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302 patho > cardiac system > Flashcards

cardiac system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

delivers vital oxygen & nutrients to cells
removes waste products
transports hormones

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2
Q

define the systemic branch:

A

carries blood throughout the body to meet its needs and remove waste products
includes ARTERIES, VEINS, CAPILLARIES
works with lymphatic system

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3
Q

define the pulmonary branch:

A

carries blood to and from the lungs for gas exchange

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4
Q

define pericardium

A

surrounds heart to provide protection & support

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5
Q

myocardium:

A

cardiac muscle

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6
Q

endocardium

A

inner structures including valves

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7
Q

four chambers:

A

2 atria- receiving chambers

2 ventricles - pumping chambers

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8
Q

what does the conduction system do:

A

organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells
involves: EXCITABILITY- ability of cells to respond to electrical impulses
CONDUCTIVITY- ability of cells to conduct electrical impulses
AUTOMATICITY- ability to generate an impulse to contract with no external nerve stimulus

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9
Q

what do arteries do

A

carry blood away

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10
Q

what do veins do

A

carry blood back

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11
Q

what do capillaries do

A

site of exchange

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12
Q

what keeps the intestines in

A

periteneum
parietal - covers abdominal wall
visceral- covers intestines

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13
Q

3 reasons intestines can become obstructed

A

organic disease
mechanical obstruction
functional obstruction

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14
Q

what is a hernia

A

protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through weakness in the structure meant to contain it

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15
Q

most common type of hernia

A

inguinal

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16
Q

what is the greatest risk of a herniation

A

strangulation with persistent pain, increase temp, vomiting, fast heart rate

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17
Q

what are 2 special features of the stomach

A

its has rugae

3 types of muscle to help with mechanical digestion (longitudinal,oblique,lateral)

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18
Q

what kind of digestion takes place in the stomach

A

mechanical

mixed with HCL and enzymes are added in

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19
Q

where does the majority of digestion take place

A

small intestine

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20
Q

why doesnt the stomach digest itself

A

cells are making mucus

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21
Q

describe symptoms that may indicate GI dysfunction

A 
nausea & vomiting
diarrhea 
anorexia 
dysphagia 
achalasia 
heartburn
abdominal pain
GI bleeding
fecal incontincence
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22
Q

what is a monomer

A

a single substance

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23
Q

what are some MODIFIABLE risk factors that can irritate the stomach

A

smoking
NSAIDS
drinking
stress

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24
Q

what are some UNMODIFIABLE risk factors that irritate the stomach

A 
genetics 
organism in food & water
stress from surgery
autoimmune conditions
H.pylori
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25
Q

define gastritis

A

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach

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26
Q

S&S of gastritis

A 
indigestion 
heart burn
nausea 
vomitting
anorexic 
malaise
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27
Q

what are the worst case symptoms of gastritis

A

HEMATEMESIS - blood in puke
BLOOD IN POOP
FEVER

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28
Q

how is gastritis treated

A

antacids
acid reducing agents
stop using NSAIDS
small frequent meals

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29
Q

how can OPTA help with gastritis

A

remind them to take what they have been prescribed

encourage exercise

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30
Q

peptic ulcer disease:

A

break in mucosal lining, affects the DUODENUM

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31
Q

what is erosion

A

lesion that doesnt extend through the mucosa

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32
Q

what is an ulceration

A

damage to the mucosal layer to submucosal layer

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33
Q

what is the main risk factor for most ulcers

A

h.pylori bacteria

susceptible to antibiotics

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34
Q

two types of stress that contribute to peptic ulcers

A

psychological

physiological

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35
Q

what factors are considered protective for peptic ulcer disease

A

lots of fruits and veggies

lots of vit c

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36
Q

S&S in client with peptic ulcer disease

A

increased pain with eating

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37
Q

what are 4 goals of tx wit peptic ulcer

A

relief of symptoms
promotion of healing
prevention of complications
prevention of recurrence

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38
Q

OPTA peptic ulcer tx

A

exercise
remind them to take their meds
encourage not to add over the counter meds ontop of their prescribed med

