Final Exam P2

Question 1

what are monosaccharide?

Answer 1

general formula CHO consists of a single ring

Question 2

what are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 2

fructose, glucose and galactose

Question 3

what are dissacharides?

Answer 3

molecules that consist of a pair of monosaccharides

Question 4

what are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 4

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 5

what is fiber?

Answer 5

the structural part of plants

Question 6

why do fibers differ from starches?

Answer 6

the bonds between glucose units are unable to be broken

Question 7

insoluble fibers?

Answer 7

tough/fibrous & do not dissolve in water

Question 8

vicious/soluble fibers?

Answer 8

dissolve in water to form gel

Question 9

what are fermentable fibers digested by?

Answer 9

colon bacteria

Question 10

dietary fibers remain…?

Answer 10

remain from food after passage through the GI tract

Question 11

what do viscous soluble fivers help with?

Answer 11

heart disease, diabetes and weight control

Question 12

what do insoluble fibers help with?

Answer 12

they help with GI health

Question 13

what are examples of viscous/soluble fibers?

Answer 13

fruit, oats, barley and legumes

Question 14

examples of insoluble fibers?

Answer 14

brain, vegetables, wheat

Question 15

what are condensation reactions?

Answer 15

link 2 monosaccharides together –release water

Question 16

what are hydrolysis reactions?

Answer 16

Breaks a disaccharide in two – uses H20

Question 17

what does high blood glucose signal?

Answer 17

signals the pancreas to secrete insulin into the blood

Question 18

what does insulin stimulate?

Answer 18

uptake of glucose from the blood into cells and conversion of excess glucose into fat for storage

Question 19

what does low blood glucose signal?

Answer 19

signals the pancreas to secrete glucagon into the blood

Question 20

what does glucagon stimulate?

Answer 20

the breakdown of glycogen from the liver and release of glucose into the blood

Question 21

how is constancy of blood glucose maintained?

Answer 21

pancreas responds to changes in levels

Question 22

how is excess glucose stored?

Answer 22

it is stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen

Question 23

what happens in Type I diabetes?

Answer 23

pancreas is unable to synthesize insulin

Question 24

how is type I diabetes regulated?

Answer 24

Injection of insulin needed for cells to take up blood sugar –cannot take orally

Question 25

what happens in type II diabetes?

Answer 25

Cells are resistant to insulin

Question 26

what causes increased risk of type II diabetes?

Answer 26

Increased risk with age as pancreas function decreases

Question 27

what is the chronic effect of diabetes?

Answer 27

alters glucose metabolism, diseases of the blood vessels and nerves

Question 28

what is the chemical structure of protein?

Answer 28

chemical compound made of C, H, O and N

Question 29

what is the chemical structure of amino acids?

Answer 29

amino group, acid group, hydrogen and the 4th side chain varies

Question 30

what is the RDA for protein in adults?

Answer 30

.8 grams per kg of body weight

Question 31

how much percent of calories should protein be?

Answer 31

10 to 35 percent

Question 32

protein function- structural material?

Answer 32

Proteins form integral parts of most body tissues and provide strength and shape to skin, tendons, membranes, muscles, organs, and bones.

Question 33

protein function- enzymes?

Answer 33

Proteins facilitate chemical reactions.

Question 34

protein functions - hormones?

Answer 34

Proteins regulate body processes. (Some, but not all, hormones are proteins.)

Question 35

protein function - fluid balance?

Answer 35

Proteins help to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids.

Question 36

protein functions - acid base balance?

Answer 36

Proteins help to maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids by acting as buffers.

Question 37

protein function - transportation

Answer 37

Proteins transport substances, such as lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen, around the body.

Question 38

protein function - antibodies

Answer 38

Proteins inactivate foreign invaders, thus protecting the body against diseases.

Question 39

protein functions - energy and glucose

Answer 39

Proteins provide some fuel, and glucose if needed, for the body’s energy needs.

Question 40

protein functions - other

Answer 40

The protein fibrin creates blood clots; the protein collagen forms scars; the protein opsin participates in vision.

Question 41

what are complete proteins?

Answer 41

Complete protein provides all AA in relatively the same amounts required by humans

Question 42

what are incomplete proteins?

Answer 42

Imbalance of AA limits protein synthesis

Question 43

what happens with poor quality proteins?

Answer 43

Wastes AA as they are converted to urea

Question 44

what is protein denaturation?

Answer 44

disruption of stability – uncoil and lose shape

Question 45

examples of protein denaturation?

Answer 45

stomach acid, cooking an egg, curdling milk

Question 46

what is nitrogen balance?

Answer 46

Refers to N2 consumed vs. N2 excreted

Question 47

why is nitrogen balance important?

Answer 47

Important because protein is needed for growth & maintenance of all body tissues

Question 48

in what case would you have a positive nitrogen balance?

Answer 48

(+) N2 balance in growth and pregnancy

Question 49

in what case would you have a negative nitrogen balance?

Answer 49

(- )N2 balance during sickness, trauma, if
bedridden (muscle atrophy), starvation

Question 50

what happens when unused AA are broken down?

Answer 50

N2 released in the blood as NH3 (ammonia)
Cleared by liver & converted to urea

Question 51

what do vegetarians need?

Answer 51

Need complementary proteins to provide all essential AA