Final Exam - Old Material Review

Question 1

Define physiology.

Question 2

List the levels of organization from atoms through organism.

Question 3

Define homeostasis. What happens when homeostasis fails?

Question 4

Compare negative feedback, positive feedback, and feedforward control. Give an example of each.

Question 5

Explain how the body can be in osmotic equilibrium but electrical and chemical disequilibrium.

Question 6

Create a map to compare simple diffusion, protein-mediated transport, and vesicular transport across membranes.

Question 7

Compare movement through channels to movement on facilitated diffusion and active transport carriers.

Question 8

Apply the principles of specificity, competition, and saturation to carrier-mediated transport.

Question 9

Explain how changes in ion permeability change membrane potential, giving examples.

Question 10

Describe three forms of local communication and two forms of long-distance communication.

Question 11

Explain the general sequence of events that follow lipophilic ligand binding to intracellular receptors.

Question 12

Describe the general sequence of events that follow lipophobic ligand binding to a cell surface receptor.

Question 13

Name and describe four major groups of cell surface receptors.

Question 14

Apply the concepts of specificity, competition, affinity, and saturation to receptors and their ligands.

Question 15

List the seven steps of a reflex control pathway in the order in which they occur.

Question 16

Compare the speed, specificity, types of signals, and duration of action in neural and endocrine reflexes. How is stimulus intensity coded in each type of reflex?

Question 17

Explain the four criteria that make a chemical signal a hormone.

Question 18

Compare endocrine cells’ synthesis, storage, and release of peptide and steroid hormones.

Question 19

Compare the location of hormone receptors and the cellular mechanisms of action of peptide and steroid hormones.

Question 20

Compare the three main groups of amine hormones.

Question 21

Describe the role of the nervous system in endocrine reflexes.

Question 22

List [full spellings and abbreviations] the six anterior pituitary hormones, the hormones that control their release, and their primary targets.

Question 23

Compare long-loop negative feedback for anterior pituitary hormones to the negative feedback loops for insulin and parathyroid hormone.

Question 24

Explain permissiveness, synergism, and functional antagonism as they apply to hormones.

Question 25

Explain permissiveness, synergism, and functional antagonism as they apply to hormones.

Question 26

Explain how negative feedback can be used to determine the location of a problem with one gland in a two- or three-gland pathway.

Question 27

Map the organization of the nervous system in detail.

Question 28

Name the types and functions of glial cells.

Question 29

Name the types and functions of glial cells.

Question 30

Explain the changes in ion permeability and ion flow that take place during an action potential.

Question 31

Describe and compare absolute and relative refractory periods.

Question 32

Describe the role of the following in synaptic communication: ionotropic and metabotropic receptors, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, fast and slow synaptic potentials, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

Question 33

Explain the mechanism of long-term potentiation mediated by AMPA and NMDA receptors.

Question 34

Explain the formation, distribution, and functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 35

Describe the structure and functions of the blood-brain barrier.

Question 36

Name the major subdivisions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem. Explain their anatomical relationships, and give their major functions.

Question 37

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex, and explain which sensory, motor, or association areas are associated with each lobe.

Question 38

Explain how receptors convert physical stimuli into electrical signals using the following terms: transduction, threshold, adequate stimulus, receptive field, receptor potential.

Question 39

Explain how the central nervous system is able to determine modality, location, intensity, and duration of a stimulus.

Question 40

Explain how tonic and phasic receptors adapt to a continuous stimulus.

Question 41

Explain how pain and itch are mediated by nociceptors.

Question 42

Describe the secretions of the adrenal medulla.

Question 43

Describe the structure of the neuromuscular junction.

Question 44

Compare the anatomy, neurotransmitters and receptors of the somatic motor, sympathetic, and parasympathetic divisions.

Question 45

Diagram the molecular events of excitation-contraction coupling and the contractile cycle.

Question 46

Explain how muscle length influences force of contraction.

Question 47

Define a motor unit, and explain how skeletal muscles use them to create graded contractions.

Question 48

Diagram smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.

Question 49

List four ways to classify neural reflex pathways.

Question 50

Diagram a stretch reflex.

Question 51

Use the following terms to explain the patellar tendon reflex: monosynaptic stretch reflex, reciprocal inhibition, myotatic unit.

Question 52

Diagram a flexion reflex and its associated crossed-extensor reflex.

Question 53

Describe the membrane proteins and ion movement involved in myocardial excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and relaxation.

Question 54

Compare and contrast action potentials of myocardial autorhythmic and contractile cells.

Question 55

Explain the relationship of heart rate, cardiac output, and stroke volume.

Question 56

Explain the role of the autonomic divisions in control of heart rate at the cellular and molecular level.

Question 57

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: venous return

Question 58

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: length- tension relationships

Question 59

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: preload

Question 60

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: afterload

Question 61

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: contractility

Question 62

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: skeletal muscle pump

Question 63

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: respiratory pump

Question 64

Explain how the following factors influence stroke volume: inotropic agents

Question 65

Explain what creates blood pressure and how blood pressure changes as blood flows through the systemic circulation.

Question 66

Explain the relationship between blood flow, pressure gradients, and the resistance of the system to flow. Use Poiseuille’s law to explain the factors that influence resistance.

Question 67

Explain the contributions of cardiac output and peripheral resistance to blood pressure.

Question 68

Calculate mean arterial pressure.

Question 69

Define myogenic autoregulation and explain its role in altering local blood flow.

Question 70

Explain how the body can use local and long-distance signaling to direct blood flow to or away from specific organs or tissues.

Question 71

Describe in detail the steps of the baroreceptor reflex, including the stimulus, sensor, input pathway, integrating center(s), output pathways, target(s), cellular response(s), tissue response(s), and systemic response(s). Include all chemical signal molecules and their receptors as well as any feedback loops.

Question 72

Explain the forces that influence capillary filtration and absorption.

Question 73

Describe the composition of plasma and list the major functions of plasma proteins.

Question 74

List the cellular elements of blood and describe the function(s) of each.

Question 75

Define hematopoiesis and its subtypes, including key cytokines involved in development.

Question 76

Describe the functions of platelets.

Question 77

Diagram the key steps of hemostasis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis.

Question 78

List four major functions of the respiratory system.

Question 79

Define and describe the lung volumes and lung capacities.

Question 80

Explain how pressures and lung volumes change during normal breathing, and how that affects airflow in the respiratory system.

Question 81

Explain sub-atmospheric intrapleural pressure and the role it plays in normal breathing.

Question 82

Graph the alveolar and intrapleural pressure changes that occur during one respiratory cycle.

Question 83

Compare and contrast compliance and elastance in respiratory physiology.

Question 84

Explain the role of surface tension and surfactants in respiratory physiology.

Question 85

Map the factors affecting airway resistance, with emphasis on local and reflex control mechanisms involved in bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction.

Question 86

Compare and contrast total pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation.

Question 87

Explain the local control mechanisms by which ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched.