moons orbiting around Jupiter
The idea that the Sun was the center of the Solar System was first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 and is known as the ______.
- Suncentric model
- Heliocentric model
- Geocentric model
- Solar Orbital model
Heliocentric model
What simple scientific technique did geologists like Hutton, Steno, and Lyell use to draw fundamental geologic conclusions?
-Performing experiments to replicate the rock record
-Digging underground to observe three-dimensional structures
-Studying gems and metal deposits to understand their geology
-Comparing ancient rocks/fossils to modern counterparts
-Analyzing the chemistry of the rock record
Comparing ancient rocks/fossils to modern counterparts
Which layer of the Earth is liquid?
-Asthenosphere
-Outer core
-Mantle
-Inner core
-Lithosphere
Outer core
Science deniers commonly use three rhetorical arguments. What is the one they don’t generally use?
-Attack the scientists personally
-Present alternative scientific data to disprove scientific conclusions
-Claim the scientific methods are flawed
-Demand equal time for “balanced” view
Present alternative scientific data to disprove scientific conclusions
What paradigm shift in geology most changed the way geologists look at the world?
-Deep time
-Evolution
-Plate tectonics
-Uniformitarianism
-Extinction
Plate tectonics
How did scientists first figure out plates could sink into the interior of the planet, since no one can see this happening?
-Isostasy states that as mountains move upwards, land must also sink elsewhere
-Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches
-Earthquake waves mapped the liquid interior of Earth and showed movement
-It was an inference based on expansion around mid-ocean ridges
-Measurements via GPS showed ocean basins closing rapidly
Lines of progressively-deeper earthquakes near arcs and trenches
Which layer of the Earth can move internally or flow to allow the plates to move around on it?
-Lithosphere
-Outer core
-Inner core
-Mantle
-Asthenosphere
Asthenosphere
What feature is associated with crustal divergence?
-Volcanic arc
-Largest earthquakes
-Trench
-Mid-ocean ridge
-Tsunamis
Mid-ocean ridge
Why do continents generally not subduct?
-Continents are too low in density to subduct
-Continents are too strongly attached to ocean plates to subduct
-Ocean plates move faster and do not allow continents to subduct
-Continents are too ductile to subduct
-Continents are pushed up by mantle convection, preventing subduction
Continents are too low in density to subduct
Examine the image. It shows ________, a freshwater reptile whose fossils Alfred Wegener cited as evidence of continental drift.
-Lystrosaurus
-Glossopteris
-Tyrannosaurus
-Mesosaurus
Mesosaurus
Other than midocean ridges, where on Earth can a person view the best example of current (active) rifting?
-Mariana Trench
-East Africa
-Japan
-Andes
-Central Australia
East Africa
What famous transform fault is known for being the boundary between the Pacific Plate and North American Plate in California?
-Garlock fault
-Altyn Tagh fault
-Alpine fault
-Denali fault
-San Andreas fault
San Andreas fault
The ________ is a layer in Earth’s interior that is in a liquid state.
-crust
-mantle
-outer core
-inner core
outer core
What makes the Hawaiian hot spot different than the Yellowstone hot spot?
-Yellowstone’s higher elevation
-Different types of tectonic plates
-Different type of mantle below
-Yellowstone is colder
-Hawaii has more places for magma to come up
Different types of tectonic plates
What features or processes are common in hot spots?
-Volcanism
-Earthquakes
-Trenches
-Rifts
-Arcs
Volcanism
Which plate boundary has the largest and deepest earthquakes?
-Divergent rift
-Subduction
-Mid-ocean ridge
-Transform
-Collisional
Subduction
Why did Alfred Wegener never get the support of the scientific community for his hypothesis of continental drift during his lifetime?
-He could not provide a mechanism for how continents moved is a measure of how much energy is released by the earthquake, but magnitude is a rough measure of local shaking.
-GPS had not been invented yet to show movement
-He could not disprove the idea of land bridges
-He had no evidence for his idea
-He had an abrasive personality which made people not support him
He could not provide a mechanism for how continents moved is a measure of how much energy is released by the earthquake, but magnitude is a rough measure of local shaking.
We are not able to get rocks from deep within the Earth. What is the most direct source of information that allows us to draw conclusions about the interior?
-Volcanic eruptions
-Seismic waves
-Gas measurements
-Diamond inclusions
-Drilling
Seismic waves
Which the following are the positively charged particles in an atom’s nucleus?
-electrons
-protons
-neutrons
-ions
protons
Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called ________.
-isotopes
-isochrons
-neutrons
-ions
ions
All of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of ________.
-electrons in the nucleus
-neutrons in the outer nuclear shell
-protons in the nucleus
-electrons in the outermost valence shell
protons in the nucleus
Minerals have a crystalline structure. What does this mean?
-That the atoms are arranged in random order but definite chemical composition.
-That the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner.
-That the minerals are generally inorganic and not made from life.
-That the minerals have a definite chemical composition and are made of the same elements.
-That all minerals form beautiful, visible crystals in the right conditions.
That the atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner.
Which of the following is considered to make up a mineral or minerals?
-A lab-grown diamond
-A fossil baby tooth
-Your baby tooth
-A lump of coal
-Glass
A fossil baby tooth
When a positively-charged sodium ion is chemically bonded with a negatively-charged chlorine ion to make sodium chloride (i.e. the mineral halite), this is an example of _____.
-ionic bonding
-covalent bonding
-isotopic annealing
-metallic bonds
-isotopic annealing
ionic bonding
What is the most common mineral formed by life?
-Quartz
-Apatite
-Dolomite
-Calcite
-None - Animals can’t make minerals
Calcite
When a mineral precipitates from solution, it ____________.
