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Human Genetics > Final Exam Part 1- old stuff > Flashcards

Final Exam Part 1- old stuff Flashcards

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1
Q

For embryo testing, a ______ cell is removed for chromosomal analysis.

A

blastomere

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2
Q

The type of genetic research done by Gregor Mendel is considered to be

A

Transmission

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3
Q

When a normal human cell has 46 chromosomes, it is referred to as a _____ cell

A

diploid

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4
Q

The human body possesses only _____ cells, not prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

comparing dizygotic twins would be a good way to study the effects of ______ on an individual’s development

A

Nature or nuture

-enviornment

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6
Q

Due to the unfortunate number of deaths, the Federal government has severly restricted progress in gene _____, which, as an example, could have helped cure cystic fibrosis

A

Therapy

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7
Q

In Nazi Germany, the idea of ____, which favored some people over others, was promoted through the actions of many individuals

A

Eugenics

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8
Q

Hereditarianism is the concept that an individual develops soley because of ________ influence

A

genetic

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9
Q

If a woman wants to have a karyotype of her developing fetus’ chromosomes made and an analysis of the fluid contained withing the uterine cavity done during her pregnancy, she will probably choose the process of _______

A

amniocentesis

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10
Q

Amniocentesis can be done later in a pregnancy than

A

chorionic villi sampling

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11
Q

Amniocentesis can be done later in a pregnancy than

A

14 weeks

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12
Q

If the point of constriction on a chromosome is located slightly above the mid-point of a chromosome, the chromosome is termed ______

A

submetacentric

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13
Q

if a set of monozygotic twins expressed the same trait, they are aid to be _____ for this trait

A

concordance

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14
Q

Factors that may influence a woman’s decision to have prenatal screening done during her preganancy

A
  • Family history/Carriers
  • Bad diet of mother
  • Age of developing organism
  • Chromosome count to test for down’s syndrome
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15
Q

The cleavage furrow, which helps to divide a cell during ____, is formed through the action of the microfilaments _____ and ______

A
  • cytokinesis

- actin and myosin

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16
Q

The non functional cells formed as a result of female meiosis I and II are the _____

A

polar bodies

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17
Q

Chromosomes will alight along the equator in homologous pairs during ____

A

Metaphase I

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18
Q

The protein which helps to hold two chromatids together during mitosis is

A

cohesin

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19
Q

in humans the number of tetrads which are found in Metaphase I is

A

23

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20
Q

The maximum number of polar bodies created during oogeneis is

A

two

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21
Q

chromosomes are replicated in the cell cycle from _____ until the very beginning of ____

A
  • synthesis

- anaphase

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22
Q

the cellular structures that directly move chromosomes about in a cell are the

A

spindle fibers

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23
Q

the structure which is the result of meiosis II that morphically changes into sperm is

A

spermatid

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24
Q

The female cell which has undergone mitosis, that can start meiosis is the

A

Primary oocyte

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25
Q

All of the proteins contained within a particular type of cell is called the _____ of the cell

A

proteome

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26
Q

In the cellular cycle, there are specific _____ that regulate progression through the cycle when the cell takes inventory before passing through to the next part of the cycle

A

checkpoints

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27
Q

In ______, the lack of long bone growth factor receptors will not allow the long bones to elongate

A

achondroplasia

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28
Q

Mendel’s concept of segregation, which occurs during _______, assures that each resulantant cell will have only one copy of each gene

A

anaphase I

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29
Q

an individual with the genetic conditon of _______will age approximately ten times faster than a normal person

A

progeria

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30
Q

when two or more amino acid chains interact to produce a protein, this protein was made functional at the _______level of processing

A

quaternary

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31
Q

In the genetic conditon of _________there are benign tumors on nervous system tissue and the presence of cafe au lait spots

A

nuerofibromatosis

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32
Q

when the lack of one gene’s product does not allow the production of anotehr gene’s product, the latter is exhibiting

A

epistatis

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33
Q

the lack of fibroblast’s growth factor recepetors in the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula growth plates cause the medical condition of ______ to come about even if the supplemental horomone is given

A

achondroplasic dwarfism

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34
Q

if a gene has two different states, one of which makes a protein and one of which does not, these different genetic states are called the ______ of a gene

A

alleles

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35
Q

genetic conditions that express lethality in early years of life

A
  • achondroplasia
  • progeria
  • tay sachs
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36
Q

pleiotrophic signs

A
  • concave blood cells
  • low oxygen cmounts
  • heart attach
  • stroke
  • enlarged spleen
  • fatigue
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37
Q

The bombay factor will interfere with the expression of

A

A, B Blood type

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38
Q

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to

A

assembly polypeptide chains

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39
Q

sister chromatids

A

are exact, attached replicated of each other

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40
Q

the nuclear structure involved in ribosome construction is the

A

nuceloulus

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41
Q

post transcriptional modification of human mRNA influenced an

A

5’ cap

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42
Q

the initial interaction of amino acid side chains, which causes bending and folding is referred to as the

