Final Exam p3 Flashcards
what is the structure of triglycerides?
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
what is the structure of saturated FA?
Fully loaded with H
No double bonds (C=C)
Solid at room temp
structure on monounsaturated FA?
1 C=C (double bond)
Linolenic acid Omega 3
structure?
18 C; 3 double bonds
first double bond at 3rd C
polyunsaturated FA structure?
liquid at room temp2 or more double bonds (C=C)
Linoleic acid Omega 6
structure?
18 C; 2 double bonds
first double bond at 6th C
cis fatty acid structure?
Hydrogens on the same side of the double bond; cis Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in foods are cis.
trans fatty acid structure?
has its hydrogens on the opposite sides of the double bond
pufas at room temp?
liquid
saturated fats at room temp?
solid
sources of MUFAs?
olive, canola, avo
the double bond is what point?
the point of saturation
sources of linolenic acid omega 3?
fatty fish and flax are good sources
sources of DHA and EPA?
human milk, fish and shellfish
common sources of linolenic omega 6?
vegetable oils, meats
Omega 3 health benefits?
Decrease BP, prevent clots, irregular heartbeat,
Reduce inflammation
omega 6 side effects?
Promote inflammation, clot formation, blood vessel constriction
what does the number of bonds mean?
Degree of saturation determined by the number of double bonds
what is HDL good for?
protective effect against heart attack
what organ makes HDL?
the liver makes HDL packages that collect cholesterol
what is the recommended levels of HDL?
greater than 45 and optimal is greater than 60
how is HDL increased?
soluble fibers, exercise, wt control
what is LDL associated with?
high risk of heart attack
what raises LDL?
saturated fats
what is consumption of cis fatty acids associated with?
reduces risk of heart disease
what is the consumption of trans fatty acid associated with?
it is associated with heart disease
what is BMR?
the energy output of the body at rest after a 12 hour period
how do you calculate BMI?
you divide height (in) by pounds squared and multiply it by 703
underweight BMI
less than 18.5
healthy BMI
18 to 24.9
overweight BMI
25 to 29
obese BMI
greater than 30
what is glycolysis?
the process of converting glucose to pyruvate
what is gluconeogenesis?
the process of making glucose from noncarb sources
what is glucogenic?
describes a substance which can be used to make glucose
where does glycerol enter the metabolic pathway?
midway between glucose and pyruvate
where do fatty acids enter the metabolic pathway?
fatty acids are broken down into 2 carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form Acetyl CoA
most amino acids can what?
be converted to pyruvate which can be used to make glucose
some amino acids are converted directly to?
acetyl CoA- they are ketogenic
some Amino acids can enter?
the TCA cycle directly- they are glucogenic
what nutrients can form glucose?
all but fatty acids
what are pyruvate’s quick energy needs?
anaerobic - pyruvate to lactate which can be converted back to glucose through the cori cycle
what are pyruvate’s slower energy needs?
aerobic - pyruvate to acetyl CoA
feasting?
Metabolism favors fat formation when eating in excess
fasting?
If energy is not available, the body switches to wasting metabolism
what are ketones?
Alternate energy source when glucose is not available (low CHO diets)
when does ketosis occur?
during fasting and in diets low in CHO
what happens to the ph of blood as ketone levels rise?
it drops
what do ketogenic diets elevate?
they elevate uric acid
