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Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are characteristics of actinic keratosis?

A

-precancerous skin lesions
-derm visits every 6-12 months to monitor and treat

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2
Q

What is seborrheic keratosis?

A

-waxy, raised,stuck on appearance
-benign
-almost all adults 65+

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3
Q

Characteristics of herpes zoster?

A

-painful, vesicular rash
-over dermatome
-unilateral, un-reoccuring

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4
Q

Characteristics of candidiasis?

A

-yeast infection
-in skin folds
-keep skin clean and dry

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5
Q

What is the expected carb intake?

A

45-65%

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6
Q

What is the expected fat intake?

A

20-35%

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7
Q

What is the expected protein intake?

A

10-35%

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8
Q

What is the expected vitamins and minerals intake?

A

5 servings of fruits and veggies

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9
Q

How much of adults 65+ are obese?

A

1/3

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10
Q

What are nursing for dysphagia patients?

A

-supervise meals
-seated and rested before eating
-sitting up at 90 degrees
-alternate solids and liquids
-avoid sedatives
-keep suction readily available
-oral care

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11
Q

What falls under “can drink” criteria?

A

-may not know adequate amount of drink
-possible cog impairment

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12
Q

What falls under “wont drink” criteria?

A

able to drink but refuses (highest risk for dehydration, offer fluids frequently)

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13
Q

What falls under “cant drink” criteria?

A

-physically incapable of ingesting or accessing fluids
-dysphagia prevention
-swallow evaluation
-safe drinking techniques

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14
Q

What are signs of dehydration?

A

Skin turgor (unreliable r/t skin changes)
Weight
Mucous membranes
Speech changes
Tachycardia
Decreased UOP
Dark urine
Weakness
Dry axilla
Sunken eyes

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15
Q

What is the most reliable test for dehydration?

A

lab values

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16
Q

How much fluid should be consumed in one day?

A

1500 mL/day

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17
Q

What are interventions for urinary incontinence?

A

Scheduled & Prompted voiding
Pelvic floor muscle exercises (Kegels)
Thorough assessment of continence
Lifestyle Modifications
Medications
Urinary catheters – last resort

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of sepsis in older adults?

A

UTI

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19
Q

What are atypical symptoms of UTI?

A

-Mental status change
-Decreased appetite
-Incontinence

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20
Q

Is asymptomatic, uncomplicated bacteria normal for older adults?

A

YES

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21
Q

What are interventions for constipation?

A

-Increase motility
-squatting, leaning forward
-normalize bowel function
-attempt bowel movement after breakfast or dinner
-allow at least 10 mins for bowel movement
-increase fluid intake (at least 1.5L per day)

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22
Q

What type of laxative is psyllium (metamucil)

A

bulk-forming

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23
Q

What type of laxative is docusate sodium?

A

emolllients

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24
Q

What type of laxatives are polyethylene glycol (PEG), milk of magnesia, lactulose?

A

osmotic

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25
Q

What type of laxatives are bisacodyl and senna?

A

stimulant

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26
Q

What type of enema is contraindicated for an older adult?

A

sodium phosphate

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27
Q

What type of enema is contraindicated for an older adult

A

sodium phosphate

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28
Q

What are manifestations of fecal impaction?

A

Malaise, urinary retention, increased temp, incontinence, cognitive decline, hemorrhoids, intestinal obstruction.

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29
Q

What are interventions for a fecal impaction?

A

1st: PREVENT
-Removal of impaction
-Digital removal of hard stool from rectum
-Use copious lubricant
-May take several days
-Don’t dis-impact too much
-Often very painful

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30
Q

What happens if there is more spent in stages 3-4 of sleep?

A

feeling rested and refreshed

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31
Q

What percentage of sleep is NREM?

A

75% (stage 1-4)

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32
Q

What percentage is REM sleep?

A

25%

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33
Q

What are signs and symptoms of sleep apnea?

A

-Excessive daytime sleepiness
-Snoring, gasping, choking
-Headache, irritability
-Symptoms often blamed on age!

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34
Q

How is sleep apnea assessed?

A

Epworth sleepiness scale

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35
Q

What are the dont’s of exercising?

