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Geology 1301 > Exam 3 Chapters 12-15 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Chapters 12-15 Flashcards

1
Q

According to the text, what human activities contribute to desertification in vulnerable areas?

-Planting more trees
-Implementing sustainable agricultural practices
-Overgrazing by livestock
-Drought-resistant farming techniques

A

Overgrazing by livestock

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2
Q

How do desert animals survive harsh conditions according to the video?

-By swimming in the scarce water sources
-By staying above ground during the day
-By burrowing into the cool ground
-By migrating to cooler regions

A

By burrowing into the cool ground

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3
Q

How does the Coriolis effect affect the rotation of ocean gyres on Earth?
-Causes them to be stationary

-None-to-minimal impact on ocean gyres
-Turns them clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
-Causes them to rotate uniformly in both hemispheres

A

Turns them clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere

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4
Q

In desert valleys that do not drain out, what is the term for the dry lake bed formed by water evaporation?

-Alluvial fan
-Bajada
-Playa
-Inselberg

A

Playa

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5
Q

What are the primary causal factors of deserts, according to the text?

-Ocean currents and the Earth’s rotation
-Solar energy, atmospheric circulation, and the Earth’s rotation
-Latitude and prevailing winds
-The Coriolis effect and the Equator

A

Solar energy, atmospheric circulation, and the Earth’s rotation

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6
Q

What causes the dry air to sink back to the Earth at approximately 30° latitude?

-Prevailing winds
-Polar vortex
-Coriolis effect
-Combination of global circulation effects

A

Combination of global circulation effects

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7
Q

What geological process caused the lithosphere of the Great Basin to stretch over the past 30 million years?

-Subsidence
-Compression
-Crustal extension
-Plate tectonics

A

Crustal extension

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8
Q

What human activities can lead to desertification?

-Planting more trees
-Responsible agriculture
-Excessive water usage
-Implementing sustainable irrigation methods

A

Excessive water usage

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9
Q

What is the main agent of weathering in desert climates?

-Wind
-Ice
-Water
-Gravity

A

Water

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10
Q

What is the term for large moving boulders along flat surfaces in deserts that leave trails behind them?

-Inselbergs
-Yardangs
-Sliding stones
-Ventifacts

A

Sliding stones

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11
Q

What process moves sand grains by lifting them into the moving air and carrying them a short distance before dropping them onto the surface dislodging other sand grains?

-Creep
-Saltation
-Bedload
-Suspended load

A

Saltation

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12
Q

What unique weathering product is found in deserts, characterized by thin dark brown layers of clay minerals and iron and manganese oxides?

-Loess
-Desert varnish
-Haboob
-Yardang

A

Desert varnish

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13
Q

Which subregion is mentioned as an extension of the Great Basin from Utah to California?

-Sonoran Desert
-Mojave Desert
-Basin and Range
-Chihuahua Desert

A

Basin and Range

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14
Q

Which type of desert is located in the Arctic and Antarctic?

-Subtropical
-Semiarid
-Coastal
-Polar

A

Polar

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15
Q

Why does the Atacama Desert receive very little precipitation?

-Due to its proximity to the Equator
-Because of the westerly winds from the Pacific
-The presence of the Andes Mountains
-The cool, dry air descending onto the desert

A

The cool, dry air descending onto the desert

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16
Q

How are erosional landforms created by glaciers formed?

-By the addition of material
-By volcanic eruptions
-By the melting of ice
-By the removal of material

A

By the removal of material

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17
Q

How do cool summers affect a glacier’s budget?

-Promote glacial retreat
-Promote glacial advance
-Do not impact the glacier
-Cause the glacier to stagnate

A

Promote glacial advance

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18
Q

What are the three orbital changes that affect short-term cycles of warming and cooling, leading to glaciations?

-Drumlins, kames, eskers
-Precession, obliquity, eccentricity
-Moraines, till, outwash plains
-Tarns, cols, horns

A

Precession, obliquity, eccentricity

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19
Q

What area of a glacier is called the zone of accumulation?

-Where ice is melting
-Where snow accumulation exceeds melting
-Where ice is breaking off
-Where ice is sliding downhill

A

Where snow accumulation exceeds melting

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20
Q

What does a glacier’s budget show when there is more income (snow accumulating in winter) than expense (melting snow and ice in summer)?

-Glacial growth
-Glacial retreat
-Glacial stagnation
-Glacial deformation

A

Glacial growth

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21
Q

What is a glacier?

-A huge mass of hot lava
-A huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land
-A big pile of sand
-A type of mountain

A

A huge mass of ice that moves slowly over land

22
Q

What is the largest type of glacier?

-Mountain glaciers
-Valley glaciers
-Continental glaciers
-Plains glaciers

A

Continental glaciers

23
Q

What is the most important resource provided by glaciers?

-Sand and gravel
-Fish
-Freshwater
-Concrete

A

Freshwater

24
Q

What is the term for a long ridge of till located at the end or terminus of a glacier?

-Ground moraine
-Terminal moraine
-Recessional moraine
-Lateral moraine

A

Terminal moraine

25
Q

What process occurs when the edges of ice sheets break off and fall into the ocean?

-Ice melting
-Ice formation
-Calving
-Deflation

A

Calving

26
Q

Where are alpine glaciers found?

-Only in Australia
-On every continent except Australia
-Only in Antarctica
-Under the sea

A

On every continent except Australia

27
Q

Which depositional landform consists of poorly sorted sediment left behind by a retreating glacier?

