FINAL EXAM OF EFFING EVERYTHING

Question 1

chain of infection:

Answer 1

pathogen
reservoir 
portal of exit
means of transport 
portal of entry
susceptible host

Question 2

3 ways to prevent infection

Answer 2

engineering controls
administrative controls
PPE

Question 3

what is sinus rhythm

Answer 3

electrical activity when impulses originate in the SA node

Question 4

what is dysrhythmias

Answer 4

abnormal electrical activity

can result from myocardial infarctions

Question 5

what is infective endocarditis

Answer 5

inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart

Question 6

what do valvular disorders do?

Answer 6

disrupt the blood flow through heart

Question 7

what is stenosis

Answer 7

narrowing of blood vessels

Question 8

what is regurgitation

Answer 8

insufficient closure - blood flows both ways

Question 9

what are the 4 levels of an artery

Answer 9

1) endothelium
2) elastic tissue
3) circular smooth muscle
4) connective tissue with elastic fibers

Question 10

define heart failure

Answer 10

inadequate pumping
decreased cardiac output, increased preload, increased afterload
ACUTE OR CHRONIC

Question 11

4 chambers of the heart

Answer 11

2 atria - RECEIVING

2 ventricles - PUMPING

Question 12

influences on blood pressure

Answer 12

afterload: pressure needed to eject the blood
preload: amount of blood returning

Question 13

what does the lymphatic system do:

Answer 13

works to return excess interstitial fluid to the circulation

Question 14

what does the lymphatic system include:

Answer 14

lymph nodes
spleen
thymus
tonsils

Question 15

what is blood pressure

Answer 15

force that exerts on the walls of blood vessels
it reflects how hard the heart is working
SYSTOLIC- cardiac WORK phase
DIASTOLIC- cardiac REST phase

Question 16

define conduction pathway

Answer 16

impulses are delayed in the AV node to allow for complete ventricular filling

Question 17

define conduction system

Answer 17

organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells and involves:
excitability
conductivity
automaticity

Question 18

what is excitability

Answer 18

ability of the cells to respond to electrical impulses

Question 19

what is conductivity

Answer 19

ability of cells to conduct electrical impulses

Question 20

what is automaticity

Answer 20

ability to generate an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus

Question 21

3 types of heart failure

Answer 21

systolic dysfunction
diastolic dysfunction
mixed dysfunction

Question 22

4 tx for IBD

Answer 22

medication for symptoms
medication for disease
ongoing monitoring
diet & nutrition

Question 23

5 areas of the abdomen that are prone to hernias

Answer 23

esophogeal hiatus 
umbilical ring 
inguinal canal 
femoral canal 
incision

Question 24

what is peristalsis

Answer 24

wave of muscle contractions that move food along

Question 25

2 special features of the stomach

Answer 25

rugae | oblique muscle - longitudinal, oblique, lateral

Question 26

what is a fistula

Answer 26

track between hollow organ and surface or 2 hollow organs

Question 27

4 goals of tx for PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Answer 27

relief of pain & symptoms promotion of healing preventions of complications prevention of recurrence

Question 28

what is the greatest risk of a hernia

Answer 28

STRANGULATION | s&s- persistent pain, fast heart rate, increased temp,vomit

Question 29

what is the tx for a strangulated hernia

Answer 29

watchful waiting surgery- mesh or mash truss

Question 30

SA node:

Answer 30

generates the cardiac impulse acts as a PACEMAKER found in the right atrium

Question 31

AV node:

Answer 31

relays & intensifies the cardiac impulse | found in the right atrium

Question 32

define diverticular disease

Answer 32

``` both diverticulosis & diverticulitis tx: increase fiber increase fluids exercise antibiotics surgery rest colon ```

Question 33

what is metabolic syndrome

Answer 33

group of symptoms that put a person at risk for cardio vascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Question 34

what 2 tests can be done to see if a person has hyperglycemia related to insulin resistance

Answer 34

fasting plasma glucose | 2 hour plasma glucose

Question 35

** more fat = more adipokines

Answer 35

target cells to ignore insulin = insulin resistance

Question 36

beta secretes what?

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

alpha cells secret what?

Answer 37

glucagon

Question 38

alpha and beta are both in what?

Answer 38

isle of langerhans

Question 39

what is a target cell

Answer 39

cells that a hormone affects

Question 40

what is a hormone

Answer 40

chemical messenger

Question 41

what is atelectasis

Answer 41

complete or partial collapse of lung or lobe developing from alveoli deflation

Question 42

define respiratory failure

Answer 42

results from inadequate gas exchange in body

Question 43

hypothalamus releases REALISING hormone

Answer 43

pituitary releases stimulating hormone

Question 44

what is the main cause of peptic ulcers

Answer 44

h.pylori

Question 45

why is the trigone significant

Answer 45

common site for infection | where everything backs up

Question 46

top 3 causes of kidney disease

Answer 46

diabetes hypertension glomerephronitis

Question 47

main issue of kidney disease

Answer 47

progressive nephron loss

Question 48

how much blood does a kidney filter a day

Answer 48

180 L

Question 49

how fast do kidneys filtere blood and whats it called

Answer 49

glomerular filtration rate and 125 ml

Question 50

common symptoms of IBS

Answer 50

``` pain diarrhea constipation abdominal cramps bloating ```

Question 51

s&s of pleural effusion

Answer 51

chest pain tachypnea tachycardia pleural friction rub

Question 52

top 3 risk factors for pulmonary embolism

Answer 52

blood stasis trauma diagnoses that increases clotting

Question 53

what is the most common cause of a PE

Answer 53

DVT

Question 54

primary hypertension:

Answer 54

most common | develops gradually over time

Question 55

secondary hypertension:

Answer 55

sudden and severe | causes: disease, tumors, meds, cogential defects

Question 56

opta can support people with IBS by

Answer 56

encouage physical activity encourage stress mangement lifestyle changes

Question 57

lymphedema

Answer 57

swelling to a lympàh obstruction | primary & secondary

Question 58

tx for lymphedema

Answer 58

compression stockings exercises manual massage

Question 59

what is a peptic ulcer

Answer 59

affects the lining, a break in the mucosa