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39
Q

what are the 4 layers of the digestive system

A

mucosa- villi on it
submucosa- has lymph & blood vessels
muscularis- circular & longitudinal muscle layer
serosa- covering of outer layer - viseral layer

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40
Q

main role of small intestine:

A

absorption of nutrients

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41
Q

3 major roles of large intestine

A

absorb water
bacteria to help break down
make feces, easier to defecate

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42
Q

whats the difference between internal and external sphincter

A

voluntary control

43
Q

what keeps the intestines from coming out

A

periteneum - nerves & blood vessels
parietal- covers abdominal wall
visceral - covers intestines

44
Q

what are 3 reasons intestines become obstructed

A

organic disease- chrons
mechanical obstruction- defect or damage to structure- hernia
functional- SCI

45
Q

hernia:

A

protrusion of part of an organ or tissue through a weakness in the structure meant to contain it

46
Q

5 areas of the abdomen that are prone to hernias

A 
espheogeal hyatis 
umbilical ring
inguinal canal (MOST COMMON)
femoral canal
incision
47
Q

S&S of hernia

A

pain
visible lump
pain made worse by exertion, bowl movement,changing position

48
Q

what is reduction

A

hernial sac that can be replaced by manipulation

49
Q

what is the greatest risk related to herniation?

A

strangulation

symptoms: persistent pain, ischemic process, increased temp, vomit, adbominal discomfort

50
Q

how is a hernia treated, short term and long term

A

watchful waiting, surgery to match or mesh

51
Q

what can OPTA do for hernias

A

talk about proper lifting procedures
avoid lifting and strainging
monitor signs of strangulation/complications
encourage seeing physician about a truss before getting one

52
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium
fluid accumulates creating pericardial effusion
swollen tissue creates friction

53
Q

what are the S&S of pericaditis

A 
pericardial friction rub 
sharp, sudden,sever chest pain
dyspnea
tachycardia
edema
flulike symptoms
54
Q

tx for pericarditis

A 
identify and treat underlying cause 
NSAIDS
bed rest 
oxygen therapy 
analgesics
55
Q

what is infective endocarditis

A

vegetation forms on internal structures & creates small thrombi
microemboli occur as they are dislodged, resulting in microhemmhages

56
Q

what are risk factors for infective endocarditis

A 
intravenous drug use
valvular disorders
prosthetic heart valves
rheumatic heart disease
Marfan syndrome
Congenital heart defects
57
Q

tx for infective endocarditis

A 
long-term agent specific therapy
bed rest
oxygen therapy
antipyretics 
prosthetic valve replacement
58
Q

valvular disorders:

A

DISRUPT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH HEART

59
Q

describe stenosis (narrowing)

A

less blood flowing through the valve
causes decreased cardiac output, increased cardiac workload
HYPERTROPHY

60
Q

define regurgitation (insufficient closure)

A

blood flows in both directions through the valve

causes decreased cardiac output, increased cardiac workload, hyperthrophy, dilation

61
Q

valvular disorder causes:

A 
cogential defects 
infective endocarditis 
rheumatic fever
myocardial infartion
cardiomyopathy 
heart failure
62
Q

manifestations of valvular disorders

A

vary depending on valve involved

reflect alteration in blood flow through the heart

63
Q

valvular disorder tx

A

diuretics
vasodilators
oxygen therapy
low sodium diet

64
Q

define electric alterations:

A

classified by origin
can affect cardiac output & BP
causes: hypoxia, cogential heart defetcs, drug toxicity, stress

65
Q

manifestations of electrical alterations:

A

vary depending on dysrhythimia

may include: palpations, fluttering sensaton, skipped beats, fatigue, confucsion, abnormal heart rate

66
Q

define heart failure:

A

inadequate pumping

leads to decreased cardiac output,increased preload, increased afterload

67
Q

types of heart failure:

A

systolic dysfunction: decreased contractility
diastolic dysfunction: decreased filling
mixed dysfunction: both

