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final exam prep Flashcards

1
Q

true/false:
The term radiograph refers to the recording medium and the image.

A

true

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2
Q

true/false: One of the ways an oblique or lateral body position are described (or named) is according to the side farthest away from the IR (image receptor).

A

false

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3
Q

For a lateral position of the chest, the IR is ________ to the midsagittal plane and _______________ to the midcoronal plane

A

parallel, perpendicular

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4
Q

Which one of the following positioning considerations is most important in demonstrating air/fluid levels in the thorax during chest radiography?

72-inch (183-cm) SID
High kVp technique
Shoulders rolled forward
Patient in upright position

A

Patient in upright position

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5
Q

Which body habitus types account for about 85% of the population?

Sthenic and hyposthenic
Asthenic and hyposthenic
Sthenic and hypersthenic
Hypersthenic and asthenic

A

Sthenic and hyposthenic

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6
Q

Which body habitus is characterized by a long, shallow thorax and a frail build?

A

asthenic

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7
Q

Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of T9-10?

A

xiphoid process

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8
Q

The correct order for the structures of the respiratory pathway is:

A

Trachea
right and left primary bronchi

secondary bronchi
bronchioles
alveoi

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9
Q

true/false:
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea

A

true

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10
Q

The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the

A

carina

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11
Q

true/false: The left primary bronchus is shorter and wider than the right primary bronchus.

A

false

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12
Q

how many lobes are in the right lung? left lung?

A

right = 3
left = 2

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13
Q

The space located between the two pleural cavities is termed the:

A

Mediastinum

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14
Q

A PA chest image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. 10 or 11 posterior ribs above the diaphragm
  2. equal posterior rib length on both sides of the chest
  3. the manubrium superimposed by the fourth thoracic vertebra
  4. the scapulae outside the lung field
A

1, 2, 3 and 4

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15
Q

A left lateral chest image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

1.no humeral soft tissue in the lung field

2.no more than a total of 1/2 inch (1 cm) of space between the posterior ribs and/or the anterior ribs

  1. the right hemidiaphragm inferior to the left hemidiaphragm

4.the hemidiaphragms inferior to the eleventh thoracic vertebra

A

1, 2, and 4

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16
Q

Characteristics of a properly positioned PA projection of the chest include:

  1. Chin above the chest
  2. Clavicles above the apices
  3. Sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant from midline
A

1 and 3 only

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17
Q

Characteristics of a PA projection of the chest include:

  1. No motion
  2. Clavicles above the apices
  3. Sternal ends of the clavicles equidistant from midline
A

1 and 3 only

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18
Q

For a PA chest image with accurate positioning, the:

  1. SID is set at 72 inches (183 cm)
  2. shoulders are positioned at equal distances from the IR
  3. upper midcoronal plane is tilted slightly toward the IR
  4. elbows and shoulders are rotated posteriorly
A

1 and 2 only

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19
Q

Which anatomic structure is examined radiographically to detect signs of patient rotation on the PA chest projection?

A

SC joints

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20
Q

Which anatomic structure(s) is(are) used to determine rotation on a lateral chest radiograph?

A

posterior ribs

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21
Q

Which would be demonstrated on a diagnostic AP forearm?

  1. direct superimposition of epicondyles
  2. humeral epicondyles visualized in profile
  3. radial head, neck, and tuberosity slightly superimposed by the humerus
  4. wrist and elbow joint spaces are partially open
A

2 and 4

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22
Q

Which of the following would be demonstrated in a diagnostic Fan Lateral (Lateromedial projection) of the Hand?

  1. distal radius and ulna are superimposed
  2. equal amounts of soft tissue on each side of phalanges 2 through 5
  3. joint spaces open
  4. some overlap of distal heads of third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals
  5. symmetric appearance of both sides or concavities of shafts of metacarpals and phalanges of digits 2 through 5
A

1 and 3 only

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23
Q

Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of L2/L3?

A

inferior costal margin

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24
Q

Which topographic landmark corresponds to the level of L4-5?

A

iliac crest

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25
Q

Which projection or position will best demonstrate free intraperitoneal air in the abdomen?

A

erect AP abdomen projection

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26
Q

Which projection is performed to demonstrate free air or gas in the abdominal cavity when the patient is unable to stand?

