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Psychology 350 > Final Exam New Material > Flashcards

Final Exam New Material Flashcards

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1
Q

Gottman’s Four Horseman of the Apocalypse

A
  • “predicts divorce” if the couple has lots of:
  • criticism
  • contempt
  • defensiveness
  • withdrawal
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2
Q

Gottman’s magic ratio in stable marriages

A
  • 5 positive to 1 negative interaction
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3
Q

Tannen’s argument about communication between women and men

A
  • women and men from different linguistic communities

- implies huge gender differences in communication and great difficulty in cross-gender communication

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4
Q

Sexual Disorder

A
  • problem with a sexual response that causes a person mental distress
  • aka sexual dysfunction
  • can have lifelong disorder or acquired disorder
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5
Q

Desire Disorders (2)

A
  • hypoactive sexual desire

- discrepancy of sexual desire

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6
Q

Hypoactive Sexual Desire (HSD)

A
  • aka inhibited sexual desire, low sexual desire
  • lack of interest in sexual activity, sharply reduced interest, or lack of responsive desire
  • 10-15% of women, half as many men
  • women over 65, 50%
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7
Q

DSM-5 new desire disorder

A
  • Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
  • merged female low sexual desire with female arousal disorder
  • controversial (split up men and women, no category for those who are trans)
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8
Q

Responsive desire

A
  • individual feels desire as sexual activity begins
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9
Q

Arousal Disorders (2)

A
  • Female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD)

- Erectile Disorder (ED)

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10
Q

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

A
  • lack of response to sexual stimulation
  • 10% of women, more in menopause (less lubrication)
  • combination phys and psychological
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11
Q

Erectile Disorder (ED)

A
  • inability to have OR maintain an erection
  • ## lifelong vs acquired vs situational
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12
Q

Orgasmic Disorders (3)

A
  • premature ejaculation
  • delayed ejaculation
  • female orgasmic disorder
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13
Q

Premature ejaculation/early/rapid ejaculation (PE)

A
  • ejaculating “too soon”
  • international society for sexual medicine declares less than 1 minute from intromission AND feeling out of control AND distress
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14
Q

Delayed Ejaculation

A
  • man cannot have an orgasm even with high arousal and sufficient stimulation
  • 10% of men (usually older)
  • can cause very long intercourse (could be good or bad)
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15
Q

Female Orgasmic Disorder

A
  • anorgasmia
  • inability to orgasm
  • “frigidity”
  • lifelong vs acquired vs situational
  • not really a disorder because so common (20% of women)
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16
Q

Pain Disorders (2)

A
  • Dyspareunia

- Vaginismus

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17
Q

Dyspareunia

A
  • Painful Intercourse

- can be diagnosed in men and women

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18
Q

Vaginismus

A
  • Spastic contraction of the muscles surrounding the vaginal entrance
  • outer 1/3 of vagina
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19
Q

Genito-pelvic pain disorder

A
  • DSM-5 merged dyspareunia and vaginismus for females, often co-occurence
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20
Q

Causes of Sexual Disorders (3 categories)

A
  • Organic (Physical) factors
  • Psychological factors
  • New View
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21
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Premature ejaculation

A
  • psychological mostly

- prostatitis, m.s.

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22
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Delayed Ejaculation

A
  • m.s.
  • spinal cord injury
  • prostate surgery
  • psychological
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23
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: dysparenia

A
  • vaginal infection
  • PID
  • vaginal entrance disorder
  • pelvic disorders
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24
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: ED

A
  • vascular pathology
  • damage to lower spinal cord
  • hypogonadism
  • hyperprolactinemia
  • stress/fatigue
  • prostate surgery
  • diabetes major cause ( can cause circulatory and nerve damage)
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25
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (Alcohol)

A
  • three categories: short-term pharmacological effects, expectancy effects, and long-term chronic alcohol abuse
  • short term pharm effects: alcohol is a depressant and sexual arousal is suppressed at high levels of alcohol intake
  • expectancy effects: individuals expect alcohol to loosen them up and make them more social
  • long-term chronic alcohol abuse: frequently have sexual disorders as a result of atrophied testes (lower T production)
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26
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (illicit/recreational- marijuana)

A
  • marijuana associated with orgasmic disorder though some say it increases their sexual desire and pleasure
  • effect of cannabinoids depends on gender (low doses increase desire, high doses sexual problems arise)
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27
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (illicit/recreational- cocaine)

A

cocaine: increase sexual desire, enhance sensuality, and delay orgasm
* chronic use associated with ED, low sexual desire, and orgasmic disorders
* injections most negative effects

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28
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (illicit/recreational- amphetamines)

A
  • increased sexual desire and arousal
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29
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (illicit/recreational- methamphetamine)

A
  • when high, people have tendency to engage in risky sexual behaviors
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30
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (illicit/recreational- opiates)