A

-SBP > 200 mm Hg
-DBP > 100 mm Hg
-Resting HR > 120 bpm
-For 2 hrs after a big meal

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36
Q

When is the best time to cut toenails?

A

after bath or soaking 20-30 (softens nails)
-clip straight across

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37
Q

What are the assessment tools for falls?

A

hendrick II fall risk model
morse fall scale

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38
Q

What are major risk factors for falls?

A

-Orthostatic hypotension
-Cognitive impairment
-Impaired vision and hearing
-Medications
-Environmental factors
-Weakness and frailty

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39
Q

What is restraint-related death?

A

asphyxiation

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40
Q

How is a formal diagnosis made for frailty?

A

Three of the following:
-unitentional weight loss
-self reported exhaustion
-weak grip strength
-slow walking speed
-low activity

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41
Q

What is the most common chronic condition in adults 65<

A

HTN

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42
Q

What is a blood pressure acceptable in ages 60+?

A

150/90

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43
Q

What are lifestyle changes for HTN?

A

weight loss, decreased sodium intake, decreased EtoH intake, more exercise

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44
Q

What are etiologies of heart failure?

A

-damage from HTN and CHD
-ventricles enlarge and dilate
-results in weaker muscle
-EtOH, drug abuse
-chronic hyperthyroidism
-valvular
-chemo and radiation therapy near heart

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45
Q

What is left sided heart failure?

A

pump failure to lungs, think dyspnea (decreased systolic contractility, decreased diastolic filling)

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46
Q

What is right sided heart failure?

A

pump failure to rest of the body
think edema but also ascites

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47
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

swelling, edema, pulmonary edema, must remove fluid

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48
Q

What are interventions for a parkinson’s patient?

A

-early assessment & symptom management
-surgical procedures (ablation, deep brain stimulation, and stem cell transplantation)
-drug therapy mimicking or slowing dopamine breakdown

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49
Q

What are the classic Parkinson’s symptoms?

A

Cogwheel rigidity (muscle rigidity), bradykinesia/dyskinseia, resting/ non intentional tremors

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50
Q

What can Parkinsonian crisis be triggered by?

A

emotional stress or sudden withdrawal of meds

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51
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinsonian crisis?

A

-Severe exacerbation of tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia
-Anxiety
-Sweating
-Tachycardia
-Hyperpnea

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52
Q

What are treatment/interventions for parkinsonian crisis?

A

-Respiratory/cardiac support prn
-Non-stimulating environment
-Psychological supports
-Restarting medications

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53
Q

What condition is Heberden’s nodes found in?

A

only in osteoarthritis (head of finger)

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54
Q

What condition is Bouchard’s nodes found in?

A

OA and Ra

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55
Q

What are exercises that can be taught to parkinson’s patients?

A

-lift toes when walking
-widen legs when walking
-small steps when moving forward
-tight corner manipulation
-swing arms with walking to improve ROM
-carry bag to counterbalance if necessary
-facial exercises
-read aloud
-speak slowly with purpose and articulation

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56
Q

What is the client education for medications such as selegiline and rasagiline?

A

-same time everyday
-report insomnia
-postural hypotension prevention
-skin exams, risk of melanoma
-avoid foods containing tyramine

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57
Q

What are client education for levodopa and amantidine?

A

-weeks-months to take effect
-decrease protein intake
-avoid foods with pyridoxine (pork, beef, avocado, beans, oatmeal)
-teach to report increase in symptoms and cardiac side effects

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58
Q

What is the client education for tolcaone and entacapone?

A

-take with food
-no EtOH or sedatives
-interventions to prevent postural hypotension
-do not stop abruptly
-report muscle control changes, jaundice, dark urine, hallucinations

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59
Q

What is the client education for anticholinergics? (Benztropine (cogentin) and trihexyphenidyl (artane)?

A

-avoid activity which promotes fluid loss
-dont stop abruptly

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60
Q

What is the most serious complication of GERD?

A

aspiration pneumonia

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61
Q

When does the fastest overall loss of mineral bone density occur for women?

A

5 to 7 years after menopause

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62
Q

How is OP diagnosed?

A

dexa scan & t-score (2.5 or greater)

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63
Q

What is the USPSTF recommendation for OP screening?

A

women 65+ and women 60+ if high risk

64
Q

What are interventions for OP?