A

left lateral decubitus

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27
Q

For an upright AP abdomen projection, the

  1. ASISs are positioned at equal distances from the IR.
  2. patient remains in an upright position at least 5 to 20 minutes before the image is obtained.
  3. symphysis pubis should be included.
  4. patient is instructed to take a deep inspiration before the image is obtained.
A

1 and 2 only

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28
Q

For an Acute Abdominal Series, the required projection are

  1. PA chest
  2. Lateral chest
  3. KUB
  4. Upright / Erect Abdomen
A

PA Chest
KUB
Upright/Erect Abdomen

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29
Q

According to the text book, for the Erect Abdomen (AP projection), place the

A

top of the IR at the level of the axilla

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30
Q

A PA chest image obtained on expiration demonstrates:

  1. a narrower and longer heart shadow
  2. lungs are less dense
  3. a broader and shorter heart shadow
  4. fewer than 10 posterior ribs above the diaphragm
A

3 and 4 only

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31
Q

A PA chest image obtained with the patient rotated into an RAO position demonstrates ________ (in respect to posterior rib lengths)

A

the left posterior ribs have a greater length then the right posterior

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32
Q

A PA chest image with poor positioning demonstrates vertical clavicles and the manubrium at the same level as the fifth thoracic vertebra.

What was the error?

A

upper midcoronal plane was tilted toward the IR

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33
Q

A rotated lateral chest image demonstrates the heart shadow posterior to the sternum.

Identify the anteriorly positioned lung.

A

right

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34
Q

What is the specific positioning error if the right iliac wing is wider in appearance as compared to the left as seen on an AP supine abdomen radiograph?

A

rotation of the right side of the body toward the IR

(Right rotation)

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35
Q

A supine AP abdominal image obtained with the patient in an LPO position demonstrates:

1.the sacrum and coccyx aligned with the symphysis pubis

  1. Right side of pelvis is elongated (looks larger then the left side)
  2. Left side of the pelvis is elongated (looks larger then the right side)
  3. Right side of the patient is foreshortened (looks smaller then the left side)
A

3 and 4 only

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36
Q

A general positioning rule is to place the long axis of the part ____ to the long axis of the image receptor.

A

parallel

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37
Q

With the hand flat, the thumb will be in the following position

A

oblique

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38
Q

Which position is recommended for localization of a metallic foreign body in the palm of the hand (best demonstrates the metacarpals?

A

lateral in extension

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39
Q

What is necessary to demonstrate open interphalangeal joint spaces?

A

digit must be parallel to the IR

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40
Q

At the most lateral side of the hand, the digit is called the

A

first digit

41
Q

An image of a hand should display (high/low) contrast

42
Q

true/false:
For the lateromedial projection lateral in extension position of the hand it is acceptable for the metacarpals to be rotated.

43
Q

Put the carpal bones in the correct order on the distal row beginning on the medial side (medial to lateral)

A

hamate
capitate
trapezoid
trapezium

44
Q

If a patient is standing with the anterior surface of the right side in contact with the vertical grid device, the result will be a _______ projection

A

PA oblique

45
Q

The partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the:

46
Q

Which special position of the wrist will open up the interspaces on the ulnar side of the wrist (adjacent interspaces more open on the medial (ulnar) side of the wrist)?

A

radial deviation

47
Q

Which projection of the elbow best visualizes radial head, neck of the radius and capitulum of humerus free of superimposition?

A

external rotation AP oblique elbow

48
Q

Which position of the elbow results in the least superimposition of the olecranon process - best demonstrates the olecranon process - olecranon process in profile?

A

lateral elbow

49
Q

Which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned lateral of the forearm?

  1. Olecranon process in profile
  2. Elbow in 45° flexion
  3. Superimposition of distal radius and ulna (one-half of radial head should be superimposed by the coronoid process)
A

1 and 3 only

50
Q

Which of the following projections is used to prevent crossing of the forearm bones?

a. AP projection
b. PA projection

A

AP projection

51
Q

Which of the following projections best corrects foreshortening of the scaphoid?

A

PA in ulnar deviation

52
Q

Which of the following is demonstrated free of superimposition on an AP oblique of the elbow in lateral rotation?

