Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

established the first psychology lab in Germany, structuralism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Introspection

A

looking inward, unreliable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Structuralism

A

promoted by Wundt and Titchener, used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does consciousness serve as a function?

A

It enables us to consider our past, adjust our present, and plan our future.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functionalism

A

early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What event defined the start of scientific psychology?

A

Began in Germany in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt opened the first psychology laboratory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why did introspection fail as a method for understanding how the mind works?

A

People’s self-reports varied, depending on the experience and the person’s intelligence and verbal ability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

C.S. Lewis

A

“There is one thing, and only one in the whole universe which we know more about than we could learn from external observation,” and that one thing is ourselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Freudian psychology

A

emphasized the ways our unconscious thought processes and our emotional responses to childhood experiences affect our behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

scientifically explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

studies the brain activity underlying mental activity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Modern psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Plato

A

Greek philosopher, assumed that we inherit character and intelligence and that certain ideas are inborn.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aristotle

A

countered that there is nothing in the mind that does not first come in from the external world through the senses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

John Locke

A

argued that the mind is a blank slate on which experience writes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

how the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is contemporary psychology’s argument on the nature-nurture debate?

A

psychological events often stem from the interaction of nature and nurture, rather than from either of them acting alone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

W.E.I.R.D.

A

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (Henrich, Heine, Norenzayan).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Positive psychology

A

the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are psychology’s three levels of analysis?

A

biological, psychological, social-cultural.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Biopsychosocial approach

A

integrated viewpoint that incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Biological influences (4)

A
  1. Genetic predispositions
  2. Genetic mutations
  3. Natural selection
  4. Genes responding to the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Psychological influences (3)

A
  1. Learned fears and other learned expectations
  2. Emotional responses
  3. Cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Social-cultural influences (4)

A
  1. Presence of others
  2. Cultural, societal, and family expectations
  3. Peer and other group influences
  4. Compelling models in media
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Neuroscience

A

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Psychodynamic psychology

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Behavioral psychology

A

how we learn observable responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Social-cultural psychology

A

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Basic research

A

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Applied research

A

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Community psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading, information (Roediger, Karpicke)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

SQ3R

A

a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Intuition

A

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after hearing a certain outcome, that one would have foreseen it (I knew it all along phenomenon).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What 3 attitudes helped make modern science possible?

A

curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Critical thinking

A

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Operational definition

A

Turn a conceptual variable into a variable that can be measured or manipulated. Connect unobservable traits, experiences, or qualities into things that can be observed and measured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth analysis of an individual or group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

watching and recording the natural behavior of many individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Regression toward the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Serendipity

A

the act of discovering something while looking for something else entirely - an accidental discovery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Conceptual variable

A

a hypothetical factor/construct that is not observed directly. Rather, its existence is inferred from certain observations and assumed to follow from certain situations (e.g., shyness, sleep quality, intelligence).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Spurious relationship

A

2 variables appear to relate to one another, but it is really a third variable affecting them both.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Extraneous/confounding variable

A

any variable that the researcher wants to hold constant on purpose to eliminate alternate explanations for data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Research ethics (4)

A
  1. Obtain informed consent
  2. Protect them from harm
  3. Maintain confidentiality
  4. Debrief
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

A

made up of several faculty members from the university and an outside member from the community; justifies the study when there is potential for harm and ensures proper care of animals during and after study.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

The 3 R’s for non-human research

A
  1. Replacement: use alternatives to animal research when possible.
  2. Refinement: minimize or eliminate animal distress.
  3. Reduction: employ designs or procedures that require fewest number of animals possible.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Phrenology

A

a popular but wrongheaded theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and character traits as specific as the desire to have children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory organs inward to the brain and spinal cord for processing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry messages from the brain and out to the body’s tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Dendrites

A

receive messages from other cells.

54
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

form junctions with other cells.

55
Q

Myelin sheath

A

covers the axons of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses.

56
Q

Neural impulse

A

electrical signal travelling down the axon.

57
Q

Acetylcholine

A

enables muscle action, learning, and memory; at every junction between motor neurons and skeletal muscles.

58
Q

Dopamine

A

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.

59
Q

Serotonin

A

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

60
Q

Norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal.

61
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic or somatic, sympathetic (arousing) or parasympathetic (calming).

62
Q

Sympathetic system

A

expands energy - accelerates heart rate, raises blood pressure, etc.

63
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

conserves energy - decelerates heart rate, lowers blood pressure, etc.

64
Q

How many neurons does the average brain have?

A

40 billion

65
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

procedure for inducing temporary “lesions” in which a magnetic field is passed over a particular brain region.

66
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

provides amplified tracing of waves of electrical activity in the brain.

67
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

detects changes in blood oxygenation in different brain regions; revels functioning as well as structure.

68
Q

Where did Plato and Aristotle think the mind was, respectively?

A

The head, the heart.

