Exam 1 Flashcards
When did scientific study of sex begin?
- 19th century (1800s)
Henry Havelock Ellis
- published “Studies in psychology of Sex”
- forerunner of modern sex research
- very tolerant of deviating from norms in sexual behavior
Richard Von Krafft-Ebin
- pathological sexuality
- coined terms: sadism, masochism, pedophilia, and heterosexuality and homosexuality
Magnus Hirschfeld
- founded first sex research institute
- established marriage counceling
- special interest in homosexuality
- coined term transvestite
Scientific study of sex is ______
interdisiplinary.. combines bio, sociology, anthropology, and medicine
Problem of ethnocentrism
- tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and ways of life are the norm
Exceptions to enormous variations in sexual behavior cross-culturally (6)
- kissing
- incest taboo (nearly universal)
- all societies regulate sex
- most societies condemn rape
- post partum taboo
- many cultures show men and women inflicting pain on each other during sexual activity
Inis Beag
- near ireland
- fallatio/cunnilingus unkonwn
- menopause = insanity
- no sex ed, ignorance, little sex
- no nudity
- female orgasm does not exist
Mangala
- near Hawaii
- sex positive culture
- age 13- boy ritual of superficial incision on penis
- taught sexual rituals
- paired with older woman to practice
- adolescent boys and girls have sex with each other until settling down
- women always have orgasm
China
- radical change over time in norms
- up until 1000 years ago, very sex positive
- 1000 years ago, changed to repressive
- norms loosening up now b/c of urbanization, progressive cities, and internet
% women aged 15-44 using pill
-
Oral sex before intercourse
Whites
AA
Latinos
Whites: 49%
AA: 27%
Latinos: 37%
Gender ratio M:F White AA Latino Asian
- White: 100
- AA: 84
- Latinos: 104
- Asian: 101
Abortion Rate
White
AA
Latino
- White: 7.6%
AA: 25.3%
Latino: 16.1%
Implications of cultural variations on sexuality
- biologically same, so differences in sexuality shaped by culture
- social norms about sex are often arbitrary
ex. nude beach vs lecture hall
Media Influence today analogous to ______ in past
- religious influence
Media Influences (3 types)
- Cultivation
- Agenda Setting
- Social Learning
Cultivation
- Media Influence
- exposure to mass media makes people think that what they see there represents mainstream of what real people are doing
Agenda Setting
- Media Influence
- media define what is important and what is not by what they cover in stories
Social Learning
- Media Influence
- Media provide role models whom we imitate
Culture
- traditional ideas and values transmitted to members of the group by symbols (i.e. Language)
- serve for patterns of behavior observed in the group
Lesu of South Pacific
- female masturbation acceptable
- heel against genital
Premarital Sex
- 90% of pacific islander societies permit premarital sex
- 73% of mediterranean societies prohibit premarital sex
What is second most prohibited type of sexual contact (behind incest) cross culturally
- extramarital sex
- if allowed, usually for males but not females
Sex w/ same gender partners facts
- attitudes vary significantly through diff cultures
- regardless of attitude, 2 general rules:
- universal in all societies
- homosexuality never predominant form
Attractiveness facts
- what is considered attractive varies greatly
- most cultures, plump is more attractive than thin
- poor complexion unattractive in most societies
2 points about ethnic group variations
- variations but also similarities
- cultural context needs to be understood
( cultural heritage and socioeconomic condition)
AA sexuality facts
- influenced by many of same as euro-americans but also:
- african heritage
- slavery
- social and economic conditions
Latinos sexuality facts
- more strict gender roles
- machismo –> maleness, virility
- marianismo –> motherhood highly valued and virginity before marriage
- familismo: importance of family
Asian American sexuality facts
- traditional asian cultures repressive about sexuality
- core values
- collectivism
- conformity to norms
- internalize emotions (emotional control)
collectivism
- asian core value
- others needs, esp family, before own
American indians
- great pressure in youth culture to have sex
- 9% had first intercourse before age 13 (national stat 5%)
