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Psychology of Addiction > Final Exam Alcohol > Flashcards

Final Exam Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

From a chemical standpoint, an alcohol is…

A

any organic substance with a hydroxyl functional group (-OH), bound to a saturated carbon atom (a carbon atom or chain of carbon atoms linked by a single bond)

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2
Q

4 types of Alc

A

Ethanol, 2-Propanol (isopropyl), Methanol, Butanol

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3
Q

alcohol can be found in all ___ substances

A

glucose-containing

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4
Q

only __ is suitable for drinking

A

ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

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5
Q

fermentation:

A

occurs when glucose and water are converted to ethanol and CO2 in the presence of yeast

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6
Q

fermentation requires (5)

A
  1. sugar or starch (to form glucose)
  2. water
  3. heat
  4. ferment (yeast)
  5. air
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7
Q

fermentation is a common reaction in nature (fruit over-ripening), and can yield liquid with up to __

A

12% alcohol

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8
Q

distillation:

A

is required to yield more concentrated levels of alcohol

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9
Q

when distilling, a fermented mixture is heated, and ___, which boil off at a lower temperature (78 degrees C) than water (100 degrees C), are trapped and condensed

A

ethanol vapors

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10
Q

different beverages are derived from using different __ for fermentation and distillation

A

plant sources of glucose

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11
Q

alcohol use and dependence rates in the US are similar to those observed many European nations. however, we tend to do much more __

A

binge drinking

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12
Q

Audit=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Scores ≥ __ suggest dependence

A

20

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13
Q

notably, recent data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions show that alcohol use, high-risk drinking (weekly use of ___ standard drinks on any single day for women; __ for men), and alcohol use disorder has increased substantially in the years spanning 2001-2013 across nearly ___in the US

A

4 or more
5 or more
all demographic groups

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14
Q

True or False? Alcohol is the single most abused substance in Western culture, and causes more harm to individuals and families than any other substance

A

True

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15
Q

excessive drinking is a __ annual drag on the US economy

A

$250 billion

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16
Q

excessive drinking is a $250 billion annual drag on the US economy broken down (4):

A
  • $180 billion in workplace productivity
  • $28 billion in health care costs
  • $25 billion in law enforcement costs
  • $13 billion in motor vehicle accidents ($44 billion when associated health care and law enforcement costs are included)
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17
Q

__% of males and __% of females have experienced one or more alcohol-related adverse events (car accident, arrest, interpersonal violence, sexual assault, etc.)

A

60

30

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18
Q

alcohol is involved in __% of cases of intimate partner violence in the US

A

55

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19
Q

__% of women are sexually assaulted or raped by adulthood; __ of these incidents involve alcohol use by male perpetrators

A

25

half

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20
Q

alcohol is involved in __ of all traffic fatalities–the leading cause of death among 8-34-year-olds in the US

A

1/3

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21
Q

alcohol is an unusual substance because it has BOTH __ and __ properties

A

stimulant (reward)

sedative (anxiolytic)

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22
Q

__ are more likely to drink for the reward properties

__ are more likely to drink for the anxiolytic effects

A

males

females

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23
Q

behavioral effects are __

A

dose-dependent

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24
Q

alcohol readily crosses cell membranes in __

A

most parts of the body

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25
Q

__% absorption by the stomach
__% absorption by the small intestine
80-90% absorption in __

A

20
80
30-60min

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26
Q

absorption is __ if food is in the stomach:

A

delayed

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27
Q

blood alcohol levels depend on both __ and __ (more of women’s body weight is __)

A

body weight
sex
water

28
Q

in the absence of tolerance, we metabolize about __ drink per hour

A

1/2

29
Q

In the absence of tolerance, we metabolize about 1/2 drink per hour. Those with alcoholism metabolize at __ this rate

A

twice

30
Q

The metabolization of Alc when tolerance is present occurs through 400-1,000% increases in the __ CYP2E1, which metabolizes drugs and other foreign compounds in the body

A

liver enzyme

31
Q

Those with alc tolerance will find that alcohol ___ may increase as well

A

dehydrogenase activity

32
Q

alcohol is metabolized in several ways: __% excreted by the lungs and urine. Almost all of the rest is metabolized by the __

A

5-10

liver

33
Q

Breathalyzer test: breath concentration x ___ = BAL

A

2,100

34
Q

ALDH2^1/ALDH2^1:

A

fastest alcohol metabolism, highest vulnerability

35
Q

ALDH2^1/ALDH2^2:

A

intermediate alcohol metabolism, partial vulnerability or protection (depending on how one views it)

36
Q

ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2:

A

slowest alcohol metabolism, complete protection from alcoholism

37
Q

Why does ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2 have the slowest alcohol metabolism, complete protection from alcoholism

A

Disulfiram (Antabuse) mimics the ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2 genotype by blocking conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate

38
Q

True or false: Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism) is defined by standard criteria for addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

True

39
Q

alcoholism is highly __

A

heritable

40
Q

Having an alcoholic parent increases the risk for alcoholism by __%
This does not change when offspring of alcoholics are reared in __
Having two alcoholic parents increases the risk for alcoholism by over __%

A

400
non-alcoholic homes
600

41
Q

Males who later become alcoholic, and males with alcoholic fathers show a ___to alcohol on first exposure–> this should be distinguished from __

A

low level of response

tolerance

42
Q

__ identified in a recent genome-wide association study of drinking among 112,117 individuals in the UK

A

14 alleles

43
Q

Alcohol withdrawal produces___

A

hyper-excitability—a “rebound” effect of a chronically sedated CNS

44
Q

Withdrawal after chronic abuse can be __ if __ are not used for acute symptoms

A

life-threatening

benzodiazepines

45
Q

tolerance occurs when

A

more alcohol is needed to attain effects that used to be felt at lower doses

46
Q

Dispositional tolerance:

Dispositional tolerance can double in only __ days of heavy drinking

A

increased ability to metabolize alcohol through alcohol dehydrogenase and other liver enzymes (e.g., P4502E1)
3-14

47
Q

functional tolerance:

A

the need for higher blood levels to achieve intoxication via neuroadaptive changes to the CNS

48
Q

functional tolerance: the need for higher blood levels to achieve intoxication via neuroadaptive changes to the CNS
acute:
chronic:
behavioral:

A
  • greater intoxication is observed on the ascending limb of the BAL curve than at the same dose on the descending limb
  • increase in intake needed to produce intoxication; heavy drinkers are less impaired on motor coordination tasks than light drinkers at the same BAL
  • better performance on behavioral tasks by performing them repeatedly while intoxicated
49
Q

alcohol is extremely toxic at high doses, whether through binging or chronic use
in 2009, there were ___ alcohol-related ER visits in the US
200,000 ER visits for people ___ years
_% of college students drive with BALs above the legal limit
___ college students are injured every year in an alcohol-related accident
___ are assaulted by someone who has been drinking

A 
650,000
under age 21
25
500,000
100,000
50
Q

alcohol contributes to disease burden for multiple conditions (8)

A
  • liver damage (fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis)
  • heart disease
  • neurological disorders
  • type II diabetes
  • certain cancers
  • erectile dysfunction
  • Korsakoff syndrome (permanent brain damage caused by thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency)
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
51
Q

alcohol is a powerful teratogen and a teratogen is

A

an agent that causes birth defects

52
Q

_% of 18-44 year-old pregnant women in the US report drinking in the past month and __ of these women report binge drinking

A

10%

1/3

53
Q

although fetal alcohol syndrome is well characterized, fetal alcohol effects may occur and persist __, with no outward indication of exposure

A

throughout the lifespan

54
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome 3 problems:

A

many problems with social skills are lifelong
adult substance abuse is common among affected children
alterations in brain function are widespread

55
Q

sites of action:

A

unlike all other drugs discussed in this course, alcohol does not bind to a given receptor class

56
Q

alcohol interacts at the molecular level with specific __. These are called

A

“neuronal elements”

ethanol-receptive elements

57
Q

True or false? pathways and receptor systems implicated in acute reinforcing effects of alcohol

A

true

58
Q

Among its many effects, alcohol decreases spontaneous __ release (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) in the VTA, which may indirectly elevate __ levels

A

GABA

DA

59
Q

__, a byproduct of alcohol metabolism also increases DA levels in the VTA

A

acetaldehyde

60
Q

DA receptor antagonists, __, and GABAA receptor antagonists partially reduce self-administration in animals. This has led to much hope for developing drugs for the treatment of alcoholism, but the results to date are disappointing

A

opioid receptor antagonists

61
Q

True or false? it is common for drugs that are developed in animals to be largely ineffective in humans

A

True

62
Q

True or false? alcohol has widespread and diverse effects throughout the body (including the CNS) that are not fully understood in 2022

A

True

63
Q

As with opioids, acute alcohol withdrawal activates the ___—the primary stress response system

A

limbic-hypothalamic-adrenal axis

64
Q

acute alcohol withdrawal and ___ (CRF-IR) in the rat amygdala

A

corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity

65
Q

at the same time (during acute alc withdrawl), norepinephrine (NE) levels rise, and neuropeptide Y levels decline
↑ NE is associated with
↓ neuropeptide Y (which has anti-stress effects) is associated

A

anxiety—especially social anxiety

with increased anxiety and emotional reactivity

Psychology of Addiction (7 decks)

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