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TOX > final exam - plants (no pics) > Flashcards

final exam - plants (no pics) Flashcards

1
Q

what species are most susceptible to soluble oxalates

A

sheep and cattle

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2
Q

what part of the plant has the highest soluble oxalates

A

leaves

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3
Q

T/F

calcium rich diets increase the toxicity of soluble oxalates

A

FALSE - they decrease the toxicity by forming insoluble calcium oxalate which is not absorbed

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4
Q 
what do these plants have in common:
pigweed
beet
lambs quarters
halogeton
sorrel, soursop,
rhubarb
greasewood
A

they all contain large amounts of soluble oxalates

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5
Q

sheep with rapid breathing and blood-tinged froth from mouth

A

probably ate a soluble oxalate plant

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6
Q

T/F

soluble oxalates cause hypercalcemia, renal damage, and necrosis

A

FALSE - hypOcalcemia

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7
Q

plant in the aralia family

A

umbrella tree

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8
Q

plant in the palm family

A

fishtail palm

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9
Q 
what family are these plants: 
chinese evergreen
elephant ear 
flamingo plant 
caladium
dumcane
philodendron
peace lily 
arrowhead vine
calla lily
A

arum family – they are all acids and are all insoluble calcium oxalates

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10
Q 
which of the following is an insoluble calcium oxalate plant:
pigweed
greaseweed
sorrel
caladium 
halogeton
A

caladium – the rest are SOLUBLE calcium oxalates

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11
Q

which part of the insoluble calcium oxalate plants are toxic

A

all of the parts – have to chew the plant to receive toxins

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12
Q

MOA of insoluble calcium oxalates

A

when the animal chews the plant, the crystals penetrate the skins and mucosa and cause irritation in the mouth and throat – some species also release histamine

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13
Q

MOA of soluble calcium oxalates

A

hypocalcemia and precipitation of insoluble calcium oxalates in soft tissues and kidney damage

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14
Q

what are ponderosa pine and monterey cyprus

A

isocupressic acid

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15
Q

mechanism of action in isocupressic acid plants

A

vasocontriction and decreased uterine blood flow stimulates the release of fetal cortisol and causes abortions in cattle

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16
Q

what are st johns wort and buckwheat

A

quinones

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17
Q

St. Johns Wort and Buckwheat cause

A

primary photosensitization – photodynamic substance comes directly from the plant

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18
Q

T/F

primary photosensitization reactions cause pruritis, edema, erythema, and can lead to secondary bacterial infections

A

TRUE

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19
Q

what are oak tree and bird of paradise

A

tannic acids

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20
Q

what are the main lesions caused by tannic acid plants in ruminants

A

gi and kidney – brown urine/ rumen atony

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21
Q

what are the main lesions caused by tannic acid plants in monogastrics

A

GI lesions – colic, icterus

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22
Q

this plant is in the Triterpene acid category and has a minty smell

A

lantana

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23
Q

T/F

phylloerythrin causes photosensitization

A

TRUE

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24
Q

T/F

horses are sensitive to lantana, but cattle are resistant

A

FALSE – horses are the resistant ones

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25
Q

what type of photosensitization does lantana cause in cattle

A

secondary – hepatogenic

from liver damage and decreased elimination of the phylloerythins

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26
Q 
what are these categorized as ?!?
xanthine
tropane
taxine 
solanine and soladine 
pyrrolizidine 
pyridine 
piperidine
muscarine 
lycorine
A

alkaloids

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27
Q 
what are these categorized as 
colchicine 
diterpene
ergot
indolizidine
A

alkaloids

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28
Q

what plants are colchicine

A

the lily family plants

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29
Q

MOA of colchicine

A

antimitotic by binding to tubulin and inhibiting spindle formation during cell division

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30
Q

what cells are the most sensitive to colchicine

A

rapidly dividing cells

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31
Q 
what family are these plants 
monkshood
aconite 
larkspur
delphinium
A

buttercup family

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32
Q

buttercup family are which alkaloids

A

diterpene alkaloids

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33
Q

this alkaloid group of plants causes competitive blockade of the nicotinic receptors at the muscle endplate similar to curare and also causes sudden death in cattle

A

diterpene alkaloids – buttercup family

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34
Q

treatment for diterpene alkaloids

A

phygostigmine

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35
Q

fungus that grows on plants and causes vasocontriction, gangrene, and uterine contractions/abortions

