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Gero > Final exam review > Flashcards

Final exam review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fastest growing older adult age population?

A

85 and older

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2
Q

What is the trend expected in 2035?

A

-more adults than children
-flat growth of 25 years and younger

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3
Q

What number of adults >65 suffer from at least one chronic illness?

A

3/4

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4
Q

Examples of primary prevention?

A

Healthy lifestyle behaviors
Stress management
Active social engagement
Cognitive stimulation
Immunizations

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5
Q

Examples of secondary prevention?

A

Evidence-based screening guidelines
Annual wellness visits
Personalized prevention plan

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6
Q

What is programmed aging?

A

cells designed to age

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7
Q

What is error theories?

A

random errors in synthesis of DNA to RNA
Wear & Tear Theory – cells “wear out” or become damaged
Cross-linkage Theory – damage from errors with cross-linked proteins

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8
Q

What is activity theory?

A

activity & “staying young” indicate successful aging

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9
Q

What is continuity theory?

A

cont. roles, responsibilities, & activities for successful aging

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10
Q

What is generativity vs stagnation theory?

A

establishes oneself and contributes to society in meaningful ways
vs.
Self is restricted to identification with one’s major role (e.g., nurse)

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11
Q

What is ego integrity vs despair?

A

Attaining a sense of completeness and cohesion of the self
A sense that one’s self no longer has purpose in life, physically or mentally

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12
Q

What is ego differentiation vs. work role preoccupation?

A

Begins to define self as separate from work role
Inability to identify as someone outside of a work roleq

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13
Q

What is Body transcendence and ego transcendence versus Body preoccupation and ego preoccupation?

A

Body changes accepted as part of life Sees oneself as part of a greater whole
vs.
Body changes as a source of focus Sees oneself as an individual needing special attention

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14
Q

What are the levels of maslow hierarchy?

A

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

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15
Q

What is tornstam theory?

A

Gerotranscendence Theory
Aging is moving from birth to death and maturation toward wisdom
Looking inside (withdrawing) & spiritual reflection can lead to wisdom

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16
Q

What is the LEARN model?

A

Listen carefully to what the elder is saying. Verbal and nonverbal. Meaning behind the stories.
Explain your perception of the situation and the problems.
Acknowledge and discuss both the similarities and the differences between perceptions and goals.
Recommend a plan of action that takes both perspectives into account.
Negotiate a plan that is mutually acceptable.

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17
Q

Interventions for CV changes in older adults?

A

Health promotion/Disease prevention
Medication Regimens
Weigh Daily
Independence maintenance
Avoid fatigue

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18
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Decreased accommodation & near vision

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19
Q

What is hyposmia?

A

Decrease in smell acuity

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20
Q

What is creatinine used for?

A

renal function/diagnose and monitor renal insufficiency

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21
Q

What is Cockcroft Gault equation?

A

estimates renal function-not used anymore

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22
Q

What are dehydration symptoms?

A

orthostatic hypotension, weight loss, tachycardia, hyperthermia, weakness, nausea, anorexia, oliguria, dry mucus membranes & skin, poor skin turgor, increased thirst

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23
Q

What are volume overload symptoms?

A

weight gain >2%, I>O, bounding pulse, tachycardia, increased BP & CVP, distended neck/peripheral veins, crackles, dyspnea, SOB, confusion

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24
Q

what are hyponatremia symptoms?

A

hypotension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, nausea, malaise, lethargy, somnolence, confusion, poor skin turgor, increased thirst, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, headache, seizure, coma, elevated BUN & Hct

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25
Q

What are hypernatremia symptoms?

A

orthostatic hypotension; increased thirst; poor skin turgor; dry mucus membranes; weight loss; oliguria; lethargy; hyperthermia; elevated BUN, Hct, creatinine

26
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

diarrhea, cardiac dysrhythmias/arrest, ECG abnormalities, irritability, apathy, confusion, muscle weakness, areflexia, paresthesias

27
Q

How does aging affect absorption?

A

-increased gastric pH
-decreased:
-surface for absorption
-blood flow to spleen
-GI activity

28
Q

How does aging affect distribution?

A

-increased body fat
-decreased:
-Cardiac Output
-Total body water
-LEAN body mass
-Serum albumin
-Protein binding

29
Q

How does aging affect metabolism?

A

Increased body fat
-decreased:
-Hepatic mass
-Hepatic blood flow
-Enzyme activity
-Enzyme inductability

30
Q

How does aging effect excretion?