  1. olecranon fossa
  2. olecranon process
  3. radial head and neck
  4. trochlea
53
Q

Which elbow position demonstrates complete superimposition of the epicondyles?

A

lateral elbow

54
Q

To place the carpal bones closer to the IR for a PA projection of the wrist

A

flex the fingers into a loose fist

55
Q

The posterior fat pad lies in the

A

olecranon fossa

56
Q

The AP projection of the forearm should include the:
1. Radius and ulna
2. _______ row of carpals
3. ________ humerus

A

proximal row, distal

57
Q

Soft tissue detail is important for the lateral elbow to demonstrate

58
Q

For the AP projection of the elbow, the humeral epicondyles (and the interepicondylar line) are

A

parallel to the IR

59
Q

For the AP projection of forearm, the hand is __________

60
Q

For both AP oblique elbow projections, the epicondyles (inter-epicondylar plane) and IR form an angle of:

A

45 degrees

61
Q

For an AP oblique elbow with medial rotation, the patient is positioned so that the:

  1. Shoulder is level with the elbow
  2. Elbow joint is 90° to the IR
  3. Hand is supinated
62
Q

For an AP lateral oblique (externally rotated) elbow image with accurate positioning, the:

  1. capitulum is in profile
  2. radioulnar joint space is open
  3. coronoid process is in profile
  4. ulna is demonstrated without radial head superimposition
A

1, 2 and 4

63
Q

An IR that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) beyond the elbow and wrist joints for a forearm image is:

a. needed to record the elbow and wrist on the image

b. needed so the beam can be tightly collimated

c. not a required positioning procedure

d. needed only when a joint problem is suspected

64
Q

An AP forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates the:

  1. radial styloid in profile laterally
  2. radial head slightly superimposed over the ulna
  3. ulnar styloid in profile laterally
  4. humeral epicondyles in profile
A

1, 2, and 4

65
Q

An AP elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. the medial and lateral humeral epicondyles in profile
  2. the radial tuberosity in profile medially
  3. an open capitulum-radial joint (elbow joint)
  4. the ulna free of radial head and radial tuberosity superimposition
A

1, 2, and 3 only

66
Q

rotation of the arm for a lateromedial projection of the elbow will place the interepicondylar plane ____ to the IR.

A

perpendicular

67
Q

which of the following would be present on the image of a properly positioned AP projection of the forearm?

  1. Superimposition of entire proximal row of the carpals bones with the radius and ulna (maximum superimposition
  2. Radial tuberosity in medial profile
  3. Radial styloid in lateral profile
A

2 and 3 only

68
Q

A well-positioned AP projection of the elbow will demonstrate:

A

slight superimposition (1/8) of proximal radius and ulna

69
Q

A lateral forearm image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. distal scaphoid and the pisiform are aligned
  2. the ulnar styloid in profile
  3. an open elbow joint space
  4. the radial tuberosity in profile
A

1, 2, and 3

70
Q

A lateral elbow image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. an open elbow joint space
  2. the radial head distal to the coronoid process
  3. the radial tuberosity on end (not in profile)
  4. the anterior fat pad
A

1, 3, and 4 only

71
Q

A PA wrist image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. an open radioulnar joint
  2. the radial styloid in profile laterally
  3. lunate is positioned proximal to radiulnar joint
  4. complete superimposition of the third through fifth metacarpal bases
A

1 and 2 only

72
Q

A PA oblique wrist image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. the trapezoid and trapezium without superimposition
  2. an open radioulnar joint space
  3. the ulnar styloid in profile
  4. midshafts of 4th and 5th MC demonstrate small separation
A

1, 3 and 4 only

73
Q

A PA wrist image obtained with the wrist in a neutral position demonstrates:

  1. the scaphoid in partial foreshortening
  2. the center of the lunate positioned distal to the radioulnar articulation
  3. closed CM joints
  4. alignment of the long axis of the third metacarpal and radius
A

1, 2, and 4 only

74
Q

An imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles is positioned perpendicular to the IR for:

  1. an internally rotated AP shoulder image
  2. a lateral humeral image
A

1 and 2 only

75
Q

The greater tubercle of the humerus is demonstrated in profile on the:

A

true AP projection humerus x-ray

76
Q

What is shown in profile on the lateromedial/rotational lateral of the Humerus?