A

-Weight bearing and resistance training
-Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
-Education about fall prevention
-Pharmacological therapy to prevent bone loss

65
Q

What is the main teaching for biphosphonates?

A

upright for 30 mins after administration

66
Q

What are interventions for OA?

A

-weight loss
-exercise
-physical therapy
-hot/cold therapy
-adaptive devices (cane, shoe lift, knee brace)

67
Q

What is pharm therapy for OA?

A

-acetaminophen
-NSAIDs
-joint injections
-acupuncture
-surgical intervention (athroscopy, total joint replacement)

68
Q

What is pharm therapy for RA?

A

-Pain management
-DMARDs (disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs) - methotrexate
-Biological response modifier - “-mab”

69
Q

What is DM presentation in older adults?

A

dehydration, confusion (delirium), decreased visual acuity, incontinence, weight loss & anorexia, fatigue, nausea, delayed wound healing, and parasthesias

70
Q

What is the presentation of older adults with hyperthyroidism?

A

-tachy
-tremors
-weight loss
-apathetic thyrotoxicosis (slowed movement and depressed affect)

71
Q

What is the presentation of hypOthyroidism in adults?

A

slowed mentation, gait disturbances, fatigue, weakness, heat intolerance

72
Q

What is treatment for hypothyrodism?

A

thyroid replacement therapy
(levothyroxine)

73
Q

What is the nursing care for hypothyroidism?

A

-Prevent: chilling, constipation, skin breakdown, infection
-Assess: cardiac complications, edema, tachycardia, skin
-Lifelong levothyroxine therapy
-Warning: levothyroxine can cause digoxin toxicity

74
Q

What is an important complication in hypothyroidism to watch out for?

A

myxedema coma

75
Q

What are manifestations of mxyedema coma?

A

Hypothermia, Mental function ranges from depression to unconscious, Respiratory depression (hypoventilation), Hypotension, Bradycardia

76
Q

What is the treatment for myxedema coma?

A

-Supportive measures and stabilization of vitals
-Treat underlying cause
-Thyroid hormone replacement – must be SLOW r/t toxicity with rapid replacement

77
Q

What are screening methods for prostate cancer?

A

-Digital Rectal Exam
-Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
-biopsy

78
Q

What is the USPSFT recommendation for prostate cancer screening?

A

-men aged 55 to 69 years
-recommends against screening for ages 70 and older

79
Q

What is care for prostate cancer?

A

-Active surveillance
-Watchful waiting
-Radical prostatectomy (surgical removal)
-Radiation therapy
-Hormone therapy

80
Q

What are physiological changes in an older adult (mental)?

A

-Neuron loss – most pronounced in cerebral cortex
-Brain atrophy – decreased weight
-Dendrites atrophy
-Impaired synapses
-Changed transmission of dopamine, serotonin & acetylcholine
SLOWING IS NORMAL, IMPAIRMENT IS NOT

81
Q

What are the three components of memory?

A

immediate recall, short term memory, and remote or long-term memory

82
Q

What is anxiety associated with in older population?`

A

NOT part of normal aging process.
Excessive healthcare use
Decreased physical activity and functional status
Substance abuse
Decreased life satisfaction
Increased mortality rates

83
Q

What are pharmacological treatments for anxiety?

A

Antidepressants—SSRI’s (selective serotonin uptake inhibitors) first line of treatment
Short acting benzodiazepines
Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic agents

84
Q

What are non-pharm treatments for anxiety?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Meditation
Yoga

85
Q

What would an older adult with depression present with?

A

-More somatic complaints – physical symptoms
-Hypochondriasis – Constant complaining & criticism
-Decreased energy and difficulties completing ADL’s
-Social withdrawal
-Decreased libido
-Preoccupation with death
-Memory problems
-Strong association of depression with dementia

86
Q

What are interventions for suicidal patients?

A

If suicide risk suspected, ask direct questions
Have you ever thought about killing yourself?
How often have you had these thoughts?
Do you have a plan to carry it out/How would you do it?
High risk patients need to be hospitalized
Moderate and low risk treated as outpatients
Adequate social support
No access to lethal means

87
Q

What are substance abuse concerns?

