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Geology 1301 > Exam 2 Chapters 6-10 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Chapters 6-10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of differential stress (pressure) on rocks?

-causes mineral crystals to align parallel to each other.
-causes new minerals to grow randomly in the protolith.
-causes mineral crystals to dissolve perpendicular to the stress.
-causes the rocks to partially erode.
-makes the rock become unrecognizable.

A

causes mineral crystals to align parallel to each other.

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2
Q

What are the three agents of metamorphism?

-differential pressure, deep-sea smokers, and hydrothermal vents
-temperature, magma, and sediments
-differential pressure, confining pressure, and lithostatic pressure
-differential pressure, heat, and temperature
-temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids

A

temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids

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3
Q

Match the parent rock (protolith) on the left with the metamorphic rock on the right.
-shale
-siltstone
-granitic rocks
-coal
-quartz sandstone
-limestone

A

-slate
-phyllite
-gneiss
-anthracite coal
quartzite
marble

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4
Q

Which sequence list shows metamorphic rocks in order from from low-grade to high-grade?

-schist→slate→gneiss→phyllite
-gneiss→schist→phyllite→slate
-phyllite→slate→schist→gneiss
-slate→phyllite→gneiss→schist
-slate→phyllite→schist→gneiss

A

slate→phyllite→schist→gneiss

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5
Q

When magma intrudes pre-existing country rock, the rock will be cooked by the magma. This metamorphic process is called _____.

-contact metamorphism
-shock metamorphism
-burial metamorphism
-regional metamorphism

A

contact metamorphism

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6
Q

What is the difference between heat and temperature?

-Heat is a constant quantity; temperature depends on the age of the rock
-Heat is produced by solar energy; temperature is produced by radioactivity
-Heat is produced by radioactivity; temperature is produced by solar energy
-Heat is measured by a thermometer; temperature is measured by a heat meter
-Heat is thermal energy; temperature is vibrational (kinetic) energy of atoms

A

Heat is thermal energy; temperature is vibrational (kinetic) energy of atoms

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7
Q

What is metamorphism?

-Previously existing rock changes in composition and texture
-Mineral grains are cemented into solid rock
-Dissolution or melting of low temperature minerals
-Layering of mineral grains
-Changing from a larva to a full-grown adult

A

Previously existing rock changes in composition and texture

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8
Q

Match the statement on the left with the correct term or phrase on the right.

-the process of determining if one rock or geologic event is older or younger than another, without knowing their specific ages—i.e., how many years ago the object was formed
-Idea championed by James Hutton that the present is the key to the past, meaning the physical laws and processes that existed and operated in the past still exist and operate today.
-the study of layered sedimentary rocks.
-In an otherwise undisturbed sequence of sedimentary strata, or rock layers, the layers on the bottom are the oldest and layers above them are younger
-Layers of rocks deposited from above, such as sediments and lava flows, are originally laid down horizontally
-Layered rocks can be assumed to continue if interrupted within its area of deposition.
-A geologic object can not be altered until it exists, meaning, the change to the object must be younger than the object itself.
-When one rock formation contains pieces or inclusions of another rock, the included rock is older than the host rock.
-Evolution has produced a succession of unique fossils that correlate to the units of the geologic time scale
-Missing time in the rock record, either because of a lack of deposition and/or erosion.

A

-relative dating
-uniformitarianism
-stratigraphy
-principle of superposition
-principle of original horizontally
-prinicple of lateral continuity
-prinicple of cross cutting relationships
-principle of fossil succession
-unconformity

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9
Q

Which type of unconformity is usually easy to spot, since sedimentary layers were deposited on top of non-layered crystalline rock?

-Nonconformity
-Disconformity
-Angular unconformity
-Paraconformity

A

Nonconformity

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10
Q

Which kind of unconformity is probably the hardest to recognize among layered rocks because the rock strata above and below the erosional surface are parallel to each other?

-Paraconformity
-Disconformity
-Non-conformity
-Angular unconformity

A

Disconformity

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11
Q

What materials were used to determine the age of the Earth?

