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Physiology > Chapter 17 > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Flashcards

1
Q

List 4 major functions of the respiratory system.

A

1) exchange of gases btw the atmosphere +
blood
2) homeostatic regulation of body pH
3) protection from inhaled pathogens +
irritating substances
4) vocalization

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2
Q

Explain the function of the pleural cavity.

A

fluid in the cavity that allows for the parietal and visceral layers to slide past each other with a reduced amount of friction

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3
Q

Explain the function of the pleural sac.

A

(a double membrane) that surrounds the lung

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4
Q

Explain the function of the external intercostals.

A

help with inspiration by pulling the ribcage out

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5
Q

Explain the function of the diaphragm.

A

brings the floor of the thoracic cavity down during inspiration

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6
Q

Explain the function of the type I alveolar cells.

A

gas exchange

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7
Q

Explain the function of the type II alveolar cells.

A

produce surfactant

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8
Q

Explain the function of connective tissue.

A

elastin + collagen –> close association w/ capillaries

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9
Q

List the pathway for the pulmonary circulation from high flow to low flow.

A

1) right ventricle
2) pulmonary trunk
3) pulmonary arteries
4) lungs
5) pulmonary veins
6) left atrium

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10
Q

Explain mathematically the relationship between atmospheric pressure and the partial pressures of individual gases.

A
  • partial pressure of N2 –> higher in
    atmosphere
  • partial pressure of O2 –> higher in
    atmosphere
  • partial pressure of CO2 –> higher in alveoli
  • partial pressure of H2O –> higher in alveoli
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11
Q

Explain the relationship between the pressure of a gas and the volume in which it is contained.

A

PV = nRT
V = 1/P –> inverse relationship

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12
Q

What is the equation to find partial pressure of a gas?

A

P(atm) x (% of gas in atmosphere)

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13
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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14
Q

Define + describe lung volumes.

A
  • how much air is moved

respiratory cycle = 1 inspiration followed by 1
expiration

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15
Q

Define lung capacity.

A

sums of 2 or more volumes

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16
Q

What is used to measure lung volume?

A

spirometer

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17
Q

What are the 4 lung volumes.

A

1) V(T) = tidal volume
2) IRV = inspiratory reserve volume
3) ERV = expiratory reserve volume
4) RV = residual volume

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18
Q

What are the 4 lung capacities?

A

1) inspiratory capacity = V(T) + IRV
2) vital capacity = V(T) + IRV + ERV
3) total lung capacity = V(T) + IRV + ERV + RV
4) functional residual capacity = ERV + RV

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19
Q

When does inspiration occur?

A

when alveolar pressure decreases

20
Q

When does expiration occur?

A

when alveolar pressure increases

21
Q

Explain how pressures and lung volumes change during normal breathing, and how that affects airflow in the respiratory system.

A

Alveolar Pressure:
- begins at 0 = atmospheric pressure
- inspiration –> goes negative, then back to 0 (when the pressure btw atmosphere and alveoli are equal)
- expiration –> goes positive, then back to 0

Intrapleural Pressure:
- normally negative pressure (-3 mm Hg)
- inspiration –> starts around -3 and ends around -6 (pressure drops)
- expiration –> lung pressure decreases (pressure goes back to the normal value)

Volume of Air Moved:
- inspiration –> volume increases
- expiration –> volume decreases

22
Q

Explain the role that subatmospheric intrapleural pressure plays in normal breathing.

A

subatmospheric pressure in pleural cavity keeps the lungs inflated

23
Q

Graph the alveolar + intrapleural pressure changes that occur during one respiratory cycle.

A
24
Q

Compare + contrast compliance and elastance in respiratory physiology.

A

compliance –> ability to stretch
- high compliance = stretches easily
- low compliance = requires more force

elastance –> ability to return to resting volume when stretching force is released

25
Q

Explain the role of surface tension in respiratory physiology.

A

easier to expand the alveoli when the water molecules are not trying to stick to one another

26
Q

Explain the role of surfactants in respiratory physiology.

A
  • reduces surface tension –> so that the alveoli fluid doesn’t promote collapse
  • helps increase compliance
    • smaller alveoli have more surfactants than
      larger alveoli
27
Q

Map the factors affecting airway resistance, with emphasis on local and reflex control mechanisms involved in bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction.

A

R = Ln/r^4

bronchodilation –> decreases resistance
- sympathetic: epinephrine binds to B2
receptors on smooth muscle
- local control –> CO2
- long distance control –> epinephrine

bronchoconstriction –> increases resistance
- parasympathetic: Ach binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle
- local control –> histamine + leukotrienes
- long distance control –> parasympathetic
neurons

28
Q

What is the formula to find total pulmonary ventilation?

A

ventilation rate x tidal volume (Vt)

29
Q

What is the formula to find alveolar ventilation?

A

ventilation rate x
(tidal volume - dead space volume)

30
Q

Explain why gas composition in the alveoli remains relatively constant during normal breathing.

A

the amount of oxygen entering the alveoli equals the amount of oxygen leaving to enter the blood

31
Q

Explain how alveoli change with hyper- and hypoventilation.

A
  • hyperventilation –> increasing alveolar
    ventilation –> oxygen partial pressure increases + CO2 partial pressure decreases
  • hypoventilation –> decreasing alveolar
    ventilation –> oxygen partial pressure decreases + CO2 partial pressure increases
32
Q

Explain the local control mechanisms by which ventilation and alveolar blood flow are matched.

A

ventilation perfusion matching –> perfusion of blood past alveoli is matched to alveolar ventilation to maximize gas exchange

33
Q

What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of oxygen?

A

100 mm Hg

34
Q

What is the normal alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

A

40 mm Hg

35
Q

What happens when the alveoli do not have good exchange?

A
  • pressure of CO2 increases and pressure of
    O2 decreases
  • blood going to that area of the lungs is not getting oxygenated
36
Q

In systemic arteries, what happens when the pressure of CO2 increases?

A

dilation

37
Q

In systemic arteries, what happens when the pressure of CO2 decreases?

A

constriction

38
Q

In systemic arteries, what happens when the pressure of O2 increases?

A

constriction

39
Q

In systemic arteries, what happens when the pressure of O2 decreases?

A

dilation

40
Q

In pulmonary arteries, what happens when the pressure of CO2 increases?

A

weak response of constriction

41
Q

In pulmonary arteries, what happens when the pressure of CO2 decreases?

A

weak response of dilation

42
Q

In pulmonary arteries, what happens when the pressure of O2 increases?

A

weak response of dilation

43
Q

In pulmonary arteries, what happens when the pressure of O2 decreases?

A

constriction

44
Q

In bronchioles, what happens when the pressure of CO2 increases?

A

dilation

45
Q

In bronchioles, what happens when the pressure of CO2 decreases?

A

constriction

46
Q

In bronchioles, what happens when the pressure of O2 increases?

A

weak response of constriction

47
Q

In bronchioles, what happens when the pressure of O2 decreases?

A

weak response of dilation

Physiology (18 decks)

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