-shrinks in size
-evaporates from a lake
-crystallizes into a crystal
-breaks into pieces
-seeps into the ground
crystallizes into a crystal
Why are only some minerals found as native minerals? For example, iron and aluminum are almost never found as native elements in nature.
-Earth is too hot for aluminum/iron to occur as natives
-Most elements are too reactive to occur in native form
-Native aluminum/iron only forms in the core
-Earth is too cold for most elements to form natives
-The native minerals formed at the birth of the Earth
Most elements are too reactive to occur in native form
Regarding the Mohs Hardness Scale table, if a mineral scratches the copper penny but NOT the glass plate, then the hardness is around ____.
-7.5
-3
-4.5
-6
-1
4.5
What are the two (2) most abundant elements in Earth’s crust?
-Silicon (Si) & Oxygen (O)
-Carbon (C) & Hydrogen (H)
-Iron (Fe) & Aluminum (Al)
-Silver (Ag) & Gold (Au)
-Carbon (C) & Oxygen
Silicon (Si) & Oxygen (O)
Where do igneous rocks with a coarse-grained (phaneritic) texture form?
-deep under the surface.
-on top of the surface.
-close to the surface but also just below it.
-Submarine lava flows.
-on top of the surface after being ejected into the air.
deep under the surface.
A basaltic intrusion that cuts across layers of sedimentary rocks is called a _______.
-laccolith
-stock
-batholith
-sill
-dike
dike
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents (black smokers) are most commonly located at what plate boundary?
-convergent boundaries with subduction zones
-divergent boundaries of the East African Rift
-divergent boundaries of the mid-ocean ridge
-convergent boundaries with oceanic to oceanic plate subduction
divergent boundaries of the mid-ocean ridge
The largest type of volcano is called a _______ volcano and is characterized by broad, low-angle flanks, a small vent or groups of vents at the top, and basaltic magma.
-lava dome
-stratovolcano (composite cone)
-shield volcano
-caldera
-cinder cone
shield volcano
A _______ volcano has steep flanks, symmetrical cone shapes, distinct crater at the top, and a silica-rich magma that results in an explosive eruption style.
-flood basalt
-cinder cone
-caldera
-shield volcano
-stratovolcano (or composite volcano)
stratovolcano (or composite volcano)
What kind of volcanoes make up the Hawaiian Island Chain?
-cinder cones
-calderas
-lava domes
-stratovolcanoes
-shield volcanoes
shield volcanoes
Most volcanoes on the sea floor erupt ________.
-Quietly with basaltic magma
-Explosively with basaltic magma
-Quietly with felsic magma
-Explosively with felsic magma
-As cinder cones
Quietly with basaltic magma
What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
-Weathering describes how rocks breakdown into smaller pieces, while erosion is the physical removal of those pieces to another location.
-Weathering describes the physical removal of sediments from one place to another, while erosion is the chemical breakdown that forms those sediments.
-Weathering describes the physical removal of sediments from one place to another, while erosion is the physical breakdown that forms those sediments.
-Weathering describes how weather (such as rain and temperature) affects the rocks, while erosion is the physical deposition of sediment into a river.
-Weathering is when oxygen attacks the rock, while erosion is when water freezes in the cracks causing the rocks to break apart into smaller pieces.
Weathering describes how rocks breakdown into smaller pieces, while erosion is the physical removal of those pieces to another location.
How do chemical and mechanical weathering work together to create sediment?
-Chemical weathering adds strength to mechanical weathering
-Chemical weathering creates surfaces for mechanical weathering to take place
-Mechanical weathering adds strength to chemical weathering
-Mechanical weathering creates surfaces for chemical weathering to take place
-Chemical weathering adds speed to mechanical weathering
Mechanical weathering creates surfaces for chemical weathering to take place
Which of the following is a biochemical sedimentary rock?
-Shale
-Fossiliferous sandstone
-Banded iron formation
-Coquina
-Coal
Coquina
What story does a sedimentary rock tell you?
-Number of organisms present
-Ideas about temperature in the past
-Types of volcanoes present
-Ideas about ancient landscapes
-Volume of the river that made them
Ideas about ancient landscapes
Which of the following is NOT part of the process of diagenesis and lithification of sediment into sedimentary rock?
-Crystallization
-Cementation
-Compaction
-Deposition
-Melting
Melting
What are the three agents of metamorphism?
-differential pressure, deep-sea smokers, and hydrothermal vents
-temperature, magma, and sediments
-differential pressure, confining pressure, and lithostatic pressure
-differential pressure, heat, and temperature
-temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids
temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids
Which sequence list shows metamorphic rocks in order from from low-grade to high-grade?
-schist→slate→gneiss→phyllite
-gneiss→schist→phyllite→slate
-phyllite→slate→schist→gneiss
-slate→phyllite→gneiss→schist
-slate→phyllite→schist→gneiss
slate→phyllite→schist→gneiss
What is the difference between heat and temperature?
-Heat is a constant quantity; temperature depends on the age of the rock
-Heat is produced by solar energy; temperature is produced by radioactivity
-Heat is produced by radioactivity; temperature is produced by solar energy
-Heat is measured by a thermometer; temperature is measured by a heat meter
-Heat is thermal energy; temperature is vibrational (kinetic) energy of atoms
Heat is thermal energy; temperature is vibrational (kinetic) energy of atoms
What is metamorphism?
-Previously existing rock changes in composition and texture
-Mineral grains are cemented into solid rock
-Dissolution or melting of low temperature minerals
-Layering of mineral grains
-Changing from a larva to a full-grown adult
Previously existing rock changes in composition and texture
Which type of unconformity is usually easy to spot, since sedimentary layers were deposited on top of non-layered crystalline rock?
-Nonconformity
-Disconformity
-Angular unconformity
-Paraconformity
Nonconformity
