final exam - plants (no pics) Flashcards
1
Q
what species are most susceptible to soluble oxalates
A
sheep and cattle
2
Q
what part of the plant has the highest soluble oxalates
A
leaves
3
Q
T/F
calcium rich diets increase the toxicity of soluble oxalates
A
FALSE - they decrease the toxicity by forming insoluble calcium oxalate which is not absorbed
4
Q
what do these plants have in common: pigweed beet lambs quarters halogeton sorrel, soursop, rhubarb greasewood
A
they all contain large amounts of soluble oxalates
5
Q
sheep with rapid breathing and blood-tinged froth from mouth
A
probably ate a soluble oxalate plant
6
Q
T/F
soluble oxalates cause hypercalcemia, renal damage, and necrosis
A
FALSE - hypOcalcemia
7
Q
plant in the aralia family
A
umbrella tree
8
Q
plant in the palm family
A
fishtail palm
9
Q
what family are these plants: chinese evergreen elephant ear flamingo plant caladium dumcane philodendron peace lily arrowhead vine calla lily
A
arum family – they are all acids and are all insoluble calcium oxalates
10
Q
which of the following is an insoluble calcium oxalate plant: pigweed greaseweed sorrel caladium halogeton
A
caladium – the rest are SOLUBLE calcium oxalates
11
Q
which part of the insoluble calcium oxalate plants are toxic
A
all of the parts – have to chew the plant to receive toxins
12
Q
MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates
A
when the animal chews the plant, the crystals penetrate the skins and mucosa and cause irritation in the mouth and throat – some species also release histamine
13
Q
MOA of soluble calcium oxalates
A
hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage
14
Q
what are ponderosa pine and monterey cyprus
A
isocupressic acid
15
Q
mechanism of action in isocupressic acid plants
A
vasocontriction and decreased uterine blood flow stimulates the release of fetal cortisol and causes abortions in cattle
16
Q
what are st johns wort and buckwheat
A
quinones
17
Q
St. Johns Wort and Buckwheat cause
A
primary photosensitization – photodynamic substance comes directly from the plant
18
Q
T/F
primary photosensitization reactions cause pruritis, edema, erythema, and can lead to secondary bacterial infections
A
TRUE
19
Q
what are oak tree and bird of paradise
A
tannic acids
20
Q
what are the main lesions caused by tannic acid plants in ruminants
A
gi and kidney – brown urine/ rumen atony
21
Q
what are the main lesions caused by tannic acid plants in monogastrics
A
GI lesions – colic, icterus
22
Q
this plant is in the Triterpene acid category and has a minty smell
A
lantana
23
Q
T/F
phylloerythrin causes photosensitization
A
TRUE
24
Q
T/F
horses are sensitive to lantana, but cattle are resistant
A
FALSE – horses are the resistant ones
25
what type of photosensitization does lantana cause in cattle
secondary -- hepatogenic
| from liver damage and decreased elimination of the phylloerythins
26
```
what are these categorized as ?!?
xanthine
tropane
taxine
solanine and soladine
pyrrolizidine
pyridine
piperidine
muscarine
lycorine
```
alkaloids
27
```
what are these categorized as
colchicine
diterpene
ergot
indolizidine
```
alkaloids
28
what plants are colchicine
the lily family plants
29
MOA of colchicine
antimitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division
30
what cells are the most sensitive to colchicine
rapidly dividing cells
31
```
what family are these plants
monkshood
aconite
larkspur
delphinium
```
buttercup family
32
buttercup family are which alkaloids
diterpene alkaloids
33
this alkaloid group of plants causes competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare and also causes sudden death in cattle
diterpene alkaloids -- buttercup family
34
treatment for diterpene alkaloids
phygostigmine
35
fungus that grows on plants and causes vasocontriction, gangrene, and uterine contractions/abortions
ergot alkaloids
36
what type of alkaloid are locoweeds and milkvetch
indolizidine alkaloids
37
what are the two components of toxicity in indolizidine alkaloids
niropropanol and selenium
38
this component of indolizidine alkaloids causes hoof and hair damage
selenium
39
plant that inhibits lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins
indolizidine alkaloids
40
this component of indolizidine alkaloids causes peripheral neuronal degeneration and respiratory signs
niropropanol
41
moa of lycorine plants
purgative/emetic
42
```
what are those!!!
kaffir lily
zephyr lily
narcissus
spider lily
river lily
barbados lily
```
amaryllis family -- lycorine alkaloids
43
what part of the lycorine plants is most toxic
bulb
44
antidote for poisonous mushrooms
atropine
45
how long does it take muscarine toxicosis to show signs
24-36 hour delayed onset of liver damage and deat h
46
what are
tobacco
poison hemlock
lupines
piperidine alkaloids
47
have nicotinic effects starting with neuromuscular stimulation followed by blockade
piperidine alkaloids
48
T/F
| piperidine alkaloids cause teratogenic abnormalities
true -- tobacco
49
how long is the onset of clinical signs with piperidine alkaloids
RAPID
death due to respiratory failure
50
rattlebox, senecio, ragwort -- moa
hepatotoxic -- hepatogenic encephalopathy
51
which plants are pyrrolizidines
rattlebox, senecio, ragwort
52
if a nightshade plant has a berry.. what color is toxic
green -- black berries have lost their toxin
53
what are devils trumpet, angels trumpet and jimsonweed
tropane alkaloids -- have atropine, hyoscine, and hyoscyamine
54
japanese yew is a what alkaloid
taxine
55
mech of action of taxine alkaloids
japanese yew-- gi and cardiac signs
56
caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are what type of alkaloid
xanthine
57
blocks adenosine A receptors and inhibits phosphodiesterase
xanthines
58
list anthraquinones
coffee weed, senna, buckthorn
59
has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration leading to brown colored urine and myoglobinuria
coffee weed
60
what do horses usually die from in coffee weed poisoning
liver failure
| NOT muscle degeneration
61
mechanism of action of anthroquinones
purgative
62
calcinogenic glycosides = vitamin __ analog
D
63
what are turkey berry and day blooming jessamine
calcinogenic glycosides
64
T/F
| calcinogenic glycosides cause hypocalcemia
false - hypercacemia = leads to calcification of tissues
65
primary target of cocklebur
liver -- hepatotoxicity / photosensitization
66
way to remember cocklebur causing excessive salivation due to injury to the mouth
cock in you mouth you drool
67
list cardiac glycosides
```
oleander
foxglove
periwinkle
desert rose
milkweed
lily-of-the-valley
christmas kallanchoe
```
68
mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides
inhibit na/k atpase
69
what color is foxglove flower
purple
70
tx cardiac glycosides
digoxin
71
causes hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin k epoxide reductase which results in deficiency of coag factors 2,7,9,10
coumarin glycosides -- spoiled sweet clover
same as warfarin !! -- bleeding anywhere!!
72
causes inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and cellular respiration
cyanogenic glycosides
73
```
these plants are what
wild cherries
johnsongrass
sudan grass
sorghum
elderberry
```
cyanogenic glycosides
74
how can you treat cyanogenic glycosides
na nitrate -- will reactivate the cytochrome oxidase
75
sago palm, coontie, and carboard palm are all what
cycasin glyosides
76
cattle with zamia staggers
cycasin glyosides poisoning
77
cycad plants have 3 toxins
1. cycasin - gi and liver damage
2. beta-methylamino-L-alanine = neuro signs
3. unknown = axonal degenration in the CNS
78
these plants MOA is antithyroid
glucosinolates -- kale, broccoli, rape seed
79
moa of niropropanol glycosides
inhibits the TCA cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation = no energy in cells = respiratory and neuronal disease
80
what are white clover and alfalfa
phytoestrogens
81
these plants cause infertility by binding to estrogen receptors
alfalfa and white clover - phytoestrogens
82
volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside
protoanemonin - buttercup family
83
this plant causes death to the precursor cells of bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in sheep and cattle
bracken fern
84
this plant can cause neoplasms in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria and also bright blindness in sheep
bracken fern -- ptaquiloside
85
what are lechuguilla and agave
steroidal saponins -- cause hepatotixic photosensitization bc they cant clear phylloerythrins
86
moa of dracaena and cordyline
mainly gi irritaiton - NOT liver signs even though they are a steroidal saponin too
87
reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules
cottonseed - gossypol
88
cottonseed moa
cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage
89
T/F
| only bound gossypol is toxic
false - only free gossypol
90
which is more sensitive to gossypol
| monogastrics or ruminants
monogastrics
91
T/F
| gossypol poisoning is acute
false - chronic
92
moa of copper
methemoglobinemia
liver damage
hemolysis
93
causes signs of copper deficiency including watery diarrhea, anemia, deoigmentation, demyelination, and osteoporosis
molybdenum
94
causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric acid and formation of methemoglobin
nitrate
also can cause abortions
95
causes decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion
nitrates
96
what are the lectin plants
```
castor bean
precatory bean
coral plant
black locust
soybeans
```
97
what is castor oil
a cathartic -- has to chew the seed to get the oil tho
98
what are ricin and abrin
glycoproteins -- from lectins
99
mechanism of action of lectins
inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death
100
plants that are propyl disulfides
```
onions
garlic
shallots
chives
leek
```
101
produce oxygen free radicals that cause damage of RBC membranes and hemolysis
propyl disulfides -- hemolytic anemia and heinz bodies
102
most susceptible animal to tetradymol
sheep -- skin erythema, swelling, necrosis
103
horsebrush
tetradymol
104
plants of thiaminase
bracken fern
| horsetail
105
what vitamin is thiamine
B1
106
treat poisoning of thiaminase plants
give high doses of B1
107
who are most sensitive to thiaminase plants: horses or ruminants
horses - monogastrics
108
destroys the thiamine in the diets leading to vitamin deficiency and neurotoxic signs
thiaminase plants
109
```
what are
alfalfa
holly
english ivy
pokeweed
```
triterpenoid saponins
110
how to treat triterpenoid saponins
sodium nitrate
111
moa of triterpenoid saponins
direct gi mucosa irritation
112
cause hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in HORSES only
alsike and red clover
113
ingestion of this when used as bedding for horses can cause laminitis
black walnut
114
forage induced photosensitization in cattle is due to what
cholestatic liver disease -- could be feeding moldy alfalfa or moldy wheat
115
unkonw toxin causing acute renal failure in dogs
grapes/raisins
116
how many lily leaves kill a cat
2
117
renal failure in cats only
easter lily
118
unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, horses,
pigweed
119
dried leaves of this plant cause hemolytic anemia, heinz bodies, and hemoglobinemia in horses
red maple
120
most toxic part of senna plants
seeds
121
what disease does yellow star thistle cause in horses
equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE)
chewing disease -- no dopamine is made
animal cannot eat or drink
122
macadamia nut in dogs
random hindlimb paralysis and then full recovery in 2 days