A
  • morphine, heroin, methadone
  • strong suppression effects on sexual desire and response
  • heroin decreases T levels in males
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31
Q

Organic (Physical) causes of sexual disorders: Drugs (prescription)

A
  • anti-hypertension drugs: erection problems
  • antihistamines: reduce vaginal lubrication
  • psychiatric schizophrenia drugs: delayed/dry orgasms in men
  • tranquilizers & antidepressants: improve sexual responding but can also have arousal problems and delayed orgasm
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32
Q

Psychological causes of sexual disorders (5 main categories)

A
  • immediate
  • prior learning
  • emotional factors
  • combined cognitive and physiological
  • relationship factors
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33
Q

Psychological causes of sexual disorders: Immediate (4)

A
  • anxiety
  • cognitive interference
  • failure to communicate
  • ineffective stimulation
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34
Q

spectatoring

A
  • thinking about worries/insecurities about the sexual activity while partaking in the sexual activity
  • judging oneself from outside their body
  • men more worried about performance, women about appearance
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35
Q

Psychological causes of sexual disorders:: prior learning

A
  • sexual abuse in childhood

- growing up in a sex-negative family

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36
Q

Psychological causes of sexual disorders: Emotional factors

A
  • ex. disgust
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37
Q

Psychological causes of sexual disorders: relationship factors

A
  • relationship conflict

- fear of intimacy (with anyone, not specific to partner)

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38
Q

Sexual Excitation/Inhibition model as it pertains to sexual disorders

A
  • those with sexual disorders likely to be low on excitation and high on inhibition
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39
Q

New View of Women’s Sexual Problems

A
  • Tiefer
  • criticism of medicalization of problems, think it should focus more on society
  • 4 main categories
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40
Q

New View of Women’s sexual problems: 4 main categories

A
  • Sociocultural, political, or economic factors
  • partner or relationship
  • psychological factors
  • medical factors
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41
Q

New View of Women’s sexual problems: sociocultural, political, or economic factors (4)

A
  • lack of education
  • perceived inability to meet cultural ideals
  • conflict between culture of origin norms and dominant cultural norms regarding sexuality
  • lack of interest b/c of family/work pressures
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42
Q

New View of Women’s sexual problems: partner or relationship (5)

A
  • fear of partner due to abuse
  • discrepancy in desire or preference
  • ignorance/inhibition of sexual communication
  • loss of sexual interest b/c of conflicts
  • loss of arousal b/c of partner’s health
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43
Q

New View of Women’s sexual problems: psychological factors (3)

A
  • past experiences
  • attachment/rejection
  • fear of pregnancy, STIs
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44
Q

New View of Women’s sexual problems: medical factors (4)

A
  • medical conditions
  • STI/STDs
  • pregnancy
  • side effects of medication
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45
Q

Types of Sex Therapies (4 main categories)

A
  • Behavioral Therapy
  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
  • Couple Therapy
  • Drug Therapy
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46
Q

Behavioral Therapy for Sexual Disorders

A
  • stems from learning theory; behaviorism
  • if you learned something you can unlearn it
  • believe the disorder is maintained by immediate causes
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47
Q

Masters & Johnson type of therapy

A
  • basically behavioral therapy
  • sensate focused exercises & sex education
  • treated hetero and homo couples
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48
Q

Sensate focused exercises

A
  • masters & johnson
  • every disorder affects both partners
  • both partners need to attend
  • gradual advancement of sexual activity (systematic desensitization)
  • assignments to do as a couple (ex. touching then sexual touching then insertion…)
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49
Q

Cognitive Behavioral therapy for sexual disorders

A
  • behavioral therapy + cognitive restructuring (changing the way one thinks about something)
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50
Q

Couple therapy for sexual disorders

A
  • treat relationship problems

- assess the couple’s sexual scripts

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51
Q

Sex Therapy Online

A
  • more affordable, anonymous
  • chatrooms and appointments online or over phone
  • bad because no licensing of online sex therapists (can easily be a poser)
  • mostly provide positive encouragement and information
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52
Q

Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: stop-start

A
  • aka Squeeze
  • used for treating premature ejaculation
  • partner stimulates man’s penis to erection, and then stops, repeats
  • teaches that one can be aroused without ejaculation
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53
Q

Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: masturbation

A
  • used to help women with orgasmic disorder
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54
Q

Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: kegel exercises

A
  • strengthen pubococcygeus muscles (PC)
  • enhances blood flow; strengthens arousal
  • prescribed for both men and women
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55
Q

Specific Treatments for Specific Problems: Bibliotherapy

A
  • reading book by sex therapist
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56
Q

Viagra

A
  • introduced 1998
  • relaxes smooth muscle in corpora cavernose allowing blood flow into penis
  • PDE5 inhibitor
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57
Q