A

ergot alkaloids

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36
Q

what type of alkaloid are locoweeds and milkvetch

A

indolizidine alkaloids

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37
Q

what are the two components of toxicity in indolizidine alkaloids

A

niropropanol and selenium

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38
Q

this component of indolizidine alkaloids causes hoof and hair damage

A

selenium

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39
Q

plant that inhibits lysosomal enzymes essential for formation of glycoproteins

A

indolizidine alkaloids

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40
Q

this component of indolizidine alkaloids causes peripheral neuronal degeneration and respiratory signs

A

niropropanol

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41
Q

moa of lycorine plants

A

purgative/emetic

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42
Q 
what are those!!!
kaffir lily 
zephyr lily
narcissus 
spider lily 
river lily 
barbados lily
A

amaryllis family – lycorine alkaloids

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43
Q

what part of the lycorine plants is most toxic

A

bulb

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44
Q

antidote for poisonous mushrooms

A

atropine

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45
Q

how long does it take muscarine toxicosis to show signs

A

24-36 hour delayed onset of liver damage and deat h

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46
Q

what are
tobacco
poison hemlock
lupines

A

piperidine alkaloids

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47
Q

have nicotinic effects starting with neuromuscular stimulation followed by blockade

A

piperidine alkaloids

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48
Q

T/F

piperidine alkaloids cause teratogenic abnormalities

A

true – tobacco

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49
Q

how long is the onset of clinical signs with piperidine alkaloids

A

RAPID

death due to respiratory failure

50
Q

rattlebox, senecio, ragwort – moa

A

hepatotoxic – hepatogenic encephalopathy

51
Q

which plants are pyrrolizidines

A

rattlebox, senecio, ragwort

52
Q

if a nightshade plant has a berry.. what color is toxic

A

green – black berries have lost their toxin

53
Q

what are devils trumpet, angels trumpet and jimsonweed

A

tropane alkaloids – have atropine, hyoscine, and hyoscyamine

54
Q

japanese yew is a what alkaloid

A

taxine

55
Q

mech of action of taxine alkaloids

A

japanese yew– gi and cardiac signs

56
Q

caffeine, theophylline and theobromine are what type of alkaloid

A

xanthine

57
Q

blocks adenosine A receptors and inhibits phosphodiesterase

A

xanthines

58
Q

list anthraquinones

A

coffee weed, senna, buckthorn

59
Q

has an unknown principle that causes skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration leading to brown colored urine and myoglobinuria

A

coffee weed

60
Q

what do horses usually die from in coffee weed poisoning

A

liver failure

NOT muscle degeneration

61
Q

mechanism of action of anthroquinones

A

purgative

62
Q

calcinogenic glycosides = vitamin __ analog

A

D

63
Q

what are turkey berry and day blooming jessamine

A

calcinogenic glycosides

64
Q

T/F

calcinogenic glycosides cause hypocalcemia

A

false - hypercacemia = leads to calcification of tissues

65
Q

primary target of cocklebur

A

liver – hepatotoxicity / photosensitization

66
Q

way to remember cocklebur causing excessive salivation due to injury to the mouth

A

cock in you mouth you drool

67
Q

list cardiac glycosides

A 
oleander 
foxglove 
periwinkle 
desert rose 
milkweed
lily-of-the-valley
christmas kallanchoe
68
Q

mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides

A

inhibit na/k atpase

69
Q

what color is foxglove flower

A

purple

70
Q

tx cardiac glycosides

A

digoxin

71
Q

causes hemorrhage due to antagonism of vitamin K by inhibiting vitamin k epoxide reductase which results in deficiency of coag factors 2,7,9,10

A

coumarin glycosides – spoiled sweet clover

same as warfarin !! – bleeding anywhere!!

72
Q

causes inhibition of cytochrome oxidase and cellular respiration

A

cyanogenic glycosides

73
Q 
these plants are what 
wild cherries 
johnsongrass 
sudan grass 
sorghum 
elderberry
A

cyanogenic glycosides

74
Q

how can you treat cyanogenic glycosides

A

na nitrate – will reactivate the cytochrome oxidase

75
Q

sago palm, coontie, and carboard palm are all what

A

cycasin glyosides

76
Q

cattle with zamia staggers

A

cycasin glyosides poisoning

77
Q

cycad plants have 3 toxins

A
  1. cycasin - gi and liver damage
  2. beta-methylamino-L-alanine = neuro signs
  3. unknown = axonal degenration in the CNS
78
Q

these plants MOA is antithyroid

A

glucosinolates – kale, broccoli, rape seed

79
Q

moa of niropropanol glycosides

A

inhibits the TCA cycle and cellular oxidative phosphorylation = no energy in cells = respiratory and neuronal disease

