Final Exam Nicotine

Question 1

Nicotine:

Answer 1

the Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco

Question 2

tobacco is the dried leaves of __, which grows in North and South America

Answer 2

nicotiana tobacum

Question 3

tobacco leaves are dried and processed into forms that can be (3)

Answer 3

smoked (cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
chewed (chew)
snorted (snuff)

Question 4

tobacco use can be traced back __ years in both North and South America

Answer 4

8,000

Question 5

By __, tobacco was a major US export

Answer 5

1630

Question 6

per capita cigarette consumption varies widely across countries, with the US falling in __

Answer 6

the middle

Question 7

the highest rates of smoking in the US are in the __ and __

Answer 7

lower Midwest

South

Question 8

The same states with the highest rate of smoking also have some of the ___

Answer 8

shortest life expectancies

Question 9

although chewing tobacco, cigars, and pipe tobacco once comprised significant categories of use in the US, __ now predominate

Answer 9

cigarettes

Question 10

tobacco smoke contains (3)

Answer 10

nicotine
carbon monoxide (CO)
tar

Question 11

tar:

Answer 11

is the residual substance left after nicotine is removed

Question 12

Tar contains various (3)

Answer 12

toxins
carcinogens
tumor-initiating agents

Question 13

although cigarette use continues to decline, alternative administration routes __are now common, especially among young people

Answer 13

(vaping)

Question 14

vapors from e-cigs contain far fewer carcinogens, but can yield more __

Answer 14

sustained, higher nicotine blood plasma levels

Question 15

Societal Costs of Tobacco Use
__% of all people ages 12 and older have engaged in tobacco use
__% have engaged in cigarette use
__ million people are cigarette dependent at any given time (point prevalence)
__ billion in tobacco-related medical costs are incurred each year

Answer 15

67.5
62.8
22.9
$170

Question 16

True or false? smoking is the leading cause of preventable death

Answer 16

True

Question 17

___ people (equivalent to almost 1/2 of Columbus) die each year from smoking-related illnesses

Answer 17

480,000

Question 18

__ million people are living with a disease caused by smoking

Answer 18

16

Question 19

smokers die, on average, over __ years earlier than non-smokers

Answer 19

10

Question 20

both smoking and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy are associated with several adverse outcomes, including (5)

Answer 20

low birth weight
childhood ADHD and conduct problems
asthma
SIDS
vulnerability to drug use in adolescence

Question 21

until recently, vaping was considered safer, but in 2019, ___ cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) have been reported
__ deaths confirmed
causes are not fully understood, but all patients have vaping histories
__ is present in most but not all samples

Answer 21

1,604
34
THC

Question 22

nicotine use induces (6)

nicotine also has mild pain-reducing qualities

Answer 22

mild euphoria
increased energy
heightened arousal
reduced stress
anxiolytic effects (reduce anxiety)
reduced appetite

Question 23

anxiolytic effects means

Answer 23

reduce anxiety

Question 24

Behavioral Effects of Nicotine (5)

Answer 24

improved attention
shortened reaction time
better problem solving
improved cognition
increased heart rate and blood pressure

Question 25

inhaled cigarette and e-cig vapors reach the brain within __

Answer 25

8 seconds

Question 26

True or false? almost all nicotine is delivered through the lungs

Answer 26

true

Question 27

There are large individual differences in blood plasma nicotine observed from the same dose. Those who are addicted maintain ___ throughout the day. Different tobacco preparations yield ___

Answer 27

high blood levels of nicotine

different blood concentration curves

Question 28

Prevalence of smoking rises sharply from ages ___ to ___

Rates fall slowly across adulthood

Answer 28

12 (2%) to 17 (28%)

Question 29

About __% of adolescents who try smoking become daily smokers within 4-5 years

Answer 29

50

Question 30

Those who smoke __ cigarettes per day for at least __ years NEVER return to light smoking

Answer 30

15 or more

2

Question 31

Nicotine abstinence syndrome refers to

Answer 31

withdrawal effects after prolonged use

Question 32

There are 2 types of symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome what are they?

Answer 32

somatic and affective symptoms

Question 33

somatic symptoms (4):

Answer 33

bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
gastrointestinal discomfort
increased appetite
weight gain

Question 34

affective symptoms (5):

Answer 34

depression
irritability
dysphoria
anxiety
difficulty concentrating

Question 35

Many of these symptoms of nicotine abstinence syndrome result from ___ in the mesolimbic DA system

Answer 35

dopamine depletion

Question 36

Koob et al. (2014) state that acute withdrawal lasts up to __ days, but longer timeframes are reported by heavy smokers—especially __

Answer 36

30

women

Question 37

As with other DA agonists, cravings can last up to __

Answer 37

6 months

Question 38

Nicotine replacement therapy is only about __% effective at one year

Answer 38

25

Question 39

___, an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to __% effective; it increases midbrain DA levels and blocks the psychoactive effects of stimulants, including nicotine

Answer 39

bupropion (Wellbutrin)

50

Question 40

Bupropion (Wellbutrin), an NDRI antidepressant, can be up to 50% effective; it increases __ DA levels and blocks the __ of stimulants, including nicotine

Answer 40

midbrain

psychoactive effects

Question 41

Neurobiological Effects: Nicotine is a ____

Answer 41

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist

Question 42

nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist) families are expressed throughout the brain and body (3)

Answer 42

muscles: α1, β1, ϒ, δ, ε
central nervous system: α2-α6, β2-β4
β2 especially important for reinforcing effects

Question 43

In nAChR expression, __ is especially important for reinforcing effects

Answer 43

β2

Question 44

neuronal nAChRs activate other neurons by opening __ and through other mechanisms

Answer 44

calcium ion channels

Question 45

animals will self-administer nicotine, but their break point is much __ than for __

Answer 45

lower

cocaine

Question 46

nicotine has analgesic (pain-reducing) effects, likely through activation of __ and __receptor subunits, which increase __ in the NAcc

Answer 46

α4β2
α7 nAChR
opioid peptide levels

Question 47

at low doses, nicotine facilitates __ in rats; and at high doses, it __

Answer 47

social behavior

dampens such behavior

Question 48

Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through __ in the __ (VTA, NAcc) via the β2 subunit

Answer 48

dopamine release

mesolimbic DA system

Question 49

Nicotine’s acute reinforcing effects occur through dopamine release in the mesolimbic DA system (VTA, NAcc) via the __

Answer 49

β2 subunit

Question 50

The VTA (Ventral Tegmental Area) has nAChRs on __ cell bodies and dendrites of __

Answer 50

both

DA neurons

Question 51

β2 knockout mice will __

Answer 51

not self-administer nicotine

Question 52

Nicotine administration raises __ (α7) and reduces __ (α4β2) in the VTA, which increases __

Answer 52

glutamate levels
GABA levels
DA release