Final Exam P2 Flashcards
what are monosaccharide?
general formula CHO consists of a single ring
what are examples of monosaccharides?
fructose, glucose and galactose
what are dissacharides?
molecules that consist of a pair of monosaccharides
what are examples of disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, maltose
what is fiber?
the structural part of plants
why do fibers differ from starches?
the bonds between glucose units are unable to be broken
insoluble fibers?
tough/fibrous & do not dissolve in water
vicious/soluble fibers?
dissolve in water to form gel
what are fermentable fibers digested by?
colon bacteria
dietary fibers remain…?
remain from food after passage through the GI tract
what do viscous soluble fivers help with?
heart disease, diabetes and weight control
what do insoluble fibers help with?
they help with GI health
what are examples of viscous/soluble fibers?
fruit, oats, barley and legumes
examples of insoluble fibers?
brain, vegetables, wheat
what are condensation reactions?
link 2 monosaccharides together –release water
what are hydrolysis reactions?
Breaks a disaccharide in two – uses H20
what does high blood glucose signal?
signals the pancreas to secrete insulin into the blood
what does insulin stimulate?
uptake of glucose from the blood into cells and conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage
what does low blood glucose signal?
signals the pancreas to secrete glucagon into the blood
what does glucagon stimulate?
the breakdown of glycogen from the liver and release of glucose into the blood
how is constancy of blood glucose maintained?
pancreas responds to changes in levels
how is excess glucose stored?
it is stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen
what happens in Type I diabetes?
pancreas is unable to synthesize insulin
how is type I diabetes regulated?
Injection of insulin needed for cells to take up blood sugar –cannot take orally
what happens in type II diabetes?
Cells are resistant to insulin
what causes increased risk of type II diabetes?
Increased risk with age as pancreas function decreases
what is the chronic effect of diabetes?
alters glucose metabolism, diseases of the blood vessels and nerves
what is the chemical structure of protein?
chemical compound made of C, H, O and N
what is the chemical structure of amino acids?
amino group, acid group, hydrogen and the 4th side chain varies
what is the RDA for protein in adults?
.8 grams per kg of body weight
how much percent of calories should protein be?
10 to 35 percent
protein function- structural material?
Proteins form integral parts of most body tissues and provide strength and shape to skin, tendons, membranes, muscles, organs, and bones.
protein function- enzymes?
Proteins facilitate chemical reactions.
protein functions - hormones?
Proteins regulate body processes. (Some, but not all, hormones are proteins.)
protein function - fluid balance?
Proteins help to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids.
protein functions - acid base balance?
Proteins help to maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids by acting as buffers.
protein function - transportation
Proteins transport substances, such as lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen, around the body.
protein function - antibodies
Proteins inactivate foreign invaders, thus protecting the body against diseases.
protein functions - energy and glucose
Proteins provide some fuel, and glucose if needed, for the body’s energy needs.
protein functions - other
The protein fibrin creates blood clots; the protein collagen forms scars; the protein opsin participates in vision.
what are complete proteins?
Complete protein provides all AA in relatively the same amounts required by humans
what are incomplete proteins?
Imbalance of AA limits protein synthesis
what happens with poor quality proteins?
Wastes AA as they are converted to urea
what is protein denaturation?
disruption of stability – uncoil and lose shape
examples of protein denaturation?
stomach acid, cooking an egg, curdling milk
what is nitrogen balance?
Refers to N2 consumed vs. N2 excreted
why is nitrogen balance important?
Important because protein is needed for growth & maintenance of all body tissues
in what case would you have a positive nitrogen balance?
(+) N2 balance in growth and pregnancy
in what case would you have a negative nitrogen balance?
(- )N2 balance during sickness, trauma, if
bedridden (muscle atrophy), starvation
what happens when unused AA are broken down?
N2 released in the blood as NH3 (ammonia)
Cleared by liver & converted to urea
what do vegetarians need?
Need complementary proteins to provide all essential AA