Cialis

A
  • like viagra, works for 24 hours instead of a couple hours
  • argument that sex shouldn’t have to be so carefully planned out
  • no negative effects on sperm production
  • also inhibits PDE5
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58
Q

Erection drugs (4)

A
  • Viagra
  • Cialis
  • Levitra
  • Zydena
  • all work by bloodflow (PDE5 inhibitors)
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59
Q

Drugs for women’s desire problems (2)

A
  • lybrido/lybridos

- flibanserin (Addyi)

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60
Q

Lybrido/Lybridos

A
  • Lybrido/Lybridos used for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD)
  • Lybrido: testosterone + PDE5 inhibitor
  • Lybridos (used for those on SSRIs): testosterone + buspirone (short-term 5-HT supression)
  • not yet approved by the FDA
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61
Q

Flibanserin (Addyi)

A
  • originally an ineffective antidepressant
  • developed in Germany for women’s sex problems
  • lowers serotonin, raises dopamine and norep
  • FDA rejected in 2010, but purchased by Sprout Pharmaceuticals
  • launched pink viagra campaign
  • FDA approved in 2015
  • not proved to work, not selling well
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62
Q

Androgel

A
  • T that is sprayed on body
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63
Q

Aprostadil

A
  • intracavernosal injection
  • injected into penis or suppository or cream
  • vasodilator
  • from before viagra era
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64
Q

Suction device for ED

A

plexiglass tube + rubber band on unerect penis

  • suck top of tube, keep rubber band on to keep blood flow there
  • take off when done
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65
Q

Surgical Prothesis for ED

A
  • last resort
  • two tubes replacing corpora cavernosa, pump fluid from reservoir
  • release fluid when done
  • also silcone-like rod implantation (less costly, non-inflatable)
  • 25% dissatisfied after surgery
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66
Q

Vaginitis

A
  • infection of the vagina; not sexually transmitted
  • prevented by thoroughly washing and drying vulva after shower
  • never go immediately from anal intercourse to vaginal intercourse
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67
Q

Candida

A
  • aka yeast infection; moniliasis
  • usually present in the vagina but when aggravated by change in environment (e.g. pH) can over-flourish
  • not sexually transmitted, but intercourse may aggravate it
  • major symptom is thick, white curd-like discharge; extreme itching
  • treatment OTC
  • can be transmitted to baby during birth
  • similar symptoms to bacterial vaginosis
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68
Q

Prostatitis

A
  • inflammation of the prostate gland
  • caused by E. coli, gonorrhea, or chlamydia
  • treated with antibiotics
  • frequent urination, fever, chills, pain
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69
Q

15-24 year olds account for what % of all new STD cases?

A
  • 50%
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70
Q

% of sexually active adolescent girls have an STD

A
  • 25%, HPV, chlamydia, and trich most common
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71
Q

Tell me everything you know about chlamydia

A
  • most common bacterial STI
  • symptoms close to gonorrhea but less painful
  • males: mild pain when urinating 7-21 days after infection
  • most cases asymptomatic
  • if left untreated can lead to PID and infertility
  • antibiotics: azithromycin, doxycyclin (resistant to penicillin)
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72
Q

Antibiotics to treat chlamydia (2)

A
  • azithromycin, doxycyclin

- resistant to penicillin

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73
Q

HPV (everything except vaccine information)

A
  • viral
  • causes genital warts 3-8 months post-contraction; many infections wart-free
  • high prevalence (43% of US women 14-59 yrs)
  • high risk and low risk HPV
  • high risk: strains 16&18, more likely to lead to cervical cancer
  • low risk: strains 6 & 11, cause genital warts
  • most infections go away on own within 2 yrs
  • no test for HPV in males
  • 70% of cervical cancers caused by types 16 & 18
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74
Q

HPV Vaccine info

A
  • Guardisil/Cervarix
  • 3 shots over 6 months ideally at age 11-12, but approved up to age 26
  • approved for boys in 2009
  • Guardisil 4 protects against strains 16,18, and two other wart-causing strains
  • Guardisil 9 (2015) protects against 9 types
  • additional 5 types account for 15% of cervical cancers
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75
Q

Herpes

A
  • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
  • HSV-1: usually cold sores on mouth (less severe)
  • HSV-2: usually genital herpes
  • symptoms: blisters w/in 2-3 wks of infection
  • no cure
  • treatment: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir which shorten outbreaks and reduce reoccurrences
  • increases risk of HIV infection, transmission to fetus during birth (c-section usually performed)
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76
Q

HIV & AIDS

A
  • two main types in US: HIV-1 and HIV-2
  • 1.2 mil diagnosed in US as of 2012, 660,000 have died
  • worldwide 75 mil infected
  • risk factors worldwide: heterosexual sex
  • risk factors in US: homosexual sex
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77
Q

