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Psychology of Addiction > Final Exam Cannabinoids > Flashcards

Final Exam Cannabinoids Flashcards

1
Q

Cannabinoids are

A

drugs that contain Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) or have similar pharmacologic actions

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2
Q

over __ cannabinoids, including naturally-occurring and synthetic, exist

A

70

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3
Q

cannabis is a hemp plant indigenous to the __ and __ mountains

A

Altai

Tien-Shan

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4
Q

it has been cultivated for at least ___ years

A

6,000

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5
Q

because of its physical strength it is often used to make ___

A

rope

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6
Q

about 2,000 years ago it was first used as an ___

A

anesthetic during operations

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7
Q

marijuana comes from the __ plant ___

A

hemp

cannabis sativa

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8
Q

hash oil is derived by (3)

A
  1. soaking cannabis flowers (buds) in isopropanol (an alcohol)
  2. removing all plant material, then
  3. heating the mixture to evaporate the isopropanol
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9
Q

butane honey oil (BHO): butane is used instead of __ for extraction

A

isopropanol

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10
Q

Δ9-THC levels in marijana ___

A

4.5%

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11
Q

Δ9-THC levels in BHO can be as high as __%

A

60-90%

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12
Q

cannabis sativa (marijuana) contains hundreds of ___ chemical constituents

A

non-psychoactive

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13
Q

despite some media reports, marijuana use is not associated with ___

A

lung cancer

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14
Q

however, increased rates of __ cancer (up to 2x) are reported in epidemiologic studies

A

testicular

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15
Q

naturally-occurring: among the 70+ known naturally-occurring cannabinoids, 3 are psychoactive:

A
  1. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)
  2. Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (67% as potent as Δ9-THC)
  3. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidivarin (25% as potent as Δ9-THC)
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16
Q

synthetic: artificial cannabinoids are a relatively recent development; examples (among many) include (2)

A
  1. spice

2. K2

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17
Q

these compounds (synthetic spice and K2) are known by ___, after John W. Huffman, an organic chemist at Clemson, who first synthesized them

A

JWH designations

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18
Q

like Δ9-THC, they (spice and K2) are cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 (CB1, CB2) __

A

agonists

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19
Q

___ is the most commonly used illegal drug in the US

A

marijuana

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20
Q

__% of those ages 12 and older have used marijuana

A

42

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21
Q

although rates of use have increased steadily since 2000, rates of ___ have NOT

A

marijuana use disorder

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22
Q

about __% of those who ever used cannabis in the past year show cannabis dependence

A

9%

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23
Q

True or False? marijuana is often the first regularly used psychoactive drug for children/adolescents, even ahead of alcohol and tobacco

A

True

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24
Q

Medical Uses: marijuana (THC) has a number of __ and potential medical uses

A

proven

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25
Behavioral Effects: marijuana use is intoxicating, and includes __ a dream-like state, and at high doses, ___
euphoria, happiness, | tiredness and fatigue
26
Behavioral effects of marijuana: some people become more __, some people become more __ (also depends on dose). Concentration worsens, memory becomes poor, simple tasks require excess effort, and slowed perception of time
sociable | withdrawn
27
marijuana is almost always__ (__ administration is very inefficient)
smoked | oral
28
as with all inhaled substances, marijuana hits the bloodstream in __
seconds
29
peak blood levels occur in __
3-10 min
30
only about _% of Δ9-THC has entered the brain at the time of ___
1 | behavioral/psychoactive effects
31
significant accumulation is stored in ___, unlike other drugs
body fat
32
Δ9-THC is broken down by the __
liver
33
elimination half-lives of all active metabolites: __days
5-6
34
metabolites can therefore be detected in urine for __
over a month
35
For many years (and even today), a common belief was that cannabis use does not induce ___. Beginning in the 1980s (when THC preparations gained considerable strength), a __ was identified
dependence | dependence syndrome
36
Cannabis dependence syndrome (5)
``` fear of health consequences blunted emotion expression emotional alienation from loved ones low achievement low grade depression ```
37
Progression from casual to dependent follows a typical course: (5)
``` pleasurable social use tolerance more frequent use social withdrawal functional impairment at work/school ```
38
2 types of dependence have been noted (note that this is not unlike alcohol, for which no such distinction is made):
Type one: multiple times a day | Type two: every 24-48 hours
39
Dependence symptoms are __ to those observed for other substances
similar
40
tolerance to both ___ and ___ builds rapidly, even among light/moderate smokers
``` physical effects (e.g., heart rate acceleration) psychological effects (subjective high) ```
41
tolerance this occurs through ___ (cannabinoid receptors are profoundly ___)
neuroadaptations | downregulated
42
__ effects (e.g., altered liver metabolism) are minimal
metabolic
43
cannabis withdrawal syndrome is well characterized | DSM-5 withdrawal syndrome requires three of more of the following: (7)
1. irritability, anger, or aggression 2. nervousness or anxiety 3. sleep difficulty 4. decreased appetite/weight loss 5. restlessness 6. depressed mood 7. abdominal pain, shakiness/tremors, sweating, fever, chills, headache
44
effects on ___ and ___ are similar to those induced by alcohol
psychomotor performance | memory
45
among those suspected of driving impaired who have NOT used alcohol, __ test positive for marijuana
1/3
46
marijuana use __ the risk of motor vehicle accidents
doubles
47
for unknown reasons, cannabis use rates are high among people who are predisposed to or suffer from ___
psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder)
48
use can potentiate (increase the power) genetic vulnerability to __
psychosis
49
cannabis use has particularly detrimental effects on ___ in adolescence
prefrontal cortex development
50
reduced prefrontal volumes are associated with __, __, and __ deficits (executive functions)
decision-making, memory, and long-term planning
51
the potency of cannabinoids correlates strongly with their CB1 and CB2 ___
receptor binding affinity
52
cannabinoid receptors are expressed densely in several brain regions:
basal ganglia: (including the nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, thalamus, and globus pallidus) cerebellum: which is implicated in motor control and coordination of neural activity across the cortex
53
cannabinoid receptors are expressed at lower levels in several other brain regions: (3)
- hippocampus, which is implicated in memory consolidation and the preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction - amygdala, which is implicated in withdrawal/negative affect and preoccupation/anticipation stages of addiction - cortex, which serves sensory, attentional, and executive functions and is implicated in the preoccupation/anticipation stage of addiction
54
cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptors are expressed throughout the brain and __ most of the psychoactive effects of cannabinoids CB1 knockout mice (3)
mediate 1. show no behavioral effects of Δ9-THC administration 2. do not self-administer Δ9-THC, and 3. show no withdrawal syndrome after prolonged Δ9-THC administration
55
cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors are expressed in the __ and less in the brain, but appear to exert some effects on the mesolimbic DA system
periphery
56
Δ9-THC has acute reinforcing effects, as evidenced by in animals by (3)
1. conditioned place preference 2. IV self-administration 3. conditioned place aversion on withdrawal
57
These acute reinforcing effects are blocked by cannabinoid receptor __
antagonists
58
___ by other drugs is not observed (e.g., substituting benzodiazepines for alcohol)
cross-substitution
59
Both Δ9-THC and synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., WIN 55,212-2) release __ in the __:
``` dopamine nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell ```
60
the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell is the site identified by Berridge and Robinson as mediating __ effects of drug use (liking)
pleasurable
61
Δ9-THC and synthetic cannabinoids also release ___
endogenous opioid peptides
62
chronic Δ9-THC administration produces tolerance to ___, analgesic effects, ___, and ___
behavioral effects motor effects memory effects
63
tolerance to behavioral and analgesic effects begins as soon as __
3 days
64
tolerance to memory effects takes __
weeks
65
tolerance occurs through __ of CB1 receptor densities throughout the brain
down-regulation
66
True or false? CB1 receptor densities return to normal after approximately one month of abstinence
True
67
withdrawal is characterized by __
excessive anxiety
68
as with other drugs of abuse, ___ levels rise during acute withdrawal, indicating a physiological stress response
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)
69
animal __ are not well developed for Δ9-THC
reinstatement models

Psychology of Addiction (7 decks)

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