A

primary structure

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43
Q

if UA and UC are repeating sequences on a segment of mRNA strand UAC CUA UC the number of different amino acids which could be coded by this repeat is

A

four

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44
Q

if the nucleotide sequence of GA is repeated on a segment of mRNA strand (GAGA) the number of different amino acids coded by this repeat is

A

two

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45
Q

cells involved in the process of secretion or exocytosis can be expected to have many

A

vacuoles

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46
Q

cells involved in the process of secretion or exocytosis can be expected to have many

A

vacuoles

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47
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum appears bumpy because of the many

A

small and large ribosomal pieces attached at its surface which can form functional structures

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48
Q

lysosomes

A

are storage vessels for powerful digestive enzymes

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49
Q

a nucleosome is composed of

A

chromatin and protein

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50
Q

for this nontemplate DNA segment 5’ ACG TGT TGC AAC, the translated amino acid sequence will be

A

cys-thr-thr-leu

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51
Q

for this nontemplate DNA segment 5’ ACG TGT TGC AAC, the translated amino acid sequence will be

A

cys-thr-thr-leu

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52
Q

Microtubular structures are found in centromeres, spindle fibers, and a human sperms flagella

A

False

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53
Q

Genetically, a locus describes a genes location on a chromosome

A

True

54
Q

The majority of adult cells are diploid

A

true

55
Q

The majority of adult cells are diploid

A

true

56
Q

if an unreplicated chromosome contains x number of nucleotides, the number of nucleotides found in this chromosome in a replicated state will be 2x

A

true

57
Q

eugenics is the concept that stresses hereditary rather than enviornmental influences

A

false

58
Q

a peptide bond that forms between two amino acids is the result of the interaction between the nitrogen of the nh2 group on one amino acid and the carbon if the COOH group on another amino acid

A

true

59
Q

if the base sequence of CTC is on the non template strand of a dna molecule, the amino acid which would be brought into a poly peptide chain would be leu

A

true

60
Q

an acrocentric chromosome will have the centriole slightly off from center so that the p arm is slightly longer than the q arm

A

false

61
Q

eukaryotic cells are relatively simple, lack a nucleus, an have no membranous organelles but are still capable of protein synthesis since amino acids are linked to the ribosomes

A

false

62
Q

the cellular membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids interspersed with proteins and carbohydrates

A

true

63
Q

telomere are special nucleotide segements that are found at the ends of chromosomes which are not copied during replication due to the attachment of primase to teh DNA

A

false

64
Q

for preimplantation embryo testing, the polar body is removed from the embryo for chromosomal analysis

A

true

65
Q

for transcription to begin, a TATA box, promotor factors, and DNA polymerases must bind upstream on the DNA/ molecule

A

false

66
Q

if a terminator sequence is encountered, primary processing of an amino acid chain will stop at the amino acid previous to this feature

A

false

67
Q

allows more than one codon to bring in the same amino acid

A

wobble

68
Q

allows more than one codon to bring in the same amino acid

A

wobble

69
Q

what might happen to a specific population if some enviornmental action has a negtive effect

A

bottle neck

70
Q

a part of the cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filaments

71
Q

a persons development is based slowly upon his/her genetic inheritance

A

hereditarianism

72
Q

all cells that make up the human body except the gametes

A

somatic, diploid

73
Q

genetic testing of the female gamete

A

polar body biopsy

74
Q

requires ligase for assemblage

A

lagging strand

75
Q

the earliest form of direct fetal testing

A

chorionic villi sampling

76
Q

area of research which helps to identify the location of genes

A

cytogenetics

77
Q

introduction of a foreign segment of genetic material into a cell of a different species

A

recombinant DNA

78
Q

the analysis of a pregnant females blood for certain chemicals

A

serum marker analysis

79
Q

specifically a nucelosome is formed when a complex of 8 of these are wrapped by a dna strand

A

histones

80
Q

alleles of a gene change frequency as people move about from one area to anotehr

A

genetic drift

81
Q

alleles of a gene change frequency as people move about from one area to anotehr

A

genetic drift

82
Q

in comparison to Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker MD will be caused by _______dystrophin

A

low/abnormal

83
Q

if an individual needs to watch how much, but not to an exclusion galactose is consumed in the diet, this person probably has the genotype

A

G’g

84
Q

if a male posses a single copy of the gen which causes hemophilia, his genotype is termed

A

hemizygous recessive

85
Q

the ______is a cell surface protein, which when found in a man, may influence to whom an organ may be donated

A

hy antigen

86
Q

when a number of different genes can cause a common set of signs and symptoms , this occurance is called

A

genetic heterogenetivity

87
Q

if a genotype contains a dominant allele, but the phenotype does not show this protein, this trait is

A

lack of pentrance

88
Q

if a gene’s expression is altered by some enviornmental event but there is no change in the nucleotide sequjence of the gene, this is the effect of

