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PSY 101 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Attribution Theory

A

Fritz Heider, the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

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2
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others’ behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

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3
Q

People in _________ cultures are somewhat more sensitive to the power of situation.

A

East Asian

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4
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

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5
Q

Central route persuasion

A

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

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6
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

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7
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

Leon Festinger, the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

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8
Q

Normative social influence

A

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

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9
Q

Informational social influence

A

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

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10
Q

Social facilitation

A

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

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11
Q

Social loafing

A

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort than when individually accountable.

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12
Q

Deindividuation

A

the loss of self-awareness and self-control occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

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13
Q

Group polarization

A

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

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14
Q

Groupthink

A

Irving Janis, the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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15
Q

Just-world phenomenon

A

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

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16
Q

Ingroup

A

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity.

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17
Q

Outgroup

A

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

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18
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

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19
Q

Other-race effect

A

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

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20
Q

Frustration-aggression principle

A

the principle that frustration creates anger, which can generate aggression.

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21
Q

Social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

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22
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

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23
Q

Passionate love

A

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

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24
Q

Companionate love

A

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

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25
Q

Equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

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26
Q

Self-disclosure

A

the act if revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

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27
Q

Social trap

A

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

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28
Q

Mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

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29
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

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30
Q

Superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

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31
Q

GRIT

A

Charles Osgood, Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

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32
Q

Self-serving bias

A

people tend to make INTERNAL attributions for POSITIVE outcomes, and blame NEGATIVE outcomes on EXTERNAL attributions.

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33
Q

Compliance

A

yielding to a direct, explicit appeal meant to produce certain behavior or agreement to a particular point of view.

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34
Q

Autokinetic effect

A

a phenomenon in which a small dot of stationary light in a dark room appears to move after a while.

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35
Q

Three important features of aggression

A
  1. Is a behavior
  2. Is intentional, and the intent is to harm
  3. The victim WANTS to avoid the harm
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36
Q

Psychodynamic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

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37
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

38
Q

Unconscious

A

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

39
Q

Free association

A

a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind.

40
Q

Id

A

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle.

41
Q

Pleasure principle

A

how the id operates, seeks immediate gratification.

42
Q

Ego

A

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle.

43
Q

Reality principle

A

how the ego operates, satisfies the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

44
Q

Superego

A

the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

45
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development, during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

46
Q

Oral stage

A

0-18 months, pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing).

47
Q

Anal stage

A

18-36 months, pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control.

48
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-6 years, pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings.

49
Q

Latency stage

A

6-puberty, a phase of dormant sexual feelings.

50
Q

Genital stage

A

puberty on, maturation of sexual interests.

51
Q

Oedipus complex

A

a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

52
Q

Identification

A

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

53
Q

Fixation

A

a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

54
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

55
Q

Repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

56
Q

Regression

A

retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

57
Q

Reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites.

58
Q

Projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

59
Q

Rationalizing

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

60
Q

Displacement

A

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.

61
Q

Denial

A

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.

62
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Carl Jung, concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

63
Q

Projective test

A

a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

64
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

Henry Murray, a projective test in which people make up stories about pictures they are shown.

65
Q

Rorschach ink blot test

A

most widely used projective test, seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

66
Q

False consensus effect

A

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

67
Q

Terror-management theory

A

a theory of death-related anxiety that explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

68
Q

Humanistic theories

A

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

69
Q

Self-actualization

A

Maslow, the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

70
Q

Rogers’ three conditions for growth-promoting climate

A
  1. Genuineness
  2. Acceptance
  3. Empathy
71
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

72
Q

Self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.

73
Q

Personal inventory

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors.

74
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

the most widely researched and clinically used personality test, developed to identify emotional disorders but now used for other purposes.

75
Q

Empirically derived test

A

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

76
Q

The big five factors

A
  1. Conscientiousness
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Neuroticism
  4. Openness
  5. Extraversion
77
Q

Social-cognitive perspective

A

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context.

78
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

79
Q

Self-efficacy

A

one’s sense of competence and effectiveness.

80
Q

Medical model

A

the concept that mental illnesses have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through hospitalization.

81
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

82
Q

DSM-5

A

the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders; a system for classifying psychological disorders.

83
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

84
Q

Panic disorder

A

marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

85
Q

Phobia

A

marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

86
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure.

87
Q

Mania

A

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

88
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

89
Q

Rumination

A

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

90
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

PSY 101 (7 decks)

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