Racial Microaggressions
- subtle insults directed at people of color, often nonconsciously
- hard to address
Cross species perspectives : masturbation
- non-human primates also do this
- apes can perform oral sex on themselves
- other species masturbate too (porcupine)
Cross species perspectives : same gender sexual behavior
- anal in male primates
- domestic sheep 9% males prefer male partner
- bonobos and jap macaques –> females mount other females
Cross species perspectives : sexual signalling
- flirting
- parading, sticking out chest, eyecontact
general trend for sexuality in species
- more controlled by hormones in lower species, by brain in higher species
- lower species, only sexual activity during “heat”, humans all the time
Cross species perspectives :Non-sexual uses of behavior
- dominant vs subordinant
- dominant mounts subordinant
- phallic agression: male squirrel monkeys display erect penis to other males
human examples of non-sexual uses of behavior
- prostitution (economic)
- rape (power)
Sexual Health Definition
- state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality, not just absence of disease
Negative and positive rights
Negative Sexual Rights
- freedoms FROM (ex. sexual violence)
Positive Sexual Rights
- freedoms TO (ex experience sexual pleasure)
Sexual Rights
- everyone has the right to certain basic inalienable rights regarding sexuality
Evolutionary Perspectives of Sexuality (2)
- Sociobiology
- Evolutionary Psychology
Sociobiology
- application of evolutionary biology to understand the social behavior of animals including humans
- outdated, implies our behavior is under biological control
- pair bonding between mother and father important
- also attachment between parent and infant important
- help with survival of infant
Evolutionary Biology
- theory that all living things evolved from prior species
Sexual Selection
- selection that creates male-female differences
- males compete amongst self, females choose
Evolutionary Psychology
- theory that psychological mechanisms have been shaped by evolution
- sexual strategy theory
- sex ratio important.. if males are abundant, females place more importance on a man’s resources when selecting a husband
Sexual Strategy Theory
- Buss
- long term mating strategies are different than short term
- diff preferences for partners
Psychological Theories (3)
- Psychoanalytic Theory
- Learning Theory
- Social Learning Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Freud
- stresses repression
- libido & erogenous zones
- unconscious (also hard to test)
- 3 parts of personality
- 5 stages of psychosexual development
Libido
- sexual drive in humans
Erogenous Zones
- sexually sensitive areas of the body
3 parts of personality
- ID: pleasure principle
- Ego: reality principle
- Super Ego: idealism, conscious (mortality, right and wrong)
Stages of psychosexual development
- Oral (0-1 yr)
- Anal (1-2 yrs)
- Phallic (3-6 yrs)
- Latency (6-puberty)
- Genital (puberty onward)
Phallic Stage
- 3-6 yrs of age
- penis envy
- oedipal complex and electra complex (girls don’t resolve as fully, less developed conscious)
Learning Theory
- Classical and Operant Conditioning
- delay principle
- believe sexual behavior can be learned and changed at any time
Delay Principle
- if punishment is too delayed to override immediate positive reinforcement, behavior continues
Behavior Modification
- set of operant conditioning techniques used to modify human behavior
Social Learning Theory
- Operant + Imitation
- source of gender stereotyped behavior, we watch who we’re like
ex. chris hemsworth neck kissing - positive reinforcement leads to self-efficacy
Self-Efficacy
- sense of competence at performing an activity
Cognitive Theories (def and 1 example)
- about perception of an event and evaluation of actions
- Gender Schema Theory
Gender Schema Theory
- we all have a schema for each gender, tend to filter out info that doesn’t match the schema
Critical Theories
- take a social constructionist approach–> focus on culture and ways sexual phenomena is constructed by culture
- femist theory
- queer theory
Feminist Theory
- gender as status and inequal: males higher status
- importance of sexuality: women sexuality more taboo
- gender roles and socialization: men can’t be ballet dancers