Main causes of HIV contraction for US men

A
  • men who have sex with men

- injection drug use

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78
Q

Main causes of HIV contraction for US women

A
  • heterosexual sex

- injection drug use

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79
Q

One reason why African Americans disproportionally infected with AIDS

A
  • mutation in CCR5 gene creates resistance to HIV
  • mutation selected for during black plague in Europe, many without mutation died off
  • European & European Americans much more likely to carry mutated gene than AA
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80
Q

description of HIV on a cellular level

A
  • retrovirus
  • invades and destroys T-cells (CD4+)
  • coreceptors CCR5 & CXCR4 allow HIV to enter T-Cells
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81
Q

Transmission of HIV (4)

A
  • bodily fluids (semen, blood, unlikely saliva and unlikely vaginal cervical secretions)
  • contaminated blood, transfusions
  • contaminated hydrodermic needles
  • during childbirth
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82
Q

Who is at higher risk of HIV infection when engaging in anal intercourse?

A
  • the receptive person, semen carries HIV
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83
Q

Progression of HIV & AIDS: Stage 0

A
  • initial infection
  • develop antibodies (2-8 wks)
  • asymptomatic
  • T-cell count 1000/uL of blood
  • can last for years (non-progressors)
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84
Q

Progression of HIV & AIDS: Stage 1

A
  • T-cell count >500

- no symptoms or can have swollen lymph nodes and night sweats, flu-like symptoms

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85
Q

Progression of HIV & AIDS: Stage 2

A
  • T-cell count 200-499
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86
Q

Progression of HIV & AIDS: Stage 3

A
  • AIDS

- T-cell

87
Q

HIV & AIDS diagnosis

A
  • ELISA: blood tet for antibodies
  • Western Immunoblot for confirmation (ELISA can produce false-positives)
  • New developments of rapid blood and saliva tests, blood test for VIRUS, home test kits
88
Q

HIV & AIDS treatments

A
  • no cure
  • first, tried AZT which inhibits replication of virus
  • then other anti-virals (DDI, D4T)
  • next, protease inhibitors
  • then, darunavir which acts on viruses resistant to protease inhibitors
  • currently, “cocktail” combination
89
Q

HAART

A
  • highly active anti-retroviral treatment
  • used for HIV and AIDS treatment
  • mixture of anti-virals & protease inhibitors
  • reduces risk of sexual transmission to another (including childbirth)
90
Q

HIV Vaccine work

A
  • using SIV model
  • HIV is a zoonotic disease
  • Trial in Thailand with humans, 2009 (Thailand, large “sex playground”; 500,000 women work in prostitution)
  • 8,000 vaccinated, 8,000 controls
  • among vaccinated: 51 became infected
  • among unvaccinated: 74 became infected
91
Q

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

A
  • PrEP
  • prophylaxis means prevention
  • uninfected person takes ARTs to prevent becoming infected
  • for use with HIV-disconcordant couples
92
Q

Killer T-Cell treatment for AIDS

Microbicide treatment for AIDS

A
  • Killer T-Cell being looked at b/c of secretion of chemokines
  • microbicides tenofovir gel
93
Q

Risk of infection in 1 act of heterosexual intercourse w/ infected person, no condom (general trends)

A
  • more likely to receive an STD mtf than ftm

- gonorrhea most common (50-90% in mtf), then herpes, then HIV

94
Q

60-80% of those diagnosed with AIDS undergo what?

A
  • posttraumatic growth
95
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • second most common bacterial STI /yr
  • oldest sexual disease, problem in wartimes
  • “the clap”/ “the drip”
  • more painful than chlamydia
  • males: infection of urethra, painful urination, puslike discharge 2-5 days post-infection
  • females: cervical infection most asymptomatic
  • diagnosis: urine test, can see under microscope
  • cure: antibiotic ceftriaxone (became resistant to penicillin and cipro)
  • can also be transmitted to eyes, mouth, throat, anus, rectum
  • can spread to other repro organs (females, sapingitis, infertility, PID)
96
Q

Syphilis

A
  • Bacteria Treponema Pallidum
  • spirochete
  • Stages:
  • primary: chancre, disappears
  • secondary: body rash on palms and feet; hairloss
  • latent: no symptoms but can still transfer to fetus
  • late: spread to other organs
  • treatment: penicillin
  • very low rates compared to past, but hard to eliminate b/c HIV+ more susceptible to syphilis and vice versa
97
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A
  • may cause miscarriage or severe illness
  • women most likely to infect fetus when they are in the primary or secondary stages
  • if syphilis diagnosed and treated before month 4 of preg. fetus will not develop disease
98
Q