-Till
-Esker
-Kettle lake
-Medial moraine

A

Till

28
Q

Which type of glacier is known for producing unique erosional landforms like U-shaped valleys and horns?

-Continental glaciers
-Alpine glaciers
-Polar glaciers
-Tropical glaciers

A

Alpine glaciers

29
Q

According to the text, why does warm air have lower density compared to cooler air?

-The gas molecules in warm air have a greater velocity and are more spread out.
-Warm air contains more molecules than cooler air.
-Cool air is lighter than warm air.
-Warm air exerts less pressure on surfaces.

A

The gas molecules in warm air have a greater velocity and are more spread out.

30
Q

How does convection contribute to the transfer of heat energy in the atmosphere?

-By transferring heat energy through electromagnetic waves
-By forming bubbles of warmer air that rise into the atmosphere
-By conducting heat efficiently in metals
-By absorbing radiant energy faster than lighter colored objects

A

By forming bubbles of warmer air that rise into the atmosphere

31
Q

What are the primary moisture sources in the U.S. that contribute to the formation of precipitation over a large area?

-Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean
-Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and Gulf of Mexico
-Great Lakes and Mediterranean Sea
-Caribbean Sea and South China Sea

A

Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and Gulf of Mexico

32
Q

What is the main purpose of the Earth-atmosphere energy balance?

-To make the Earth hotter than the Sun
-To reflect all energy back into space
-To balance incoming energy from the Sun with outgoing energy from the Earth
-To absorb all energy at the Earth’s surface

A

To balance incoming energy from the Sun with outgoing energy from the Earth

33
Q

What is the primary reason for the observed air pressure exerted on a surface by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere?

-Their small size
-Their random movement
-Their velocity
-Their density

A

Their random movement

34
Q

What triggers condensation in the atmosphere?

-Rise in air temperature
-Decrease in humidity
-Excess energy released from water vapor
-Difference between air temperature and dewpoint temperature

A

Difference between air temperature and dewpoint temperature

35
Q

Which layer of the atmosphere is responsible for absorbing high energy ultraviolet and x-ray radiation from the sun, leading to a significant temperature increase?

-Troposphere
-Exosphere
-Thermosphere
-Mesosphere

A

Thermosphere

36
Q

Which of the following best describes conduction as a method of heat transfer?

-The transfer of heat energy through a fluid
-The movement of heat energy through electromagnetic waves
-The transfer of heat energy from one substance to another or within a substance
-The circulation of air that develops in a boiling liquid

A

The transfer of heat energy from one substance to another or within a substance

37
Q

Which part of a plant is responsible for the process of transpiration?

-Roots
-Stem
-Leaves
-Flowers

A

Leaves

38
Q

Which process for cloud water, or ice, to grow large enough to fall as precipitation occurs in colder clouds when both ice crystals and water droplets are present?

-Precipitation and evaporation process
-Condensation and freezing process
-Collision and coalescence process
-Ice crystal process

A

Ice crystal process

39
Q

Why is the absorption of infrared radiation trying to escape from the Earth back to space crucial?

-It causes the Earth to cool rapidly
-It contributes to the greenhouse effect
-It stores more energy near the Earth’s surface
-It prevents the Sun’s energy from reaching the Earth

A

It stores more energy near the Earth’s surface

40
Q

How fast is the Sun drifting forward towards the galactic center as per the video?

-2.1 miles per second
-4.4 miles per second
-3.1 miles per second
-5.2 miles per second

A

3.1 miles per second

41
Q

How many known solar systems are there in the Milky Way galaxy?

-100
-500
-1000
-1500

A

500

42
Q

How often does Earth reach perihelion according to the video?

-January 7th
-March 20th
-January 3rd
-July 4th

A

January 3rd

43
Q

What defines the absence of an absolute frame of reference for motion according to the video?

-Earth’s Movement
-Galilean Relativity
-Gravity
-Solar System Orbit

A

Galilean Relativity

44
Q

What is Galilean relativity also known as invariance based on the video?

-Relativity of Motion
-Absolute Motion
-Galilean Invariance
-Motion Uncertainty

A

Galilean Invariance

45
Q

What is the Milky Way galaxy part of besides the Local Group according to the video?

-Super Mass
-Great Attractor
-Galactic Congregation
-Cluster of Galaxies

A

Great Attractor

46
Q

What is the Oort Cloud considered as in relation to the solar system?

-The innermost part
-The edge
-The center
-The core

A

The edge

47
Q

What is the composition of Terrestrial planets?

-Mainly composed of gas
-Made of ice and rock
-Primarily made of rocky material
-Consist of mainly liquid

A

Primarily made of rocky material

48
Q

What is the concept that can force stars and gas in and out of the Spiral arms?

-Cosmic Radiation
-Galactic Waves
-Dark Matter
-Density Waves

A

Density Waves

49
Q

What is unique about Uranus among the ice giants?

-Its large size
-Rotates on its side
-Closest to the sun
-Has extensive lava flows

A

Rotates on its side

50
Q

What lies much further out beyond the planets and orbits the Jovian planets?

-Kuiper Belt
-Asteroid Belt
-Oort Cloud
-Solar Nebula

A

Kuiper Belt

51
Q

What tool allows astronomers to determine the distance to nearby Stars?

-Parallax
-Proper Motion
-Solar Radiation
-Celestial Shift

A

Parallax

52
Q

Which planet is known as the hottest in our solar system?

-Earth
-Venus
-Mars
-Mercury

A

Venus

Geology 1301 (4 decks)

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