A

-Misuse of prescription and OTC medications
-Polypharmacy effects exacerbated with alcohol use
-Inappropriate prescribing and ineffective monitoring of controlled substances

88
Q

How is delirium assessed/diagnosed?

A

-Confusion Assessment Method (CAM & CAM-ICU)
-Documentation should focus on specific indicators of altered mental status rather than “confused”
-Will lead to more appropriate prevention, detection, and treatment to prevent negative outcomes

89
Q

What are risk factors for delirium?

A

acute illness, infections, medications, invasive equipment, metabolic disturbances, dehydration, alcohol or drug abuse, sensory impairments, unrelieved pain, surgery, hip fracture, cognitive impairment

90
Q

What are ways to prevent delirium?

A
  • Know baseline mental status, functional abilities, living conditions, medications taken, alcohol use.
  • Assess mental status using Mini-Mental State Exam-2 Confusion Assessment Method, or NEECHAM Confusion
    Scale, and document.
  • Correct underlying physiological alterations.
  • Compensate for sensory deficits (e.g., hearing aids, glasses, dentures).
  • Encourage fluid intake (make sure fluids are accessible).
  • Avoid long periods of giving nothing orally.
  • Explain all actions with clear and consistent communication.
  • Avoid multiple medications, and avoid problematic medications (see Beers Criteria).
  • Be vigilant for drug reactions or interactions; consider onset of new symptoms as an adverse reaction to medications.
  • Avoid use of sleeping medications; use music, warm milk, or noncaffeinated herbal tea to alleviate discomfort.
  • Attempt to find out why behavior is occurring rather than simply medicating for it (e.g., need to toilet, pain, fear, hunger, thirst).
  • Avoid excessive bed rest; institute early mobilization.
  • Encourage participation in care for activities of daily living (ADLs).
  • Minimize the use of catheters, restraints, or immobilizing devices.
  • Use least restrictive devices (mitts instead of wrist restraints, reclining geri-chairs with tray instead of vest restraints).
  • Hide tubes (stockinette over intravenous [IV] line), or use intermittent fluid administration.
  • Activate bed and chair alarms.
  • Place the patient near the nursing station for close observation.
  • Assess and treat pain.
  • Pay attention to environmental noise, light, temperature.
  • Normalize the environment (provide familiar items, routines, clocks, calendars).
  • Minimize the number of room changes and interfacility transfers.
  • Do not place a delirious patient in the room with another delirious patient.
  • Have family, volunteer, or paid caregiver stay with the patient.
91
Q

What is aphasia?

A

partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language

92
Q

What is apraxia?

A

partial or total loss of the ability to perform coordinated movements or manipulate objects in the absence of motor or sensory impairment

93
Q

What is agnosia?

A

loss of the ability to interpret sensory stimuli, such as sounds or images

94
Q

What is Lewy body dementia?

A

a disease associated with abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein in the brain. These deposits, called Lewy bodies, affect chemicals in the brain whose changes, in turn, can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood.

95
Q

What is frontotemporal dementia?

A

the result of damage to neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.

96
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

a common form of dementia caused by an impaired supply of blood to the brain, such as may be caused by a series of small strokes.

97
Q

What are the two types of Alzheimers?

A

early onset and late onset

98
Q

What is early onset alzheimers?

A

(between ages 30-60)
-Affects about 5% of persons with AD
-Results from genetic mutations of three genes
-Genetic testing available for at risk individuals

99
Q

What is late onset Alzheimers?

A

After age 60
-Does not run in families
-Probable combination of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic mutation

100
Q

What are pharm interventions for AD patients?

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors (CI)
Directed toward symptom management
Does not affect neuronal decline

101
Q

What are interventions for Alzheimer’s patients?

A

-bright light therapy
-animal-assisted therapy
-activities and exercise
-validation therapy
-distraction
-social contact
-distraction
-reminisence activities
-sensory stimulation
-environmental modifications

102
Q

What are nursing interventions for dementia?

A

-Address Safety
-Structure daily living to maximize abilities
-Monitor general health
-Support advance care planning and directives
-Educate and support caregivers

103
Q

What are nursing interventions for wandering in AD?

A

Music, exercise, refreshments, social interaction
Camouflage doorways, enclosed areas for walking, electronic bracelets,

104
Q

What are common medications given to Alzheimer patients?