A

epigenic

89
Q

if an enviornmental even causes the same expression of a trait as would a genetic event, the former expression is termed a

A

phenocopy

90
Q

an individual with a slight or somewhat elevated cholesterol level may have the______genotype for this familial trait

A

heterozygous

91
Q

If a male is known to have blood type A positive, does not express marfans or thalasemmia, but does have hemophilia, his genotype is

A

X^hYAO+-mmTt

92
Q

under normal conditions, a female will not express the y linked conditons of

A

Y^sry gene

hy cell antigen

93
Q

the area of genetics which is concerned with how each perosn individually reacts to prescribed medications is termed

A

pharmacogenetics

94
Q

the area of genetics which is concerned with how each perosn individually reacts to prescribed medications is termed

A

pharmacogenetics

95
Q

An individual with two barr bodies could have the karyotype of

A

XXX

96
Q

a female with a mitochondrial defect will pass this error to

A

her sons and daughters with only the latter being able to pass it on

97
Q

if a female with two barr bodies mates with a normal male, the sex chromosomal makeup of this couples children could be a

A

normal female and male, triplo x female, and a kilenfeleter male

98
Q

proper post transitional processing will

A

remove MET and other amino acids and potentially process to the third or fourth level

99
Q

an individual who has red green color vision deficit will

A

not be able to see some or all shades of red and green to a lack of proteins being produced by certain retinal cells

100
Q

under normal conditions, a pedigree will

A

have consecutive generations of makes expressing the same y linked traits

101
Q

a tall normal male will be

A

XYY

102
Q

the bombay blood group will interfere with

A

the A and B antigens

103
Q

an increase in newborn heart defects and childhood leukemia can be caused when a gamete is

A

24, XY +21

104
Q

becker muscular dystrophy is caused by

A

an abnormal protein

105
Q

the hardy weinburg equation

A

will allow the frequency of the homozygous dominant to be determined if the frequency of the homozygous recessive is known

106
Q

huntingtons diease is caused by a

A

duplication

107
Q

males have more male patterned baldness since they have a unique genotype which females cannot posess

A

false

108
Q

if a father began to show some of the signs and symptoms of huntingtons diease at age 40, which his wift did not show these signs or symptoms throughout her 8 decades of life the chance that couples son will also express the diease is based ont eh lack of pentrance

A

false

109
Q

to develop normally a male must have the sry gene, production of TDF protein, testes, testerone, the mullerian system horomone, and the conversion of DHT from testerone

A

false

110
Q

a genetic mutation can affect the tertiary structure of a protein, even though the primary structure is correct

A

true

111
Q

if a chaperone protein does not approximately guide an amino acid chain through its processing, a mis shapened protein can result which can leas to an abnormal phenotype

A

true

112
Q

if a gene is methylated, this can prevent the gene from transcribing which can lead to an epigneic event which can cause a change in the organisms phenotype

A

true

113
Q

all cases of cystic fibrosis are caused by the same genetic mutation so the signs and symptoms are the same and the age of onset does not vary

A

false

114
Q

to prevent anuelploids, cohesin must dissolve at the beginning of anaphase and anaphase II and spindle fibers must act appropriately during mitosis, meiosis I and II

A

true

115
Q

the hy antigen is a cell surface protein which when found in a man, may influence to whom an organ may be donated

A

true

116
Q

a trait that exhibits genetic heterogeneity will show a variety of symptoms due to a genetic error or anomaly

A

false

117
Q

if a male exhibits an x linked recessive trait he inherited this gene from his mother, who statistically, was probably a carrier of this gene

A

true

118
Q

if a male possesses a recessive allele on his X chromosome,he has 100%chance of passing on this allele to a daughter

A

true

119
Q

non disjunction can only result when two homologous chromosomes do not appropriately separate during nuclear division

A

False

120
Q

cell surface protein found only in males

A

hy antigen

121
Q

a missing protein causes normal fibers to degrade, leading to paralysis

A

duchenne’s MD

122
Q

an enviornmental agent causes a chanfe in the normal nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

ecogenic

123
Q

a trinucleotide repeat cuases the acummulation of a chemical in the brain

A

huntingtons diease

124
Q

female who might exhibit more potenital for mosiacism than a normal female

A

triplo X

125
Q

a short female who remains pre-pubescent due to missing horomones

A

turner

126
Q

a protein which causes the X chromosome to become inactive

A

XIST

127
Q

a tall make who is probably sterile, and has abnormal breast tissue development

A

klienfeleter syndrome

128
Q

individual who has an uncontrollable urge to chew

A

lesch nyan

129
Q

an inherited form of paralysis that can affect children of both sexes equally

A

mitochondrial MD

130
Q

hormonal influence determines the fate of a genotype in only one sex

A

sex limited

131
Q

a rationale as to why females do not produce twice as much protein product as men

A

lyon effect

Human Genetics (17 decks)

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