Viral Hepatitus

A
  • Hep B sexually transmitted (HBV)
  • transmission through blood, saliva, semen, vaginal secretions, needle sharing
  • vaccine available
  • acute and chronic types
  • many asymptomatic
99
Q

Trichomoniasis

A
  • protozoan
  • nonsexual transmission possible
  • women: vaginal discharge
  • men: irritation of the urethra & discharge from penis
  • cured with metronidazole
  • can lead to PID if left untreated
  • increases susceptibility to HIV
100
Q

Pubic Lice

A
  • attaches to base of pubic hair (looks like a freckle)
  • nuisance but not life-threatening
  • cure OTC lotion or cream: RID, NIX
  • can be transmitted non-sexually as well as sexually
101
Q

Zika Virus

A
  • transmitted from pregnant woman to fetus causing microcephaly
  • zika virus transmitted sexually and by mosquitos
  • transmitted by semen from infected man to sex partner
102
Q

Artifical Insemination

A
  • sperm are placed in the vagina, fallopian tube, or uterus by means other than sexual intercourse
  • 4000-5000 babies in US/yr
  • eith AIH or AID
103
Q

AIH

A
  • artificial insemination by husband
104
Q

AID (ch. 6)

A
  • artificial insemination by donor
105
Q

Embryo Transfer

A
  • egg is fertilized in genetic mother by sexual intercourse and then developing embryo transferred from uterus to another woman’s uterus to carry until term
  • used when mother is likely to miscarry, requires surrogate
106
Q

Test-Tube baby

A
  • in vitro fertilization
  • sperm and egg mixed outside of the body
  • resulting embryos implanted in mother’s uterus
  • first one done successfully in 1978
  • expensive 10-18k
  • 2010: 56% livebirths in fresh embryos, 35% from frozen embryos
107
Q

GIFT

A
  • Gamete intra-fallopian transfer

- sperm and eggs placed in fallopian tube, allowing natural FERTILIZATION and IMPLANTATION

108
Q

ZIFT

A
  • zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer
  • create zygote outside of body, transfer to fallopian tube, natural IMPLANTATION
  • problems with multiple births because transferring multiple zygotes
109
Q

what % of ART infants were in multiple birth deliveries?

A

50%

110
Q

Nadya Suleman

A
  • octomom
  • 8 embryos inserted (or maybe 7 and one twinned)
  • suleman has 6 children already
  • multiple births high rate of birth defects
111
Q

ICSI

A
  • Intra-cytoplasmic Sperm injectino

- newer method of in vitro fertilization: sperm injected into ovum outside body

112
Q

Gender Selection with ART

A
  • pre-implantation genetic analysis (PGD) is most reliable
  • test embryo (still outside body) for XX or XY, implant embryos only of desired gender
  • very controversial, banned in Britain and Canada
113
Q

Sperm Banks

A
  • can get sperm from anonymous donor or husband can freeze and store his sperm before vasectomy or chemo
114
Q

NIPD

A
  • non-invasive prenatal diagnosis
  • not yet in practive
  • blood test of mother’s blood, separate into fetus and mother
  • test fetus’ blood only for many genes
115
Q

Ethics

A
  • system of moral principles, a way of determining right & wrong
116
Q

Hedonism

A
  • maximize pleasure and avoid pain

- “eat, drink, and be merry”

117
Q

Asceticism

A
  • self-denial, impulse control
118
Q

Legalism

A
  • morality consists of obeying rules and laws
119
Q

Situationism

A
  • few absolute, universal rules, what is ethical depends on situation
120
Q

Hedonism on spectrum with ____

A
  • asceticism
121
Q

Legalism on spectrum with ____

A
  • situationism
122
Q

Biblical Scholarship: historical-critical model

A
  • biblical passages mean what their authors originally intended as the best scholars can determine
  • not what a 21c reader thinks of it translated into English
123
Q

Classical Greek Philosophy

A
  • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle great greek philosophers
  • current society takes from their thoughts that virtue results from wisdom and if one has wisdom they do what is right
  • people fail to live morally only because of ignorance
  • believed love lead to immortality so it was a good thing (but talking about platonic love)
  • approval of pederasty which made good armies
  • later philosophers taught goal of life to be ataraxia
124
Q

Pederasty

A
  • sexual relationship between older man and a younger man

- older man is a mentor and model of courage and virtue to the younger man

125
Q

Ataraxia

A
  • tranquil state between pleasure and pain in which the mind is unaffected by emotion
  • “stoic thinking”
126
Q

Judaism and sexuality

A
  • Sex positive w/in marriage (song of solomon, adam and eve)
  • overall legalistic (needed to regulate sex when nomads to keep tribe at peace)
  • most laws later were regulating what they observed in the Canaanites like prostitution
  • polygyny and concubinage were once necessary for survival of the jewish tribes, but not once they settled so that was outlawed as well
  • Laws in place because of social consequences and national and religious loyalty
127
Q