A

TOXICITY
Decreased:
-Renal blood flow
-GFR
-Tubular secretory function
-Kidney size

31
Q

What are older age related changes to diuretics?

A

reduce baroreceptor response, higher risk of diuretic-induced hypotension

32
Q

What are age related changes to beta agonists/antagonists?

A

Reduced effects due to alterations in adrenergic system activity

33
Q

What to watch when taking echinachea?

A

Risk of bleeding; digoxin level altered

34
Q

What to watch when taking garlic?

A

Risk of bleeding; monitor glucose

35
Q

What to monitor when taking ginkgo?

A

Risk of bleeding; several meds contraindicated; monitor glucose)

36
Q

What to monitor when taking ginseng?

A

Risk of bleeding; several meds contraindicated

37
Q

What to monitor with red yeast rice?

A

Risk of bleeding; monitor glucose

38
Q

What are foods to watch out for that may interact with meds?

A

-calcium bind to meds (reduce absorption)
-grapefruit (increase or decrease bioavailability)
-green leafy veggies
-high K+ diet

39
Q

What is on the Beers list?

A

drugs identified with higher risk when given to older people

40
Q

Characteristics of SSRI’s?

A

-First line
-Work well in older
-Small doses effective
-Often have sexual side effects

41
Q

Characteristics of SNRI’s?

A

-Second line
-Less sexual side effects
-Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
-Reduces nicotine dependency as well
-Trazodone
-Also used as a sleep aid

42
Q

Characteristics of benzos?

A

-End in “am”
-Highly effective
-Fast onset but long half life
-Side effects
-Toxicity

43
Q

Characteristics of buspirone (Buspar)?

A

Taken daily
No effect until about 1 week

44
Q

Side effects of antipsychotics?

A

Sedation, hypotension, anticholinergic effects
Extrapyramidal Syndrome (EPS)
Dystonia, Akathisia, Parkinsonian symptoms, Tardive diskinesia

45
Q

What is malignant syndrome?

A

Meds affects hypothalamus and thermoregulation
Increased temp - Intolerant to warm temps
Assess temp regularly. Keep hydrated, cool baths, fans
Potential for liver damage and heat stroke

46
Q

What are examples of MS pain?

A

Arthritis
Degenerative spinal conditions

47
Q

What are examples of neuropathic pain?

A

Diabetes
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Herpes zoster
Stroke

48
Q

What is OLD CARTS?

A

Onset
Location
Duration

Characteristics
Aggravating factors
Relieving factors
-Treatments
-severity

49
Q

What is FANSCAPES?

A

Fluids
Aeration
Nutrition
Communication
Activity
Pain
Elimination
Social skills

50
Q

What is SPICES?

A

Sleep disorders
Problems with eating/feeding
Incontinence
Confusion
Evidence of falls
Skin breakdown

51
Q

What is the MMSE? (mini mental state assessment)

A

Screen for and monitor cognitive function
Gross screening of dementia – rule-out not diagnosis
Tests: orientation, short-term memory and attention, calculation ability, language & construction
30 items
Must be able to read, write & be English proficient

52
Q

What is the clock drawing test?

A

screen and diagnose dementia

53
Q

What is a normal CDT score?

A

1 or 2

54
Q

What is an abnormal CDT score?

A

3 or more, represents cognitive deficit

55
Q

What is the Mini-cog test?

A

screens for MCI and dementia

56
Q

What are tools to assess mood?

A

Geriatric Depression Scale
Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia

57
Q

risk factors for hypothermia?

A

-Use of sedatives, anxiolytics, antidepressants
-inadequate housing or supervision
-excessive alc use
-malnutrition
-adrenal or thyroid dysfunction
-diabetes
-impaired circulation

58
Q

What is the free radicals theory of aging?

A

ageing is the cumulative result of oxidative damage to the cells and tissues of the body that arises primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism.

59
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

study of movement and action of drug in body

60
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

Physiological processes between drug and body (more unpredictable, more likely to have unpredictable reaction when older)

61
Q

Adverse effects of anticholinergics?

A

blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dry mouth, confusion, dizziness

62
Q

Non-pharm interventions for pain?

A

energy/touch therapies, TENS, acupuncture, relaxation, meditation, guided imagery, music, hypnosis, activity, CBT

Gero (5 decks)

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