68
Q

left sided failure:

A

cardiac output falls
blood backs up to the pulmonary circulation
CAUSES:left ventricular infacrtion,hypertension & aortic and mitral valve stenosis
S&s: pulmonary congestion,dyspnea,activity intolerance

69
Q

right sided failure:

A

blood backs up to the systemic circulation
CAUSES: pulmonary disease,left sided failure
S&S: edema & weight gain

70
Q

heart failure:

A

acute or chronic

S&S: depend on type, fluctuates in severity

71
Q

heart failure tx:

A

identify & manage underlying cause

lifestyle modification

72
Q

conduction system:

A

organizes electrical impulses in the cardiac cells

involves: excitability, conductivity, automaticity

73
Q

conduction pathway:

A

impulses originate in the SA node
impulses travel through the right & left atrium, causing atrial contraction
impulses then travel to the AV node

74
Q

blood pressure:

A

force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

reflects how hard the heart is working

75
Q

systolic & diastolic

A

s- cariac work phase

d- cardiac rest pahse

76
Q

influences on blood pressure

A

AFTERLOAD: pressure needed to eject the blood
PRELOAD:amount of blood returning
HORMONES

77
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A

tunica intima- inner layer
tunica media- middle muscular layer
tunica adventitia- outer elastic layer

78
Q

what is diverticulosis

A

when small pouches develop in the digestive tract

79
Q

what is diverticulitis

A

when the small pouches become inflamed

80
Q

how is diverticular disease diagnosed

A

barium study
endoscopy
CT scan
stool examination

81
Q

how can diverticular disease be caused

A

weakness or atrophy of the bowel muscle, either congenital or acquired

82
Q

name 4 factors that contribute to acquired diverticular disease

A

increased intraluminal pressure
obesity
chronic constipation
pelvic floor injury

83
Q

describe the life of an intestinal cell

A

inside the lining of intestinal track, a cell is sloughed off every 5 days and replaced by a new cell

84
Q

describe function of villi

A

to increase surface area so more nutrients can be absorbed IN SMALL INTESTINE

85
Q

what are haustra?

A

muscle pockets in the large intestine that moves chyme/feces along

86
Q

name 3 reasons surgery could be involved with IBS

A

ostomey formation
bowl restriction
remove obstruction

87
Q

4 tx for IBS

A

medication for symptoms
medication for disease
diet & nutrition
ongoing monitoring

88
Q

what can opta do for chrons and uc

A 
encourage journaling
promote coping skills
monitor for abscess & fistula 
monitor hydration
monitor joint pain
89
Q

describe how joint pain/ arthritis relate to IBS

A

it brings pain that is self limiting

90
Q

compare chrons and UC

A

Chrons: happens anywhere in GI track but mainly small intestine, has skip lesions, weight loss is more severe

UC: happens in colon, inflammation of mucosa layer, frequent stools, dehydration,

91
Q

what is the difference between a cause and a trigger

A

cause: creates a change
trigger: stimulus that creates a response

92
Q

5 common symptoms of IBS

A 
pain
bloating
diarrhea
constipation
abdominal cramps
93
Q

how can OPTA help IBS

A

encourage stress management
physical activity
lifestyle changes

94
Q

describe 3 ways to manage IBS

A

manage mental health
lifestyle changes
medications to manage symptoms

95
Q

what can OPTA do to help clients with diverticulosis

A

encourage fluids & fiber intake
monitor S&S
monitor for infection
help body mechanics to reduce abdominal pressure

96
Q

blood pressure

A

force of blood on the blood vessel walls

97
Q

dyrithmius

A

abnormal electrical activity

98
Q

why are impulses delayed in the AV node

A

to allow for ventricular filling

99
Q

automaticity

A

ability for cell to generate an impulse without external nerve

100
Q

what can electrical alterations affect

A

cardio output and BP

101
Q

valvvular disorders

A

disrupt the blood flow

102
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

103
Q

if SA node fails

A

AV nodes bmp is 40-60 , SA 60-80

302 patho (8 decks)

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