A

Donezepil (Aricept) , Rivastigmine (Exelon) , and Galantamine (Razadyne)

105
Q

What is the preventitive phase of chronic illness?

A

No S/Sx

106
Q

What is the definitive phase?

A

S/Sx & diagnosis PRESENT

107
Q

What is the crisis phase?

A

Life-threatening situation

108
Q

What is the acute phase?

A

Active illness requiring hospitalization

109
Q

What is the stable phase?

A

Controlled illness course/symptoms

110
Q

What is the unstable phase?

A

Not controlled but not requiring/desiring hospitalization

111
Q

What is the downward phase?

A

Progressive decline

112
Q

What is the presentation of GERD in older adults?

A

Persistent cough, Asthma exacerbations, Laryngitis, Intermittent chest pain

113
Q

What is the medication for patients with GERD?

A

PPI

114
Q

What are characteristics of osteoarthritis?

A

older adults, may be unilateral (knee, spine, hip, hand), shorter period of morning stiffness, and pain with ACTIVITY

115
Q

What are characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

women>men, symmetrical (hands and feet common), prolonged morning stiffness > 30 mins, pain increases with inactivity

116
Q

What are interventions for callused feet?

A

pad and protect area, proper fitting shoes

117
Q

What are interventions for bunions?

A

custom shoes, surgery, or steroid injections

118
Q

What are interventions for hammer toe?

A

custom shoes or surgery

119
Q

What are interventions for Onchymosis?

A

difficult to treat-costly and ineffective

120
Q

What are the three top chronic illnesses in older adults?

A
  1. HTN
  2. high cholesterol
  3. arthritis
121
Q

What is apathetic thyrotoxicosis?

A

slowed movement and depressed affect

122
Q

Pre-op thyroidectomy care?

A
  1. give antithyroid medication called lugol’s solution

-it’s potassium iodine & iodide used to decrease thyroid gland perfusion & decrease T3, T4 production

-as gland is cut, TH is released. Bc of this, person has a high risk of having a thyroid storm or thyrotoxicosis which can be life-threatening

  1. Want to promote reduction of anxiety to reduce risk of thyroid storm
123
Q

Post-op thyroidectomy care?

A
  1. person is at high risk for developing respiratory or airway complications due to airway edema so need to continuously be assessing airway & resp. status
  2. HOB should ALWAYS be up after surgery, head supported by pillows
  3. Pt will have difficulty speaking or have a hoarse voice after surgery; pt needs to rest voice
  4. There should be a trach tray available by the bedside in case of airway occlusion
  5. Teach pt to reduce calorie intake
    -bc of manifestations of hyperthyroidism, person probably needed extra calories to maintain a healthy body weight; now they will have either a normal or low metabolic rate
  6. Maintain adequate dietary intake of iodine
  7. Avoid high temps bc it can cause person to have more signs of hyperthyroidism even after surgery; person is very sensitive to heat
124
Q

What are interventions for wandering?

A
  1. face person and make eye contact
  2. gently touch person’s arm, shoulders, back, or waist if they won’t move away from door
  3. call person by formal name
  4. listen to what the person is communicating verbally & nonverbally
  5. identify agenda/plan of action and emotional needs being expressed
  6. respond to feelings, staying calm
  7. repeat specific words/phrases
  8. if repetition fails to distract the person and increases distress, stop talking
  9. redirect person toward facility or home at intervals
  10. if redirection fails, continue to walk but allowing person control by ensuring safety
  11. have a backup person
  12. have someone call for help if unable to redirect
125
Q

What is the BMI for overweight?

A

25 to 29.9

126
Q

What is the BMI for obese?

A

greater than or equal to 30

127
Q

What is the BMI for morbidly obese?

A

over 40

128
Q

What are facts about PEG tubes in advanced dementia?

A

-not QOL improvement
-no prolong survival
-associated w increased agitation, use of restraints, and worsening pressure injuries
-50% of patients die within 6 momths of insertion
-associated with GI symptoms and abscess

129
Q

What are risk factors for fluid changes in older adults?

