Final Exam Nicotine Flashcards
Nicotine:
the Psychoactive Ingredient in Tobacco
tobacco is the dried leaves of __, which grows in North and South America
nicotiana tobacum
tobacco leaves are dried and processed into forms that can be (3)
smoked (cigarettes, pipes, cigars)
chewed (chew)
snorted (snuff)
tobacco use can be traced back __ years in both North and South America
8,000
By __, tobacco was a major US export
1630
per capita cigarette consumption varies widely across countries, with the US falling in __
the middle
the highest rates of smoking in the US are in the __ and __
lower Midwest
South
The same states with the highest rate of smoking also have some of the ___
shortest life expectancies
although chewing tobacco, cigars, and pipe tobacco once comprised significant categories of use in the US, __ now predominate
cigarettes
tobacco smoke contains (3)
nicotine
carbon monoxide (CO)
tar
tar:
is the residual substance left after nicotine is removed
Tar contains various (3)
toxins
carcinogens
tumor-initiating agents
although cigarette use continues to decline, alternative administration routes __are now common, especially among young people
(vaping)
vapors from e-cigs contain far fewer carcinogens, but can yield more __
sustained, higher nicotine blood plasma levels
Societal Costs of Tobacco Use
__% of all people ages 12 and older have engaged in tobacco use
__% have engaged in cigarette use
__ million people are cigarette dependent at any given time (point prevalence)
__ billion in tobacco-related medical costs are incurred each year
67.5
62.8
22.9
$170
True or false? smoking is the leading cause of preventable death
True
___ people (equivalent to almost 1/2 of Columbus) die each year from smoking-related illnesses
480,000
__ million people are living with a disease caused by smoking
16
smokers die, on average, over __ years earlier than non-smokers
10
both smoking and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy are associated with several adverse outcomes, including (5)
low birth weight childhood ADHD and conduct problems asthma SIDS vulnerability to drug use in adolescence
until recently, vaping was considered safer, but in 2019, ___ cases of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) have been reported
__ deaths confirmed
causes are not fully understood, but all patients have vaping histories
__ is present in most but not all samples
1,604
34
THC
nicotine use induces (6)
nicotine also has mild pain-reducing qualities
mild euphoria increased energy heightened arousal reduced stress anxiolytic effects (reduce anxiety) reduced appetite
anxiolytic effects means
reduce anxiety
Behavioral Effects of Nicotine (5)
improved attention shortened reaction time better problem solving improved cognition increased heart rate and blood pressure