Fertility cult

A
  • observed by the israelites in the canaanites
  • form of nature religion in which the fertility of the soil is encouraged through various forms of ritual magic, including ritual sexual intercourse (often with temple prostitutes)
128
Q

Christianity and sexuality

A
  • stereotyped as sex-negative, but more complex
  • Jesus said almost nothing about sex, more concerned with other sins like greed, lack of caring for others
  • was compassionate towards sexual sinners
  • christian rule of monogamy (other major religions at the time permitted polygyny): restrictive or move towards gender equality?
  • sources of sex negative attitudes?
  • St. Paul, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas
129
Q

St. Paul

A
  • not as negative as some think, need to look at context

- was a doomsdayer, advised those not to make long-term decisions like procreation, marriage, business

130
Q

St. Augustine

A
  • instituted celibacy for clergy
  • around time of conversion of roman empire to christianity.. religion became more “relaxed” with its assimilation into greek life, those who opposed this relaxed state became monks and hermits, abstaining from sex and other pleasures
  • a “call to greater rigor”
131
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A
  • 1250ce
  • wrote the Suma Theologica
  • Natural Law: sex intended only for procreation
  • Unnatural acts- sexual acts that don’t result in reproduction, like masturbation, homosexuality, contraception, nocturnal emissions.. all sins
  • based on science of the time, never updated
132
Q

Protestants and Sexuality

A
  • 16th century protestant reform in europe
  • abandoned clerical celibacy, placed higher value on marriage and family life
  • sex only within marriage
  • emphasis on individual conscience in interpretation of bible and ethics
  • reformation also gave rise to Puritanism
  • followed Augustine, emphasized original sin, try to regulate human behavior with laws to suppress immorality
  • probably no more repressive than the other religions at the time
133
Q

Puritan “sexual rigid” is more likely ______

A
  • victorian
134
Q

Diversity in religious belief with premarital sex

A
  • roman catholics, conservative protestants, and orthodox jews: it’s wrong
  • mainline, liberal protestants, and reform jews: more situational
  • quality of relationship, not legality… exploitation is the issue
  • none of these groups favor casual sex.. still ‘sacred’ quality of sex
135
Q

dualism

A
  • a religious or philosophical belief that body and spirit are separate and opposed to each other and that the goal of life is to free the spirit from the bondage of the body
  • less importance on material things, goal of life is to become entirely spiritual
136
Q

Humanism

A
  • a philosophical system that holds that ethical judgements must be made on the basis of human experience and human reason
  • make one’s own decisions but must accept the consequences of those decisions
137
Q

Islam and Sexuality

A
  • Islam closest faith to the Judeo-Christian Heritage
  • founded by prophet Muhammad
  • classical islam values sexuality very positively, intercourse within marriage as the highest good
  • sex outside marriage prohibited, but double standard b/c often practice of men, but women killed for it
  • very little ascetic tradition
  • diff islamic societies interpret sexuality different ways
  • striving for worldly pleasures is acceptable; sexuality is pleasure first, procreation second
  • contraception encouraged
138
Q

Hinduism and Sexuality

A
  • four approaches to life acceptable: Kama, Artha,, Dharma, Moksha
139
Q

Kama

A
  • pursuit of pleasure
  • Kama Sutra is piece of erotic hedonism
  • highly positive views of sex in hinduism
140
Q

Artha

A
  • pursuit of success and material wealth
141
Q

Dharma

A
  • pursuit of moral life
142
Q

Moksha

A
  • pursuit of liberation through the negation of the self in a state of being known as nirvana
143
Q

Dharma and Moksha comparison to christianity

A
  • can be rigorously ascetic
  • avoiding all passions including sex to pass out of the cycle of continual rebirth to absorption into the godhead
  • includes celibacy (brahmacharya) at beginning and end of life, but not in middle
144
Q

Brahmacharya

A
  • celibacy in hinduism Dharma and Moksha
145
Q

Buddhism and Sexuality

A
  • developed out of hinduism
  • two main traditions: Theravada and Mahayana
  • both encourage men to live as monks
  • generally ascetic and concentrates on enlightenment and escape from suffering
  • most followers life normally and only the monks cultivate the ascetic wisdome
146
Q

Theravada

A
  • ethics include the struct non-indulgence of desires that bring joy
  • understanding, morals, and discipline are emphasized
147
Q

Mahayana

A
  • ethics more active and directed towards love of others
148
Q

Tantric Buddhism

A
  • mainly in tibet and india

- teaches that sexual union is the essential unity of all things by joining female energy and male energy

149
Q

Shakti

A

female energy

tantric buddhism

150
Q

shiva

A

male energy

tantric buddhism

151
Q

moralism

A
  • everyone should follow strict moral rules

- placed into legislature

152
Q

pluralism

A
  • affirms the value of many competing opinions and believes that the truth is discovered in theclash of diverse perspectives
153
Q

