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PSY 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

studied the impact of rehearsal by teaching himself nonsense syllables and discovered that the more time we spend learning novel information, the better we learn it.

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2
Q

Spacing effect

A

a phenomenon in which we retain information better if our rehearsal is distributed across time.

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3
Q

Deep processing

A

encoding information in terms of its meaning, leads to better memory. Ex. What type?

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4
Q

Shallow processing

A

encoding information in terms of a superficial characteristic. Ex. Does this rhyme?

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5
Q

Structural processing

A

most shallow form of encoding information. Ex. Are these letters capital?

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6
Q

Mnemonic

A

a strategy for improving memory for some material.

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7
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

sensory memory for visual information, lasts about 200ms.

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

sensory memory for auditory information, lasts about 3 seconds.

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10
Q

Working memory

A

the memory responsible for holding information in an active, conscious state. Has a limited capacity of about 7 items and a limited duration of about 20 seconds.

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11
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

extremely vivid recollections of surprising events, may be inaccurate.

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12
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

the prolonged strengthening of potential neuronal firing which provides a basis for learning and remembering associations.

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13
Q

Implicit memories

A

without conscious recall.

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14
Q

Explicit memories

A

with conscious recall.

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15
Q

Where are implicit memories processed?

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia.

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16
Q

Where are explicit memories processed?

A

hippocampus and frontal lobes.

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17
Q

Proactive interference

A

(forward-acting), occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later.

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18
Q

Retroactive interference

A

(backward-acting), occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier.

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19
Q

Loftus & Palmer

A

car accident experiment using different words and had varied results.

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20
Q

Misinformation effect

A

after exposure to misinformation, many people misremember.

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21
Q

Gary Wells

A

discovered that sequential lineups are most effective for reducing chances of misidentification because people make absolute judgments.

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22
Q

Sigmund Freud on repressed memory

A

proposed that we repress painful memories to protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.

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23
Q

Algorithms

A

methodical, step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution.

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24
Q

Heuristics

A

simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems efficiently. Speedier, but more error prone.

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25
Q

Confirmation bias

A

the tendency to seek out information that confirms our theory, and not seeking out (or ignoring) information that might falsify our theory.

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26
Q

Fixation

A

the inability to see a problem from a different perspective, employing a different mental set.

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27
Q

Functional fixedness

A

our tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions.

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28
Q

Representative heuristic

A

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes.

29
Q

Availability heuristic (pop-up principle)

A

the tendency to rely predominantly on evidence that easily comes to mind rather than use all possible evidence in evaluating some conclusion.

30
Q

Intuitive heuristics

A

representative and availability.

31
Q

Our use of intuitive heuristics and confirmation bias can lead to _________.

A

overconfidence.

32
Q

Belief perseverance

A

our tendency to cling to our initial concepts even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

33
Q

Phonemes

A

the smallest distinctive sound unit in language, such as the ‘b’ in ‘bag’.

34
Q

Morphemes

A

the smallest unit that carries meaning in language, such as one syllabus words or prefixes.

35
Q

Angular gyrus

A

transforms visual representations into an auditory code.

36
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

processes language input.

37
Q

Broca’s area

A

processes language output.

38
Q

Tetsuro Matsuzawa

A

studied chimps’ ability to remember and relate numbers.

39
Q

Charles Spearman

A

believed we have one general intelligence.

40
Q

General factor/factor analysis

A

Spearman, found that students who do well on one test of mental ability tend to do well on all others.

41
Q

Gardner’s theory

A

intelligence is best thought of as multiple abilities that come in packages.

42
Q

Gardner’s 8 intelligences

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logical-mathematical
  3. Musical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-kinesthetic
  6. Intrapersonal
  7. Interpersonal
  8. Naturalist
43
Q

Savant syndrome

A

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

44
Q

Sternberg’s theory

A

distinguishes among three intelligences: analytical, creative, practical.

45
Q

Thurstone’s primary mental abilities

A

intelligence may be broken down into seven factors:

  1. Word fluency
  2. Verbal comprehension
  3. Spatial ability
  4. Perceptual speed
  5. Numerical ability
  6. Inductive reasoning
  7. Memory
46
Q

Creativity requires ______ thinking.

A

divergent.

47
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

driven by interest, satisfaction, and challenge rather than external pressure.

48
Q

What is the approximate correlation between overall brain size and intelligence?

A

.30

49
Q

Francis Galton

A

devised the first tests of mental ability.

50
Q

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

A

developed the first standardized test for the purpose of identifying who needed special help in school. Also introduced the concept of mental age.

51
Q

Lewis Termon

A

translated the Binet-Simon work into English and used IQ as the way of expressing a person’s score.

52
Q

IQ equation

A

(mental age/chronological age) x 100

53
Q

Aptitude test

A

tests designed to predict future performance, such as the SAT.

54
Q

Achievement test

A

tests designed to assess what you have learned.

55
Q

Flynn effect

A

the rise of intelligence test scores around the world in the 20th century.

56
Q

Gender differences in intelligence

A

females are better at spelling and remembering locations of objects, males are better at spatial visualization.

57
Q

Stereotype threat

A

being at risk of personally confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group, Claude Steele.

58
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness/noticing/realizing of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

59
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotions.

60
Q

Two factor (Schachter-Singer) theory

A

the theory that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal.

61
Q

Kinesics

A

body language, facial expressions.

62
Q

Proxemics

A

distance, eye contact.

63
Q

Paralinguistics

A

speech signal (minus content), pitch, tone, volume.

64
Q

Facial feedback hypothesis

A

physical facial emotional displays lead to emotion being felt.

65
Q

Three measures of retention

A

recall, recognition, and relearning.

66
Q

Sensory memory

A

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

67
Q

Testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

68
Q

Serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

69
Q

Sleep may help protect against _________ interference.

A

retroactive.

PSY 101 (7 decks)

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