Final Exam Nicotine Flashcards
Nicotine:
the Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco
tobacco is the dried leaves of __, which grows in North and South America
nicotiana tobacum
tobacco leaves are dried and processed into forms that can be (3)
smoked (cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
chewed (chew)
snorted (snuff)
tobacco use can be traced back __ years in both North and South America
8,000
By __, tobacco was a major US export
1630
per capita cigarette consumption varies widely across countries, with the US falling in __
the middle
the highest rates of smoking in the US are in the __ and __
lower Midwest
South
The same states with the highest rate of smoking also have some of the ___
shortest life expectancies
although chewing tobacco, cigars, and pipe tobacco once comprised significant categories of use in the US, __ now predominate
cigarettes
tobacco smoke contains (3)
nicotine
carbon monoxide (CO)
tar
tar:
is the residual substance left after nicotine is removed
Tar contains various (3)
toxins
carcinogens
tumor-initiating agents
although cigarette use continues to decline, alternative administration routes __are now common, especially among young people
(vaping)
vapors from e-cigs contain far fewer carcinogens, but can yield more __
sustained, higher nicotine blood plasma levels
Societal Costs of Tobacco Use
__% of all people ages 12 and older have engaged in tobacco use
__% have engaged in cigarette use
__ million people are cigarette dependent at any given time (point prevalence)
__ billion in tobacco-related medical costs are incurred each year
67.5
62.8
22.9
$170
True or false? smoking is the leading cause of preventable death
True
___ people (equivalent to almost 1/2 of Columbus) die each year from smoking-related illnesses
480,000
__ million people are living with a disease caused by smoking
16
smokers die, on average, over __ years earlier than non-smokers
10
both smoking and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy are associated with several adverse outcomes, including (5)
low birth weight childhood ADHD and conduct problems asthma SIDS vulnerability to drug use in adolescence
until recently, vaping was considered safer, but in 2019, ___ cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) have been reported
__ deaths confirmed
causes are not fully understood, but all patients have vaping histories
__ is present in most but not all samples
1,604
34
THC
nicotine use induces (6)
nicotine also has mild pain-reducing qualities
mild euphoria increased energy heightened arousal reduced stress anxiolytic effects (reduce anxiety) reduced appetite
anxiolytic effects means
reduce anxiety
Behavioral Effects of Nicotine (5)
improved attention shortened reaction time better problem solving improved cognition increased heart rate and blood pressure
inhaled cigarette and e-cig vapors reach the brain within __
8 seconds
True or false? almost all nicotine is delivered through the lungs
true
There are large individual differences in blood plasma nicotine observed from the same dose. Those who are addicted maintain ___ throughout the day. Different tobacco preparations yield ___
high blood levels of nicotine
different blood concentration curves
Prevalence of smoking rises sharply from ages ___ to ___
Rates fall slowly across adulthood
12 (2%) to 17 (28%)
About __% of adolescents who try smoking become daily smokers within 4-5 years
50
Those who smoke __ cigarettes per day for at least __ years NEVER return to light smoking
15 or more
2
Nicotine abstinence syndrome refers to
withdrawal effects after prolonged use
There are 2 types of symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome what are they?
somatic and affective symptoms
somatic symptoms (4):
bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
gastrointestinal discomfort
increased appetite
weight gain
affective symptoms (5):
depression irritability dysphoria anxiety difficulty concentrating
Many of these symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome result from ___ in the mesolimbic DA system
dopamine depletion
Koob et al. (2014) state that acute withdrawal lasts up to __ days, but longer timeframes are reported by heavy smokers—especially __
30
women
As with other DA agonists, cravings can last up to __
6 months
Nicotine replacement therapy is only about __% effective at one year
25
___, an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to __% effective; it increases midbrain DA levels and blocks the psychoactive effects of stimulants, including nicotine
bupropion (Wellbutrin)
50
Bupropion (Wellbutrin), an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to 50% effective; it increases __ DA levels and blocks the __ of stimulants, including nicotine
midbrain
psychoactive effects
Neurobiological Effects: Nicotine is a ____
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist
nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist) families are expressed throughout the brain and body (3)
muscles: α1, β1, ϒ, δ, ε
central nervous system: α2-α6, β2-β4
β2 especially important for reinforcing effects
In nAChR expression, __ is especially important for reinforcing effects
β2
neuronal nAChRs activate other neurons by opening __ and through other mechanisms
calcium ion channels
animals will self-administer nicotine, but their break point is much __ than for __
lower
cocaine
nicotine has analgesic (pain-reducing) effects, likely through activation of __ and __receptor subunits, which increase __ in the NAcc
α4β2
α7 nAChR
opioid peptide levels
at low doses, nicotine facilitates __ in rats; and at high doses, it __
social behavior
dampens such behavior
Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through __ in the __ (VTA, NAcc) via the β2 subunit
dopamine release
mesolimbic DA system
Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through dopamine release in the mesolimbic DA system (VTA, NAcc) via the __
β2 subunit
The VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area) has nAChRs on __ cell bodies and dendrites of __
both
DA neurons
β2 knockout mice will __
not self-administer nicotine
Nicotine administration raises __ (α7) and reduces __ (α4β2) in the VTA, which increases __
glutamate levels
GABA levels
DA release
