cardiac system Flashcards
1
Q
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
A
delivers vital oxygen & nutrients to cells
removes waste products
transports hormones
2
Q
define the systemic branch:
A
carries blood throughout the body to meet its needs and remove waste products
includes ARTERIES, VEINS, CAPILLARIES
works with lymphatic system
3
Q
define the pulmonary branch:
A
carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange
4
Q
define pericardium
A
surrounds heart to provide protection & support
5
Q
myocardium:
A
cardiac muscle
6
Q
endocardium
A
inner structures including valves
7
Q
four chambers:
A
2 atria- receiving chambers
2 ventricles - pumping chambers
8
Q
what does the conduction system do:
A
organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells
involves: EXCITABILITY- ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses
CONDUCTIVITY- ability of cells to conduct electrical impulses
AUTOMATICITY- ability to generate an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus
9
Q
what do arteries do
A
carry blood away
10
Q
what do veins do
A
carry blood back
11
Q
what do capillaries do
A
site of exchange
12
Q
what keeps the intestines in
A
periteneum
parietal - covers abdominal wall
visceral- covers intestines
13
Q
3 reasons intestines can become obstructed
A
organic disease
mechanical obstruction
functional obstruction
14
Q
what is a hernia
A
protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through weakness in the structure meant to contain it
15
Q
most common type of hernia
A
inguinal
16
Q
what is the greatest risk of a herniation
A
strangulation with persistent pain, increase temp, vomiting, fast heart rate
17
Q
what are 2 special features of the stomach
A
its has rugae
3 types of muscle to help with mechanical digestion (longitudinal,oblique,lateral)
18
Q
what kind of digestion takes place in the stomach
A
mechanical
mixed with HCL and enzymes are added in
19
Q
where does the majority of digestion take place
A
small intestine
20
Q
why doesnt the stomach digest itself
A
cells are making mucus
21
Q
describe symptoms that may indicate GI dysfunction
A
nausea & vomiting diarrhea anorexia dysphagia achalasia heartburn abdominal pain GI bleeding fecal incontincence
22
Q
what is a monomer
A
a single substance
23
Q
what are some MODIFIABLE risk factors that can irritate the stomach
A
smoking
NSAIDS
drinking
stress
24
Q
what are some UNMODIFIABLE risk factors that irritate the stomach
A
genetics organism in food & water stress from surgery autoimmune conditions H.pylori
25
define gastritis
inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach
26
S&S of gastritis
```
indigestion
heart burn
nausea
vomitting
anorexic
malaise
```
27
what are the worst case symptoms of gastritis
HEMATEMESIS - blood in puke
BLOOD IN POOP
FEVER
28
how is gastritis treated
antacids
acid reducing agents
stop using NSAIDS
small frequent meals
29
how can OPTA help with gastritis
remind them to take what they have been prescribed
| encourage exercise
30
peptic ulcer disease:
break in mucosal lining, affects the DUODENUM
31
what is erosion
lesion that doesnt extend through the mucosa
32
what is an ulceration
damage to the mucosal layer to submucosal layer
33
what is the main risk factor for most ulcers
h.pylori bacteria
| susceptible to antibiotics
34
two types of stress that contribute to peptic ulcers
psychological
| physiological
35
what factors are considered protective for peptic ulcer disease
lots of fruits and veggies
| lots of vit c
36
S&S in client with peptic ulcer disease
increased pain with eating
37
what are 4 goals of tx wit peptic ulcer
relief of symptoms
promotion of healing
prevention of complications
prevention of recurrence
38
OPTA peptic ulcer tx
exercise
remind them to take their meds
encourage not to add over the counter meds ontop of their prescribed med
39
what are the 4 layers of the digestive system
mucosa- villi on it
submucosa- has lymph & blood vessels
muscularis- circular & longitudinal muscle layer
serosa- covering of outer layer - viseral layer
40
main role of small intestine:
absorption of nutrients
41
3 major roles of large intestine
absorb water
bacteria to help break down
make feces, easier to defecate
42
whats the difference between internal and external sphincter
voluntary control
43
what keeps the intestines from coming out
periteneum - nerves & blood vessels
parietal- covers abdominal wall
visceral - covers intestines
44
what are 3 reasons intestines become obstructed
organic disease- chrons
mechanical obstruction- defect or damage to structure- hernia
functional- SCI
45
hernia:
protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through a weakness in the structure meant to contain it
46
5 areas of the abdomen that are prone to hernias
```
espheogeal hyatis
umbilical ring
inguinal canal (MOST COMMON)
femoral canal
incision
```
47
S&S of hernia
pain
visible lump
pain made worse by exertion, bowl movement,changing position
48
what is reduction
hernial sac that can be replaced by manipulation
49
what is the greatest risk related to herniation?