New Religious Right

A
  • coalition of conservative religious and political groups that fight for their religious convictions to be legislature
  • pro-family position included in this
154
Q

Views on contraception by those who favor its use

A
  • all children that are born should be wanted
  • over population
  • responsible use for those who aren’t ready to assume the responsibility of a child
  • natural law of st. thomas aquinas should be updated
155
Q

therapeutic abortion

A
  • abortion when the mother’s health is at risk or when there is trauma such as rape or incest
156
Q

elective abortion

A
  • one that is requested by the mother for any reason
157
Q

Pro-choice catholics

A
  • entry of the human soul into the fetus takes place roughly 3 months after conception according to aristotle and st. thomas aquinas
158
Q

Pro-choice: absolute

A
  • pregnancy is solely the concern of a woman and that she should have absolute right to control her own body and determine whether to carry the fetus to term
159
Q

Pro-choice: modified

A
  • most liberal protestants and jews
  • human life is good and should be preserved but also quality of life is important
  • child may have right to life but also has right to be wanted and cared for
160
Q

3 overarching views on homosexuality

A
  • rejection, love the sinner hate the sin, and full acceptance
161
Q

Rejectionism of homosexuality

A
  • tend to rely on a literal reading of the bible
  • story of sodom
  • st. thomas aquinas: natural law, homosexuality unnatural
  • st. paul: adamantly opposed but in a list of many other sins.. words he used may refer to abuse or male prostitution
  • leviticus: could be violation of purity laws, not ethical violation
  • believe it can be changed to hetero
162
Q

Love the sinner, hate the sin view on homosexuality

A
  • sexual orientation isn’t sinful, but sexual acts are
163
Q

Full acceptance view of homosexuality

A
  • argue apparent condemnation in the scriptures is not relevant to homosexuality as we understand it today
  • sexual relationships that are characterized by mutual respect, concern, and commitment are to be valued and affirmed whatever the gender of the partners
164
Q

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

A
  • involves substituting genetic material from an adult’s cell for the nucleus in an egg
165
Q

therapeutic cloning

A
  • creating tissues or cells that are genetically identical to those of a patient who needs them to treat diseases
166
Q

Old Morality in regards to human sexuality

A

ascetic and legalistic

  • opposers may argue this approach diminishes the full nature of humanity and impoverishes human life
  • good: black and white, asceticism argues human is more than merely body
167
Q

New Morality in regards to human sexuality

A
  • tendencies towards hedonism
  • physical and sexual side of human nature as an integral part of the individual
  • much less certain guides, selfishness can shade us to the real consequence of our actions
168
Q

Victorian Compromise

A
  • certain behaviors are okay in private but illegal in public
169
Q

Sex & the law vs. sexuality and the law

A
  • sex and the law regulates sexual activity

- sexuality and the law relates to/infringes upon various sexual identities and orientations

170
Q

Kinsey findings on sex crimes

A
  • 95% guilty of some sex crime
171
Q

Comstock Act

A
  • lots of restrictive sex laws passed

- called “comstock laws”

172
Q

Kinds of sex laws (5)

A
  • exploitation and force
  • consenting adults
  • community standards of good taste
  • reproduction
  • commercial sex
173
Q

exploitation and force sex laws

A
  • rape, child abuse, incest

- the good laws

174
Q

consenting adults sex laws

A
  • Usually in place to preserve family and prevent illegitimacy
  • same gender sexuality regulation (behavior referred to as sodomy)
  • fornication (pre-marital sex)
  • adultery (at least one person married to someone else
  • miscegenation (interracial marriage or sex)
175
Q

miscegenation

A
  • interracial marriage or sex
176
Q

Lawrence v texas

A
  • invalidated term “sodomy” for same gender sexual activity
177
Q

Loving vs. Virginia

A
  • invalidated illegal miscegenation 1967
178
Q

Community standards of good taste sex laws

A
  • exhibitionism, lewd behavior, nudity
179
Q

reproduction sex laws

A
  • regulate birth control, abortion
180
Q

commercial sex laws

A
  • prostitution, pornography (legal term: obscenity)
181
Q

Grisworld v Connecticut

A
  • prior to this, contraception illegal in connecticut

- violation of right to privacy for married couples

182
Q

Eisenstadt v Baird

A
  • contraception still illegal for unmarried persons, Baird challenged and won
  • violation right of privacy
183
Q

Roe v Wade

A
  • decriminalized first trimester abortions

- violation right of privacy

184
Q

Bowers v Hardwick

A
  • upheld same-sex sex illegal, can go to prison
185
Q

Lawrence v Texas

A
  • 2003
  • courts overturned sodomy laws
  • 3 gay men living together, 2 having sex, one called police
  • violation right of privacy
186
Q