69
Q

Who invented phrenology?

A

Franz Gall

70
Q

Localization of function

A

the idea that various brain regions have particular functions.

71
Q

Biological perspective

A

concerned with the links between biology and behavior; neuroscience, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology.

72
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking, and memory.

73
Q

Action potential

A

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.

74
Q

What is the speed range of a neural impulse?

A

2 mph to 200 mph.

75
Q

The fluid outside the axon’s membrane has mostly ______ charged sodium ions while a resting axon’s fluid interior has mostly ______ charged neurons.

A

positively, negatively.

76
Q

Resting potential

A

the positive-outside/negative-inside state of an axon.

77
Q

What happens when a neuron fires?

A

the first section of the axon opens allowing in positively charged sodium ions causing depolarization which makes the next axon channel open, and so on. This temporary inflow of positive ions is the neural impulse or action potential.

78
Q

Refractory period

A

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired in which the neuron pumps the positively charged sodium ions back outside.

79
Q

Threshold

A

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

80
Q

All-or-none response

A

a neuron’s reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing.

81
Q

In what order does a neuron travel through the axon, dendrites, and cell body?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon.

82
Q

Sir Charles Sherrington

A

discovered/made the term synapse.

83
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is the synaptic gap/cleft.

84
Q

Who called synaptic gaps “protoplasmic kisses”?

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

85
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons; bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron and influence whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

86
Q

Reuptake

A

a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron.

87
Q

What happens to neurotransmitters after crossing the synaptic gap?

A

they drift away, are broken down by enzymes, or are reabsorbed by the sending neutron.

88
Q

When acetylcholine is released to our muscle cell receptors, the muscle _____. When it is blocked, the muscle_____.

A

contracts; is paralyzed.

89
Q

What discovery did Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder make?

A

Endorphins

90
Q

Endorphins

A

“morphine within”; natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.

91
Q

Agonist

A

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action.

92
Q

Antagonist

A

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter’s action.

93
Q

Nerve

A

a bundle of axons that form neural cables connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs.

94
Q

Interneurons

A

neurons within the CNS; communicate internally and process information between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

95
Q

Reflex

A

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus.

96
Q

Adrenal glands

A

a pair of glands that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.

97
Q

Pituitary gland

A

most influential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands under the influence of the hypothalamus.

98
Q

Lesion

A

naturally occurring or experimentally caused tissue destruction.

99
Q

PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography)

A

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

100
Q

Brainstem

A

the oldest part and central core of the brain, begins where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions.

101
Q

Medulla

A

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.

102
Q

Pons

A

sits just above the medulla, helps coordinate movements and control sleep.

103
Q

Thalamus

A

directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

104
Q

Reticular formation

A

filters incoming stimuli (from the spinal cord) and relays information to other areas of the brain, arousal.

105
Q

Cerebellum

A

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory.

106
Q

Limbic system

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives; hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus.

107
Q

Hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic center; helps process explicit memories for storage.

108
Q

Amygdala

A

two neural clusters in the limbic system linked to aggression and fear.

109
Q

Hypothalamus

A

a neural structure that directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

110
Q

Who discovered that the hypothalamus provides rewards?

A

James Olds and Peter Milner

111
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

convoluted mass that enables higher-level functions, including perceiving, thinking, and speaking.

112
Q

Frontal lobes

A

involved in motor function, language, and memory, and executive functions.

113
Q

Parietal lobes

A

involved in sensations of touch, pain, and temperature; contains somatosensory cortex.

114
Q

Occipital lobes

A

portion of the cerebral cortex that receives information from the visual fields.

115
Q

Temporal lobes

A

involved in hearing, understanding language, and storing autobiographical memories; contains auditory cortex.

116
Q

Motor cortex

A

an area in the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

117
Q

Who discovered the motor cortex?

A

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

118
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body tough and movement sensations.

119
Q

Association areas

A

are found in all four lobes and are responsible for integrating information, linking sensory inputs with stored memories.

120
Q

Plasticity

A

the brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.

121
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the formation of new neurons.

122
Q

Corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

123
Q

Split brain

A

a condition resulting from the surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.

124
Q

What are the older brain structures?

A

brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic system.

125
Q

What are the four F’s?

A

fighting, fleeing, feeding, and reproduction.

126
Q

Damage to visual cortex disrupts _______.

A

consciousness.

127
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

region between left temporal and parietal lobes, associated with the processing of words that we hear being spoken, or language inputs.

128
Q

Sensory (parietal) cortex

A

receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

129
Q

Broca’s area

A

an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, associated with the production of language, or language outputs.

130
Q

Type A personality

A

aggressive, ambitious, and controlling.

131
Q

Type B personality

A

passive and easy-going.

132
Q

Adopted children are more similar to their ______ parents instead of their ______ parents.

A

biological, adoptive.

PSY 101 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions