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Final Exam Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

From a chemical standpoint, an alcohol is…

A

any organic substance with a hydroxyl functional group (-OH), bound to a saturated carbon atom (a carbon atom or chain of carbon atoms linked by a single bond)

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2
Q

4 types of Alc

A

Ethanol, 2-Propanol (isopropyl), Methanol, Butanol

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3
Q

alcohol can be found in all ___ substances

A

glucose-containing

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4
Q

only __ is suitable for drinking

A

ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

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5
Q

fermentation:

A

occurs when glucose and water are converted to ethanol and CO2 in the presence of yeast

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6
Q

fermentation requires (5)

A
  1. sugar or starch (to form glucose)
  2. water
  3. heat
  4. ferment (yeast)
  5. air
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7
Q

fermentation is a common reaction in nature (fruit over-ripening), and can yield liquid with up to __

A

12% alcohol

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8
Q

distillation:

A

is required to yield more concentrated levels of alcohol

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9
Q

when distilling, a fermented mixture is heated, and ___, which boil off at a lower temperature (78 degrees C) than water (100 degrees C), are trapped and condensed

A

ethanol vapors

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10
Q

different beverages are derived from using different __ for fermentation and distillation

A

plant sources of glucose

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11
Q

alcohol use and dependence rates in the US are similar to those observed many European nations. however, we tend to do much more __

A

binge drinking

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12
Q

Audit=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Scores ≥ __ suggest dependence

A

20

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13
Q

notably, recent data from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions show that alcohol use, high-risk drinking (weekly use of ___ standard drinks on any single day for women; __ for men), and alcohol use disorder has increased substantially in the years spanning 2001-2013 across nearly ___in the US

A

4 or more
5 or more
all demographic groups

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14
Q

True or False? Alcohol is the single most abused substance in Western culture, and causes more harm to individuals and families than any other substance

A

True

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15
Q

excessive drinking is a __ annual drag on the US economy

A

$250 billion

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16
Q

excessive drinking is a $250 billion annual drag on the US economy broken down (4):

A
  • $180 billion in workplace productivity
  • $28 billion in health care costs
  • $25 billion in law enforcement costs
  • $13 billion in motor vehicle accidents ($44 billion when associated health care and law enforcement costs are included)
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17
Q

__% of males and __% of females have experienced one or more alcohol-related adverse events (car accident, arrest, interpersonal violence, sexual assault, etc.)

A

60

30

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18
Q

alcohol is involved in __% of cases of intimate partner violence in the US

A

55

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19
Q

__% of women are sexually assaulted or raped by adulthood; __ of these incidents involve alcohol use by male perpetrators

A

25

half

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20
Q

alcohol is involved in __ of all traffic fatalities–the leading cause of death among 8-34-year-olds in the US

A

1/3

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21
Q

alcohol is an unusual substance because it has BOTH __ and __ properties

A

stimulant (reward)

sedative (anxiolytic)

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22
Q

__ are more likely to drink for the reward properties

__ are more likely to drink for the anxiolytic effects

A

males

females

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23
Q

behavioral effects are __

A

dose-dependent

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24
Q

alcohol readily crosses cell membranes in __

A

most parts of the body

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25
__% absorption by the stomach __% absorption by the small intestine 80-90% absorption in __
20 80 30-60min
26
absorption is __ if food is in the stomach:
delayed
27
blood alcohol levels depend on both __ and __ (more of women's body weight is __)
body weight sex water
28
in the absence of tolerance, we metabolize about __ drink per hour
1/2
29
In the absence of tolerance, we metabolize about 1/2 drink per hour. Those with alcoholism metabolize at __ this rate
twice
30
The metabolization of Alc when tolerance is present occurs through 400-1,000% increases in the __ CYP2E1, which metabolizes drugs and other foreign compounds in the body
liver enzyme
31
Those with alc tolerance will find that alcohol ___ may increase as well
dehydrogenase activity
32
alcohol is metabolized in several ways: __% excreted by the lungs and urine. Almost all of the rest is metabolized by the __
5-10 | liver
33
Breathalyzer test: breath concentration x ___ = BAL
2,100
34
ALDH2^1/ALDH2^1:
fastest alcohol metabolism, highest vulnerability
35
ALDH2^1/ALDH2^2:
intermediate alcohol metabolism, partial vulnerability or protection (depending on how one views it)
36
ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2:
slowest alcohol metabolism, complete protection from alcoholism
37
Why does ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2 have the slowest alcohol metabolism, complete protection from alcoholism
Disulfiram (Antabuse) mimics the ALDH2^2/ALDH2^2 genotype by blocking conversion of acetaldehyde to acetate
38
True or false: Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism) is defined by standard criteria for addiction in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
True
39
alcoholism is highly __
heritable
40
Having an alcoholic parent increases the risk for alcoholism by __% This does not change when offspring of alcoholics are reared in __ Having two alcoholic parents increases the risk for alcoholism by over __%
400 non-alcoholic homes 600
41
Males who later become alcoholic, and males with alcoholic fathers show a ___to alcohol on first exposure--> this should be distinguished from __
low level of response | tolerance
42
__ identified in a recent genome-wide association study of drinking among 112,117 individuals in the UK
14 alleles
43
Alcohol withdrawal produces___
hyper-excitability—a "rebound" effect of a chronically sedated CNS
44
Withdrawal after chronic abuse can be __ if __ are not used for acute symptoms
life-threatening | benzodiazepines
45
tolerance occurs when
more alcohol is needed to attain effects that used to be felt at lower doses
46
Dispositional tolerance: | Dispositional tolerance can double in only __ days of heavy drinking
increased ability to metabolize alcohol through alcohol dehydrogenase and other liver enzymes (e.g., P4502E1) 3-14
47
functional tolerance:
the need for higher blood levels to achieve intoxication via neuroadaptive changes to the CNS
48
functional tolerance: the need for higher blood levels to achieve intoxication via neuroadaptive changes to the CNS acute: chronic: behavioral:
- greater intoxication is observed on the ascending limb of the BAL curve than at the same dose on the descending limb - increase in intake needed to produce intoxication; heavy drinkers are less impaired on motor coordination tasks than light drinkers at the same BAL - better performance on behavioral tasks by performing them repeatedly while intoxicated
49
alcohol is extremely toxic at high doses, whether through binging or chronic use in 2009, there were ___ alcohol-related ER visits in the US 200,000 ER visits for people ___ years _% of college students drive with BALs above the legal limit ___ college students are injured every year in an alcohol-related accident ___ are assaulted by someone who has been drinking
``` 650,000 under age 21 25 500,000 100,000 ```
50
alcohol contributes to disease burden for multiple conditions (8)
- liver damage (fatty liver disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis) - heart disease - neurological disorders - type II diabetes - certain cancers - erectile dysfunction - Korsakoff syndrome (permanent brain damage caused by thiamine [vitamin B1] deficiency) - fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
51
alcohol is a powerful teratogen and a teratogen is
an agent that causes birth defects
52
_% of 18-44 year-old pregnant women in the US report drinking in the past month and __ of these women report binge drinking
10% | 1/3
53
although fetal alcohol syndrome is well characterized, fetal alcohol effects may occur and persist __, with no outward indication of exposure
throughout the lifespan
54
fetal alcohol syndrome 3 problems:
many problems with social skills are lifelong adult substance abuse is common among affected children alterations in brain function are widespread
55
sites of action:
unlike all other drugs discussed in this course, alcohol does not bind to a given receptor class
56
alcohol interacts at the molecular level with specific __. These are called
"neuronal elements" | ethanol-receptive elements
57
True or false? pathways and receptor systems implicated in acute reinforcing effects of alcohol
true
58
Among its many effects, alcohol decreases spontaneous __ release (an inhibitory neurotransmitter) in the VTA, which may indirectly elevate __ levels
GABA | DA
59
__, a byproduct of alcohol metabolism also increases DA levels in the VTA
acetaldehyde
60
DA receptor antagonists, __, and GABAA receptor antagonists partially reduce self-administration in animals. This has led to much hope for developing drugs for the treatment of alcoholism, but the results to date are disappointing
opioid receptor antagonists
61
True or false? it is common for drugs that are developed in animals to be largely ineffective in humans
True
62
True or false? alcohol has widespread and diverse effects throughout the body (including the CNS) that are not fully understood in 2022
True
63
As with opioids, acute alcohol withdrawal activates the ___—the primary stress response system
limbic-hypothalamic-adrenal axis
64
acute alcohol withdrawal and ___ (CRF-IR) in the rat amygdala
corticotropin-releasing factor immunoreactivity
65
at the same time (during acute alc withdrawl), norepinephrine (NE) levels rise, and neuropeptide Y levels decline ↑ NE is associated with ↓ neuropeptide Y (which has anti-stress effects) is associated
anxiety—especially social anxiety | with increased anxiety and emotional reactivity

Psychology of Addiction (7 decks)

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