80
Q

what are white clover and alfalfa

A

phytoestrogens

81
Q

these plants cause infertility by binding to estrogen receptors

A

alfalfa and white clover - phytoestrogens

82
Q

volatile oil released by hydrolysis of the glycoside

A

protoanemonin - buttercup family

83
Q

this plant causes death to the precursor cells of bone marrow causing aplastic anemia in sheep and cattle

A

bracken fern

84
Q

this plant can cause neoplasms in the urinary tract causing enzootic bovine hematuria and also bright blindness in sheep

A

bracken fern – ptaquiloside

85
Q

what are lechuguilla and agave

A

steroidal saponins – cause hepatotixic photosensitization bc they cant clear phylloerythrins

86
Q

moa of dracaena and cordyline

A

mainly gi irritaiton - NOT liver signs even though they are a steroidal saponin too

87
Q

reduces male fertility by destroying seminiferous tubules

A

cottonseed - gossypol

88
Q

cottonseed moa

A

cardiotoxic and secondary liver damage

89
Q

T/F

only bound gossypol is toxic

A

false - only free gossypol

90
Q

which is more sensitive to gossypol

monogastrics or ruminants

A

monogastrics

91
Q

T/F

gossypol poisoning is acute

A

false - chronic

92
Q

moa of copper

A

methemoglobinemia
liver damage
hemolysis

93
Q

causes signs of copper deficiency including watery diarrhea, anemia, deoigmentation, demyelination, and osteoporosis

A

molybdenum

94
Q

causes oxidation of ferrous iron of hemoglobin to ferric acid and formation of methemoglobin

A

nitrate

also can cause abortions

95
Q

causes decreased progesterone during pregnancy and abortion

A

nitrates

96
Q

what are the lectin plants

A 
castor bean
precatory bean
coral plant
black locust 
soybeans
97
Q

what is castor oil

A

a cathartic – has to chew the seed to get the oil tho

98
Q

what are ricin and abrin

A

glycoproteins – from lectins

99
Q

mechanism of action of lectins

A

inhibit cellular protein synthesis resulting in cell death

100
Q

plants that are propyl disulfides

A 
onions 
garlic 
shallots 
chives 
leek
101
Q

produce oxygen free radicals that cause damage of RBC membranes and hemolysis

A

propyl disulfides – hemolytic anemia and heinz bodies

102
Q

most susceptible animal to tetradymol

A

sheep – skin erythema, swelling, necrosis

103
Q

horsebrush

A

tetradymol

104
Q

plants of thiaminase

A

bracken fern

horsetail

105
Q

what vitamin is thiamine

A

B1

106
Q

treat poisoning of thiaminase plants

A

give high doses of B1

107
Q

who are most sensitive to thiaminase plants: horses or ruminants

A

horses - monogastrics

108
Q

destroys the thiamine in the diets leading to vitamin deficiency and neurotoxic signs

A

thiaminase plants

109
Q 
what are 
alfalfa
holly
english ivy
pokeweed
A

triterpenoid saponins

110
Q

how to treat triterpenoid saponins

A

sodium nitrate

111
Q

moa of triterpenoid saponins

A

direct gi mucosa irritation

112
Q

cause hepatotoxicity and secondary photosensitization in HORSES only

A

alsike and red clover

113
Q

ingestion of this when used as bedding for horses can cause laminitis

A

black walnut

114
Q

forage induced photosensitization in cattle is due to what

A

cholestatic liver disease – could be feeding moldy alfalfa or moldy wheat

115
Q

unkonw toxin causing acute renal failure in dogs

A

grapes/raisins

116
Q

how many lily leaves kill a cat

A

2

117
Q

renal failure in cats only

A

easter lily

118
Q

unknown toxin that causes renal tubular nephrosis in ruminants, pigs, horses,

A

pigweed

119
Q

dried leaves of this plant cause hemolytic anemia, heinz bodies, and hemoglobinemia in horses

A

red maple

120
Q

most toxic part of senna plants

A

seeds

121
Q

what disease does yellow star thistle cause in horses

A

equine nigropallidal encephalomalacia (ENE)
chewing disease – no dopamine is made
animal cannot eat or drink

122
Q

macadamia nut in dogs

A

random hindlimb paralysis and then full recovery in 2 days

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