-Gneisses from the continental shields
-Meteorites
-Samples of the oceanic crust from the Northwest Pacific sea floor
-Zircons from Australia
-Rock samples from the outer core

A

Meteorites

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12
Q

Which best describes half life?

-Half of the time from the end of a radioactive sample being destroyed
-Half of the time between decay events
-Time for half of a radioactive isotope to decay
-Time for half of a single radioactive atom to decay
-Half of the time for an atom to decay

A

Time for half of a radioactive isotope to decay

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13
Q

Which mineral among those listed is most commonly used for dating very old rocks?

-Diamond
-Amphibole
-Zircon
-Quartz

A

Zircon

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14
Q

Which of these divisions of geologic time is the longest?

-Age
-Era
-Eon
-Epoch
-Period

A

Eon

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15
Q

Which of the following is the best way of correlating sedimentary rocks over wide distances even intercontinentally?

-Radiometric age
-Topographic expression
-Index fossils and fossil assemblages
-Rock descriptions
-Magmatic characteristics

A

Index fossils and fossil assemblages

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16
Q

The Precambrian represents what fraction of earth history?

-1%
-12%
-50%
-88%
-99%

A

88%

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17
Q

When mineral “X” originally formed in a granite, there was 100% of the unstable radiometric parent material and 0% of the stable daughter material.

The mineral is tested in a lab and there is only 25% of the parent radiometric isotope still remaining.

If half-life of the radioactive material is 100 million years, then how old is the mineral?

-Can’t be determined from the information given
-50 million years
-400 million years
-200 million years
-100 million years

A

200 million years

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18
Q

The passage of time represented by the Geologic Time Scale is continuous. What do we call it when rocks that could represent some geologic activity in an area are missing in that area?

-non-deposition
-regional faulting
-subduction
-regional metamorphism
-unconformity

A

unconformity

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19
Q

The left column lists the types of stress. Match these with the associated plate boundaries in the right column.

-Tensional
-Compressional
-Shear

A

-Divergent
-Convergent
-Transform

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20
Q

Folds (anticlines and synclines) are produced by______.

-Volcanism
-Erosion
-Tectonic shear
-Tectonic compression
-Tectonic extension

A

Tectonic compression

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21
Q

Which type of fold would be the most likely to trap oil and gas at its axis? (Oil and gas rise and float on groundwater.)

-Monocline
-Basin
-Anticline
-Syncline

A

Anticline

22
Q

Match the type of fault in the right column with its explanation in the left column.

-Which fault type would be most prominent at a transform plate boundary?
-Which fault type is the result of compression?
-In which type of fault does the hanging wall move down relative to the footwall?
-In which type of fault does the hanging wall move up relative to the footwall?

A

-Strike-slip
-Reverse/thrust
-Normal
-Reverse/thrust

23
Q

Which seismic wave type is most damaging?

-P
-Love
-Body
-S

A

Love

24
Q

Which seismic wave type travels the fastest?

-Surface
-S
-P
-Love

A

P

25
Q

What is the focus of an earthquake?

-Where the seismic energy of the earthquake is concentrated
-The spot on the earth’s surface directly above where the rock rupture occurs
-Where the direct seismic waves combine with the waves reflecting from the earth’s core
-Where the actual rupture of rock occurs in the subsurface producing the earthquake
-The place with the most damage and/or highest toll of human injury

A

Where the actual rupture of rock occurs in the subsurface producing the earthquake

26
Q

In the video demonstrating the tsunami from the 9.5 magnitude Valdivia, Chile 1960 earthquake, how long did it take for the tsunami wave to reach the Japanese Islands (western Pacific coastlines).
-15 hours
-50 hours
-25 hours
-30 hours

A

30 hours

27
Q

Where was the largest earthquake ever recorded?

-2010 Haiti
-1964 Alaska
-1989 Loma Prieta
-1868 Charleston
-1960 Valdivia Chile

A

1960 Valdivia Chile

28
Q

Which earthquake killed over 200,000 people as a result of the subsequent tsunami?