Equal Protection (14th amendment)

A
  • all US citizens have the right to equal protection under the law
187
Q

Evans v Romer

A
  • colorado law prohibited law banning discrimination against gays
  • supreme court overturned CO law
  • equal protection 14th amendment
188
Q

DOMA

A
  • defense of marriage act (1996)
  • fed gov does not recognize same-sex marriage
  • e.g. taxes, insurance benefits of federal workers
189
Q

United States v Windsor

A
  • DOMA violation of 5th amendment (due process)

- court struck down DOMA

190
Q

Hollingsworth v Penny

A
  • CA ban on same sex marriage by proposition 8
  • same-sex marriage was legal before prop 8
  • ruled on technicality but same sex marriage was re-legalized in CA
191
Q

Obergfell v Hodges

A
  • case that nationally made Gay marriage legal

- argument for 14th amendment (equal protection)

192
Q

Two issues with the 2015 supreme court cases regarding same sex marriage legality

A
  • whether states must allow same sex marriage

- recognition of legal marriages from other states

193
Q

Victimless Crimes

A
  • Homosexuality
  • Prostitution
  • Pornography
194
Q

U.S. v Roth

A
  • obscenity not protected by 1st amendment; but not all sexual material obscene
  • obscenity: appealing to “prurient” interest
195
Q

prurient

A
  • lustful
196
Q

Miller v California

A
  • material is ruled obscene if it violates community standards; patently offensive; lacks serious literary, political, artistic, or scientific value
197
Q

Communications decency act

A
  • illegal to distribute on internet “indecent material” that a child may access
  • supreme court declared it unconstitutional 1997
  • congress passed Child Online Protection Act in 1998: was overturned again
198
Q

Repro freedom versus pro-life forces: strategies for limiting abortion rights

A
  • human life amendment
  • funding restrictions to planned parenthood; medicaid
  • restrict access through procedural requirements: waiting periods, “informed” consent, parental notification
  • ban “partial birth abortions” (2nd and 3rd trimester)
199
Q

Webster v Repro Health Services

A
  • missouri law preamble that life begins at conception, bans any state officials from performing abortions, also any viable fetus from being aborted
  • supreme court upheld this
200
Q

Planned Parenthood v Casey

A
  • laws that required a woman to notify husband of abortion

- overturned b/c of “undue burden”

201
Q

Whole Woman’s Health v Hellerstedt

A
  • anti-abortion strategy changed, new strategy for the “health” of the mother
  • Texas law that abortion clinic doctors must have admitting power at a nearby hospital
  • would close 3/4 of texas clinics leaving only 10 open
  • verdict still waiting on
  • WI had “admitting privileges” law – struck down by US court of appeals
202
Q

Abortion stats 2011

A
  • 730,000 legal abortions
  • 65% at or before 8 wks
  • 91% at or before 13 wks (1st trimester)
  • 10 deaths from complications
203
Q

Affordable care act and contraception

A
  • requires all plans and most employers to provide female workers w/ insurance coverage for a variety of methods of contraception
  • exceptions: small employers; religious employers
204
Q

Sebelius v Hobby Lobby

A
  • business owned by “christians”, but secular business
  • claimed that some forms of contraception are abortion
  • only object to IUDs and morning-after pills
  • court ruled in favor of hobby lobby
205
Q

Legal Issues & HIV/AIDS

A
  • rights of individs vs. protection of public

- who has right to know if person is HIV+?

206
Q

Legal issues in ART?

A
  • is there a right to procreate?

- freezing embryos?

207
Q

Legal issues and trans

A
  • first fed law recognizing transgender rights and protections 2014
208
Q

Kids’ sources of sex information

A
  • age 13-15: TV, movies; friends; internet
209
Q

Adolescent family life act

A
  • 1981

- promote sexual abstinence as the sole means of preventing pregnancy and exposure to STDs

210
Q

Abstinence-Only programs ineffective at

A
  • delaying onset of sexual activity
  • reducing teen pregnancy
  • reducing STDs
  • some studies show less likely to use contraception
211
Q

Some good parts of the abstinence only education federal definition

A
  • teach how to reject advances

- bearing children out of wedlock consequences financially

212
Q

Pushback against abstinence only

A
  • school districts declined funding

- 2015: $75 mil/yr comprehensive education; $75 mil/yr abstinence only

213
Q

Best programs: comprehensive sexuality education

A
  • no negative effects (e.g. sexual activity increases)
  • increased knowledge
  • cost-effective: by increasing contraception and condom use, save $$ on medical and social cost
  • evidence-based
214
Q

SIECUS

A
  • Sexuality Information and Education Council of the US

- develop comprehensive sexual education curricula and other resources

Psychology 350 (5 decks)

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