A

Physiological changes in body water content
Impaired thirst sensation
Medications
Functional impairments
Chronic illness
Emotional illness
High environmental temperatures

130
Q

What are characteristics of bulk forming laxatives? (psyllium, metamucil)

A
  1. first line agent (low cost & less adverse effects)
  2. do not use in prescense of obstruction or altered peristalsis function
  3. caution with frail older people, bedbound, and swallowing problems
  4. must be taken with adequate fluids
  5. can cause abdominal distention and flatulence
131
Q

What are characteristics of emollient laxatives?
(docusate sodium)

A
  1. increase stool moisture content
  2. use in caution with frail older people that may not be able to “push” bc stool can accumulate in rectal vault
  3. avoid mineral oil
  4. used mostly in specific situations like prevention of constipation after surgery
132
Q

What are characteristics of osmotic laxatives? (milk of mag, polyethylene glycol, and lactulose)

A

c

133
Q

What are characteristics of stimulant laxatives? (senna, bisacodyl)

A
  1. stimulate colorectal motor activity
  2. may cause f&e losses and cramping but safe and effective when used appropriately
134
Q

What are the bulk-forming laxatives?

A

psyllium, metamucil

135
Q

What are the emollient laxatives?

A

docusate sodium

136
Q

What are the osmotic laxatives/

A

MOM, lactulose, polyethylene glycol, miralax

137
Q

What are the stimulant laxatives?

A

senna, bisacodyl

138
Q

What constitutes and insomnia diagnosis?

A

difficulty falling asleep > 1 month
AND impairment in daytime functioning r/t poor sleep

139
Q

What are preferred prescriptions to help with sleep?

A

zoldipem and ramelteon
-lowest dose and short term

140
Q

What are autonomic symptoms of PD?

A

Seborrhea (seb-o-REE-ik) dermatitis
Hyperhydrosis of face and neck
Heat intolerance
Postural hypotension
Constipation

141
Q

What does levodopa and amantidine do?

A

improves manifestations of motor dysfunction

142
Q

What do sellegiline and rasaligine do?

A

inhibits enzymes that inhibit or breakdown dopamine

143
Q

What do bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole do?

A

mimick effect of dopamine in brain

144
Q

What is client education for bromocriptine, pramipexole, and ropinirole?

A

do not stop abruptly
may cause compulsive behavior

145
Q

What do tolcapone and entacapone do?

A

Inhibit COMT, which breaks down dopamine

146
Q

What do the anticholinergics do? (cogentine, artane)

A

blocks excitatory action of acetylcholine

147
Q

What are intervenions for thyrotoxicosis?

A

Cool with ice, ↓ levels of TH, replace fluids & electrolytes, give O2, stabilize cardiac function. Avoid ASA (increases TH)

148
Q

What are lab tests for dehydration?

A

-blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio, serum sodium level, serum and urine osmolarity, and specific gravity

149
Q

What are the manifestations of prostate cancer?

A

-General urinary complaints, retention, hematuria, back pain

-Cachexia, bone tenderness, lower lymphedema, adenopathy

150
Q

What are causes of hypothyroidism?

A
  1. Genetic/congenital
  2. tx for hyperthyroidism
  3. thyroiditis
  4. iodine deficiency
  5. decreased TH produced
  6. Can be caused by medications such as amiodarone, anabolic steroids, lithium, phenytoin, beta blockers
151
Q

What are causes of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Autoimmune disorder: Graves disease is the most common
  2. Multinodular goiter (toxic goiter)
  3. Women are affected more, 5-7:1
152
Q

What can malnutrition lead to?

A

Increased risk of infection, pressure ulcers, anemia, hip fractures, hypotension, impaired cognition and increased morbidity and mortality

153
Q

What are complications of constipations?

A

Impaction, obstruction, cognitive dysfunction, delirium, falls, increased morbidity & mortality
Increased risk for bowel cancer

154
Q

What is the cause of sleep apnea?

A

decline in tone of upper airway muscles

155
Q

What is sleep apnea linked to?

A

heart failure, dysrhythmias, stroke, T2DM, OP and death

156
Q

What are things to combat sleep apnea?

A

Limit/stop ETOH & sedatives, weight loss, smoking, CPAP

157
Q

What is the most common cause for hospitalization, re-hospitalization, and disability for those over 65?

A

HF

Gero (5 decks)

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