-2011 Tohoku
-1876 Lone Pine
-2004 Indian Ocean
-1989 Loma Prieta
-1964 Good Friday

A

2004 Indian Ocean

29
Q

Where on earth are strike-slip faults most common?

-Inside collision zones like the Himalaya
-The Wasatch Mountains of Utah and the Basin and Range Province
-Fracture zones adjacent to midocean ridges
-Southern California

A

Fracture zones adjacent to midocean ridges

30
Q

Match the terms on the right with the statements or descriptions on the left.

-The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water in the Earth’s
-the process by which a liquid is converted to a gas is
-Plants contribute significant amounts of water vapor as a byproduct of photosynthesis called
-Water droplets inside clouds collide and stick together, growing into larger droplets. Once the water droplets become big enough, they fall to Earth as rain, snow, hail, or sleet and are described in the general term of
-Once water in any form has reached Earth’s surface, it can evaporate or flow as [ ] into streams, lakes, and eventually back to the oceans.
-Water that is below the surface.

A

-atmosphere
-evaporation
-transpiration
-precipitation
-runoff
-groundwater

31
Q

What drives the water cycle?

-Solar energy
-Evaporation
-Precipitation
-Atmospheric pressure
-Tides

A

Solar energy

32
Q

Which process is not a part of the water cycle?

-precipitation
-infiltration
-freezing
-runoff
-evaporation

A

freezing

33
Q

What are ephemeral streams?

-do not form deltas
-are dry much of the year
-end in closed (endorheic) basins
-freeze during the wintertime
-carry especially salty water

A

are dry much of the year

34
Q

The areas from which streams collect water are separated into ______________, the borders of which are defined by local topographic highs.

-Stream mouths
-Tributary streams
-Dry washes
-Drainage basins
-Discharge segments

A

Drainage basins

35
Q

What percentage of freshwater is groundwater?

-About 30.1%
-About 0.002%
-About 1.2%
-About 3.5%
-About 60.5%

A

About 30.1%

36
Q

In the United States, what does the 100th meridian do?

-The 100th meridian separates regions where wells flow without pumping from those that require expensive pumps.
-The 100th meridian is the main drainage divide.
-The 100th meridian runs down the Mississippi River valley.
-The 100th meridian is where the compass points to true north.
-The 100th meridian divides the more humid east from the drier west.

A

The 100th meridian divides the more humid east from the drier west.

37
Q

What percentage of Earth’s surface water is fresh water?

-About 3.5%
-About 1.2%
-About 50%
-About 50%
-About 10.2%

A

About 1.2%

38
Q

Match the terms on the right side with the statements on the left side.

-Sediments that are large and dense, typically sits on the bottom of stream channels, and is only moved with higher-speed flows.
-The process by which silt and sand is lifted from the bed and transported for short distances.
-Bedload sediments that can be carried by higher-velocity flows
-the total of the ions in solution from chemical weathering, and not affected by flow velocity
-Streams transport
-Pieces of rock that have been weathered and possibly eroded.
-the ultimate depositional basins for all water on continents

A

-bedload
-saltation
-suspended load
-dissolved load
-sediment
-sediment
-ocean

39
Q

Entrenched meanders on streams like the Colorado or San Juan flowing on the Colorado Plateau in Utah are a result of _______________?

-Sinuous faulting patterns in sandstone formations
-Lower discharge in dry climates
-Tectonic elevation of the Colorado Plateau
-Higher steam velocity because of high mountains

A

Tectonic elevation of the Colorado Plateau

40
Q

When a stream enters a lake or ocean, the stream velocity slows. What would you expect to happen to the bedload and suspended load? What landform would this create?

-The stream would gain energy to form an alluvial fan.
-The stream would lose energy and drop its sediments forming a delta.
-The stream would lose energy and actively erode as a delta.
-The stream would dry up and form a playa.
-The stream would gain energy and actively erode as a cut bank.

A

The stream would lose energy and drop its sediments forming a delta.

41
Q

Match the statements or descriptions on the left with terms on the right.