strangulation
| symptoms: persistent pain, ischemic process, increased temp, vomit, adbominal discomfort
50
how is a hernia treated, short term and long term
watchful waiting, surgery to match or mesh
51
what can OPTA do for hernias
talk about proper lifting procedures
avoid lifting and strainging
monitor signs of strangulation/complications
encourage seeing physician about a truss before getting one
52
what is pericarditis
inflammation of pericardium
fluid accumulates creating pericardial effusion
swollen tissue creates friction
53
what are the S&S of pericaditis
```
pericardial friction rub
sharp, sudden,sever chest pain
dyspnea
tachycardia
edema
flulike symptoms
```
54
tx for pericarditis
```
identify and treat underlying cause
NSAIDS
bed rest
oxygen therapy
analgesics
```
55
what is infective endocarditis
vegetation forms on internal structures & creates small thrombi
microemboli occur as they are dislodged, resulting in microhemmhages
56
what are risk factors for infective endocarditis
```
intravenous drug use
valvular disorders
prosthetic heart valves
rheumatic heart disease
Marfan syndrome
Congenital heart defects
```
57
tx for infective endocarditis
```
long-term agent specific therapy
bed rest
oxygen therapy
antipyretics
prosthetic valve replacement
```
58
valvular disorders:
DISRUPT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART
59
describe stenosis (narrowing)
less blood flowing through the valve
causes decreased cardiac output, increased cardiac workload
HYPERTROPHY
60
define regurgitation (insufficient closure)
blood flows in both directions through the valve
| causes decreased cardiac output, increased cardiac workload, hyperthrophy, dilation
61
valvular disorder causes:
```
cogential defects
infective endocarditis
rheumatic fever
myocardial infartion
cardiomyopathy
heart failure
```
62
manifestations of valvular disorders
vary depending on valve involved
| reflect alteration in blood flow through the heart
63
valvular disorder tx
diuretics
vasodilators
oxygen therapy
low sodium diet
64
define electric alterations:
classified by origin
can affect cardiac output & BP
causes: hypoxia, cogential heart defetcs, drug toxicity, stress
65
manifestations of electrical alterations:
vary depending on dysrhythimia
| may include: palpations, fluttering sensaton, skipped beats, fatigue, confucsion, abnormal heart rate
66
define heart failure:
inadequate pumping
| leads to decreased cardiac output,increased preload, increased afterload
67
types of heart failure:
systolic dysfunction: decreased contractility
diastolic dysfunction: decreased filling
mixed dysfunction: both
68
left sided failure:
cardiac output falls
blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation
CAUSES:left ventricular infacrtion,hypertension & aortic and mitral valve stenosis
S&s: pulmonary congestion,dyspnea,activity intolerance
69
right sided failure:
blood backs up to the systemic circulation
CAUSES: pulmonary disease,left sided failure
S&S: edema & weight gain
70
heart failure:
acute or chronic
| S&S: depend on type, fluctuates in severity
71
heart failure tx:
identify & manage underlying cause
| lifestyle modification
72
conduction system:
organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells
| involves: excitability, conductivity, automaticity
73
conduction pathway:
impulses originate in the SA node
impulses travel through the right & left atrium, causing atrial contraction
impulses then travel to the AV node
74
blood pressure:
force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
| reflects how hard the heart is working
75
systolic & diastolic
s- cariac work phase
| d- cardiac rest pahse
76
influences on blood pressure
AFTERLOAD: pressure needed to eject the blood
PRELOAD:amount of blood returning
HORMONES
77
3 layers of blood vessels
tunica intima- inner layer
tunica media- middle muscular layer
tunica adventitia- outer elastic layer
78
what is diverticulosis
when small pouches develop in the digestive tract
79
what is diverticulitis
when the small pouches become inflamed
80
how is diverticular disease diagnosed
barium study
endoscopy
CT scan
stool examination
81
how can diverticular disease be caused
weakness or atrophy of the bowel muscle, either congenital or acquired
82
name 4 factors that contribute to acquired diverticular disease
increased intraluminal pressure
obesity
chronic constipation
pelvic floor injury
83
describe the life of an intestinal cell
inside the lining of intestinal track, a cell is sloughed off every 5 days and replaced by a new cell
84
describe function of villi
to increase surface area so more nutrients can be absorbed IN SMALL INTESTINE
85
what are haustra?
muscle pockets in the large intestine that moves chyme/feces along
86
name 3 reasons surgery could be involved with IBS
ostomey formation
bowl restriction
remove obstruction
87
4 tx for IBS
medication for symptoms
medication for disease
diet & nutrition
ongoing monitoring
88
what can opta do for chrons and uc
```
encourage journaling
promote coping skills
monitor for abscess & fistula
monitor hydration
monitor joint pain
```
89
describe how joint pain/ arthritis relate to IBS
it brings pain that is self limiting
90
compare chrons and UC
Chrons: happens anywhere in GI track but mainly small intestine, has skip lesions, weight loss is more severe
UC: happens in colon, inflammation of mucosa layer, frequent stools, dehydration,
91
what is the difference between a cause and a trigger
cause: creates a change
trigger: stimulus that creates a response
92
5 common symptoms of IBS
```
pain
bloating
diarrhea
constipation
abdominal cramps
```
93
how can OPTA help IBS
encourage stress management
physical activity
lifestyle changes
94
describe 3 ways to manage IBS
manage mental health
lifestyle changes
medications to manage symptoms
95
what can OPTA do to help clients with diverticulosis
encourage fluids & fiber intake
monitor S&S
monitor for infection
help body mechanics to reduce abdominal pressure
96
blood pressure
force of blood on the blood vessel walls
97
dyrithmius
abnormal electrical activity
98
why are impulses delayed in the AV node
to allow for ventricular filling
99
automaticity
ability for cell to generate an impulse without external nerve
100
what can electrical alterations affect
cardio output and BP
101
valvvular disorders
disrupt the blood flow
102
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic
103
if SA node fails
AV nodes bmp is 40-60 , SA 60-80
