Final Exam Part 2 Flashcards
Automatic processing
unconscious, sequence of the day’s events, frequency of events, etc. Implicit memories.
Effortful processing
consciously attending to and processing information to form durable and accessible memories. Explicit memories.
Deep processing
encoding information in terms of its meaning.
Shallow processing
encoding information in terms of a superficial characteristic.
When we are excited or stressed, emotion-triggered stress hormones make more glucose energy available to the brain, and the _______ boosts activity in memory-forming areas of the brain.
amygdala.
Implicit memories are processed in the ______ and the ______.
basal ganglia; cerebellum.
Explicit memories are processed in the ______ and the ______.
hippocampus; frontal lobes.
Forgetting curve
Ebbinghaus, the course of forgetting is initially rapid and eventually levels off.
Algorithms
methodical, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.
Heuristics
simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems efficiently.
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out information that confirms our theory and ignore information that might falsify it.
Falsification
you must be able to disprove a theory.
Representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.
Availability heuristic
the tendency to rely predominantly on information that easily comes to mind rather than use all evidence.
Anchoring
final judgments and behaviors are assimilated or become more similar to an initial anchor value.
Phonemes
the smallest distinctive sound unit in language, the sound of one letter.
Morphemes
the smallest unit that carries meaning in language, a prefix or suffix.
Charles Spearman
believed we have one general intelligence, factor analysis/g-factor.
Gardner’s theory of intelligence
intelligence is best thought of as multiple abilities that come in packages.
Aptitude tests
tests that are designed to predict future performance.
Achievement tests
tests designed to asses what you have learned.
Reliability
refers to the extent to which a test yields consistent results.
Validity
refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/noticing/realizing of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions.
Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer) theory
the theory that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.
Six universal expressions
fear, surprise, happiness, anger, disgust, sadness.
A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _______.
recall.
The concept of working memory
clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.
The hippocampus seems to function as a _______ processing site for ______ memories.
temporary; explicit.
When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to recall
the first items on the list.
We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of _______ _______.
source amnesia.
A mental grouping of similar things is called a _______.
concept.
Widely reported terrorist attacks, such as on 9/11 in the U.S., led some observers to initially assume in 2014 that the missing Malaysian airlines flight 370 was probably also the work of terrorists. This assumption illustrates the _______ heuristic.
availability.
When young children speak in short phrases using mostly verbs and nouns, this is referred to as _______ _______.
telegraphic speech.
According to Chomsky, all languages share a(n) _______.
universal grammar.
Emotionally intelligent people tend to
succeed in their careers.
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is best able to tell us
how the test-taker compares with other adults in vocabulary and arithmetic reasoning.
Zajonc and LeDoux maintain that some emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them. Lazarus agreed. These psychologists differ about whether emotional responses occur in the absence of
cognitive processing.
When people are induced to assume fearful expressions, they often report feeling a little fear. This result is known as the _____ _____.
facial feedback.
_______ psychology is a scientific field of study focused on how humans thrive and flourish.
positive.
A philosopher observed that we cannot escape envy, because there will always be someone more successful, more accomplished, or richer with whom to compare ourselves. In psychology this observation is embodied in the ______ ______ principle.
relative deprivation.
