Final Exam Part 2

Question 1

Automatic processing

Answer 1

unconscious, sequence of the day’s events, frequency of events, etc. Implicit memories.

Question 2

Effortful processing

Answer 2

consciously attending to and processing information to form durable and accessible memories. Explicit memories.

Question 3

Deep processing

Answer 3

encoding information in terms of its meaning.

Question 4

Shallow processing

Answer 4

encoding information in terms of a superficial characteristic.

Question 5

When we are excited or stressed, emotion-triggered stress hormones make more glucose energy available to the brain, and the _______ boosts activity in memory-forming areas of the brain.

Answer 5

amygdala.

Question 6

Implicit memories are processed in the ______ and the ______.

Answer 6

basal ganglia; cerebellum.

Question 7

Explicit memories are processed in the ______ and the ______.

Answer 7

hippocampus; frontal lobes.

Question 8

Forgetting curve

Answer 8

Ebbinghaus, the course of forgetting is initially rapid and eventually levels off.

Question 9

Algorithms

Answer 9

methodical, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems efficiently.

Question 11

Confirmation bias

Answer 11

the tendency to seek out information that confirms our theory and ignore information that might falsify it.

Question 12

Falsification

Answer 12

you must be able to disprove a theory.

Question 13

Representative heuristic

Answer 13

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

Question 14

Availability heuristic

Answer 14

the tendency to rely predominantly on information that easily comes to mind rather than use all evidence.

Question 15

Anchoring

Answer 15

final judgments and behaviors are assimilated or become more similar to an initial anchor value.

Question 16

Phonemes

Answer 16

the smallest distinctive sound unit in language, the sound of one letter.

Question 17

Morphemes

Answer 17

the smallest unit that carries meaning in language, a prefix or suffix.

Question 18

Charles Spearman

Answer 18

believed we have one general intelligence, factor analysis/g-factor.

Question 19

Gardner’s theory of intelligence

Answer 19

intelligence is best thought of as multiple abilities that come in packages.

Question 20

Aptitude tests

Answer 20

tests that are designed to predict future performance.

Question 21

Achievement tests

Answer 21

tests designed to asses what you have learned.

Question 22

Reliability

Answer 22

refers to the extent to which a test yields consistent results.

Question 23

Validity

Answer 23

refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

Question 24

James-Lange Theory

Answer 24

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/noticing/realizing of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

Question 25

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 25

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions.

Question 26

Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer) theory

Answer 26

the theory that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

Question 27

Six universal expressions

Answer 27

fear, surprise, happiness, anger, disgust, sadness.

Question 28

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _______.

Answer 28

recall.

Question 29

The concept of working memory

Answer 29

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.

Question 30

The hippocampus seems to function as a _______ processing site for ______ memories.

Answer 30

temporary; explicit.

Question 31

When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall

Answer 31

the first items on the list.

Question 32

We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _______ _______.

Answer 32

source amnesia.

Question 33

A mental grouping of similar things is called a _______.

Answer 33

concept.

Question 34

Widely reported terrorist attacks, such as on 9/11 in the U.S., led some observers to initially assume in 2014 that the missing Malaysian airlines flight 370 was probably also the work of terrorists. This assumption illustrates the _______ heuristic.

Answer 34

availability.

Question 35

When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as _______ _______.

Answer 35

telegraphic speech.

Question 36

According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n) _______.

Answer 36

universal grammar.

Question 37

Emotionally intelligent people tend to

Answer 37

succeed in their careers.

Question 38

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is best able to tell us

Answer 38

how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.

Question 39

Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus agreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of

Answer 39

cognitive processing.

Question 40

When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _____ _____.

Answer 40

facial feedback.

Question 41

_______ psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish.

Answer 41

positive.

Question 42

A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology this observation is embodied in the ______ ______ principle.

Answer 42

relative deprivation.