-an important source of freshwater. It can be found at varying depths in all places under the ground, but is limited by extractable quantity and quality
-a rock unit that contains extractable ground water
-The ability for a fluid to travel between pores, or, how connected the pores are within a rock or sediment
-Amount of empty space within a rock or sediment, including space between grains, fractures, or voids.
-the area below which the pores are fully saturated with water.
-A place where pressurized groundwater flows onto the surface.

A

-groundwater
-aquifer
-permeability
-porosity
-water table
-spring

42
Q

Carbonic acid is present in all precipitation. It forms there because:

-a reaction occurs with sulfuric acid dissolves in clouds producing acid rain.
-there are many sources of carbon, from all sorts of industrial operations that cause pollution.
-water which dissolved and then evaporated from caverns reacts with the limestone to produce a weak acid.
-CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves in water droplets in clouds from which precipitation falls.
-car exhaust interacts with atmospheric moisture to produce it.

A

CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves in water droplets in clouds from which precipitation falls.

43
Q

Why do travertine deposits form on cave walls?

-Water entering a cave loses its CO2 and becomes nonacidic.
-The empty space in the chamber gives the calcite a -The lack of light allows calcite reactions to precipitate extra minerals.
-The water carrying the calcite stops in the cave and calcite precipitates there.
-Changes in gas or temperature in the water lead to the precipitation of calcite.

A

Changes in gas or temperature in the water lead to the precipitation of calcite.

44
Q

The level of the water table is primarily determined by _________?

-Human population growth
-Presence of springs
-Abundance and nature of vegetation
-Permeability of surface rocks
-Average annual precipitation in the area

A

Average annual precipitation in the area

45
Q

Choose the ocean on the right that best fits the term or phrase on the left.

-Largest ocean
-Second largest ocean
-Third largest ocean
-Fourth largest ocean
-Smallest ocean

A

-pacific
-Atlantic
-Indian
-southern
-arctic

46
Q

The layer of the ocean that is closest to the surface and experiences the greatest variation in temperature.

-Mesopelagic Zone
-Epipelagic Zone
-Bathypelagic Zone
-Abyssopelagic Zone
-Hadalpelagic Zone

A

Epipelagic Zone

47
Q

The deepest spot in the Earth’s oceans is

-Mariana Trench
-Puerto Rico Trench
-Sigsbee Deep
-Hawaiian Trench

A

Mariana Trench

48
Q

The world ocean with the highest salinity

-Atlantic Ocean
-Indian Ocean
-Pacific Ocean
-Southern Ocean

A

Atlantic Ocean

49
Q

The area of all oceans that cross the area defined by 30 degrees N to 30 degrees S latitudes have a region of very low salinity. This region is known as

-the Persian Gulf
-the Red Sea
-the equator
-the Dead Sea

A

the equator

50
Q

Growlers and Bergy Bits are

-small icebergs
-types of animals typically found in sea floor trenches
-waves that fall between tsunamis and regular waves
blocks of rock and sediment from seaside cliffs

A

small icebergs

51
Q

Based on your study of JetStream Max: Anatomy of a Wave you should be able to identify the 4 critical parts of a wave 1

A
  1. wave length
  2. wave height
  3. wave crest
  4. wave trough
52
Q

Match the answers on the right with the statements on the left.

-Another type of wave motion
-The change from low to high tide
-The change from high to low tide
-Ocean water levels that typically reaches a high and low twice a day
-Locations that only experience one high and one low tide each day are said to have a
-Location that experience successive high-water and low-water levels that differ appreciably
-When Earth, Moon, & Sun are in alignment, the combined tidal effect of the Moon and Sun is at its greatest, resulting in the largest difference between high and low tide. This is referred to as a
-When Earth and Sun form a right angle with Moon, the combined tidal effect of the Moon and Sun is at its lowest, resulting in the smallest difference between high and low tide. This is referred to as a

A

-tides
-flood tide
-ebb tide
-semi-diurnal tide
-diurnal tide
-mixed tides
-spring tide
-neap tide

Geology 1301 (4 decks)

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