A

lesser tubercle (shown in profile medially)

77
Q

For an AP projection of the shoulder (both internal and external rotation), the central ray is centered:

A

1 inch inferior to the coracoid process

78
Q

For the AP Projection—External Rotation: Shoulder, _________ tubercle is in profile and the _______ tubercle is superimposed over humeral head.

A

greater, lesser

79
Q

For an AP shoulder image, internal rotation, the:

  1. effected shoulder positioned to place against the IR
  2. central ray is centered to 1 inch inferior to the coracoid
  3. imaginary line connecting the humeral epicondyles are perpendicular to the IR
A

1, 2, and 3

80
Q

What projection of the shoulder will demonstrate the lesser tubercle in profile?

A

AP projection internal rotation

81
Q

What anatomy is demonstrated on the AP axial projection of the toes?

(1) Phalanges
(2) Tarsals
(3) Open IP and MTP joint spaces

A

1 and 3 only

82
Q

An optimal AP axial foot (non weight bearing) projection demonstrates all the following except

a. an open medial-intermediate cuneiform joint space.

b. uniform density across all metatarsals

c. the calcaneus without talar superimposition.

d. open TMT joint spaces.

A

the calcaneus without talar superimposition

83
Q

With what projection are the cuboid and its articulations best demonstrated?

A

AP oblique foot in medial rotation

84
Q

On a lateral foot image with accurate positioning, the ____________ is seen in profile

A

tuberosity/base of the 5th metatarsal

85
Q

For a 15- to 20-degree internally rotated AP oblique ankle projection, the leg is internally rotated until the _________ line is ______ with the IR.

A

intermalleolar, parallel

86
Q

A 15- to 20-degree internally rotated AP oblique ankle projection with accurate positioning demonstrates which of the following joints as open spaces?

tibiotalar
lateral mortise
medial mortise

A

all of the above

87
Q

A non weight bearing lateral ankle projection with accurate positioning demonstrates

  1. an open tibiotalar joint.
  2. domes aligned
  3. 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the fifth metatarsal base.
  4. posterior half of the tibia superimposes fibia
A

1, 2, 3, and 4

88
Q

An axial calcaneus projection with the patient’s foot in correct dorsal flexion and the central ray angled 40 degrees proximally demonstrates

  1. an elongated calcaneal tuberosity.
  2. a foreshortened calcaneal tuberosity.
  3. an open talocalcaneal joint space.
  4. sustentaculum tali in profile
89
Q

An AP axial foot projection obtained with the foot laterally rotated demonstrates

  1. an increase in metatarsal base superimposition
  2. the calcaneus with decreased talar superimposition
  3. the calcaneus with increased talar superimposition.
  4. a decrease in metatarsal base superimposition.
A

1 and 3 only

90
Q

A lateral ankle image in which the leg is internally rotated will demonstrate

A

medial talar dome posterior to lateral talar dome

91
Q

true/false: For the lateral foot, the plantar surface does not have to be perpendicualr to the IR.

92
Q

true/false: When the foot is rotated correctly for an AP oblique foot projection all of the metatarsals are superimposed .

93
Q

For an AP axial projection of the clavicle, the exposure should be made:

A

end of inhalation

94
Q

An AP scapular image with accurate positioning demonstrates:

  1. nearly superimposed anterior and posterior glenoid fossa margins
  2. the medial (vertebral) scapular border without thoracic cavity superimposition
  3. the humeral shaft at a 90-degree angle with the body
  4. the scapular body with slight longitudinal foreshortening
A

1 and 3 only

95
Q

the CR for the AP axial clavicle is directed 15 to 30 degrees ______ to mid clavicle

96
Q

What projection of the shoulder girdle requires that the patient be rotated 45 to 60 degrees from a PA position?

A

lateral scapula

97
Q

For the Lateral Scapula, patients are obliqued…

30 degrees
45 degrees
60 degrees
until plane of scapula body is perpendicular to the IR

A

until plane of scapula body is perpendicular to the IR

98
Q

For the AP Oblique Projection of the Shoulder, the patient is rotated _____ degrees (towards/away from) affected shoulder

A

35-40, towards

w.RADT 131 (11 decks)

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