- intersectionality: each person has multiple identities
intersectionality
- appraoch that simultaneously considers consequence of multiple group memberships
- ex gender and ethnicity
Queer Theory
- challenges binaries esp sexual orientation and gender binary
- why can’t there be more categories
- argues other norms besides heteronormativity are marginalized
heteronormativity
- belief that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural pattern of sexuality
Sociological Perspectives
- focuses on how society and culture shapes and controls our sexual expression
- Institutions - Religions, Laws
- Symbolic interaction theory
- script theory
Sexual Field
- site with people with erotic dispositions that project on the space and each other. resulting interaction reflects each’s desires mediated by acceptable modes of interaction and each’s status in the field
- ex. coffee shops, bars, parties, dating websites
- each field has desires to fill a hierarchy of desire
Religion influence on sexuality
- influenced idea that anything besides heterosexual, married sex is wrong
Economy influence on sexuality
- industrialization lead to less supervision, more extramarital sex
- high unemployment, less likely male can provide for family, more women heads of households
Family Influence on sexuality
- important influence on socialization of children (teaching appropriate behaviors)
- love –> marriage –> sex
- became love –> sex in 1970s
Medicine influence on sexuality
- therapeutic ideology : wide range of social and medical problems require treatment
- medicalization of sexuality: certain behaviors defined in terms of health and illness, problems treated
Law influence on sexuality
- reflects interests of the powerful, dominant groups in society
- ex. mormons –> polygyny, christians –> monogamy…christians powerful, dominant group.. polygyny outlawed
Symbolic interaction theory
- based on premise that human nature and the social order are products of communication among people
- inviting someone back to your place.. need to develop a definition of the situation and get affirmation behind meaning of words
Script theory
- each person has a sexual script close to others of how sexual encounter should go
Female External Anatomy
- mons pubis
- inner lips
- outer lips
- clitoris (glans)
- vaginal opening (introitus)
- collectively the vulva
- perineum
- bartholin glands
- hymen
Clitoris
- sensitive organ important to sexual response
- consists of : glans, crura (2), corpus cavernosa (2). and vestibular bulbs (2)
Mons Pubis
- rounded, fatty pad of tissue on top of pubic bone
- covered in hair
Labia
- outer lips: rounded pads of fatty tissues, hair covered,
- inner lips: hairless folds of skin right along edges of vaginal opening
- extend forward and come together around clitoral glands, making clitoral hood
- both inner and outer lips have many nerve endings
Pubic Hair removal
- 60% of undergrads (austrailia) removed some
- 48% removed all
- increasing access to pornography probably the cause
bartholin glands
- lie just inside inner lips
- can become infected
Fourchette
- place that inner lips come together behind vaginal opening
Perineum
- skin between the vagina and anus
introitus
- vaginal opening
Hymen
- thin membrane partially or fully covering vagina at birth
- various patterns and shapes
- many cultural implications with virginity
- may not even be there
Imperforate hymen
- thick and covers entire introitus (rare)
- usually clipped at birth
Female Genital Cutting
- female circumsicion
- common in africa/indonesia
FGC Type 1
- clitorectomy
- remove clitoral hoood and (maybe) clitoral glans
FGC Type 2
- excision
- complete removal of clitoral glands and inner lips
FGC Type 3
- Infibulation (pharonic circumcision)
- removal of clitoral glans and inner lips, stitch together outer lips over vaginal opening
- forces virginity until marriage
- walks on border of cultural relativism
- various health risks, esp when done without sterile equipment
“FGC in america”
- plastic surgery on genital
- labiaplasty (trimming inner lips)
Internal Organs
- Vagina
- Ovaries
- Fallopian Tubes
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Fimbraea
- Skene’s Glands
- Follicles
infant girls born with ____ eggs
- 1 million
Vagina
- birth canal
- unaroused: walls together (8-10 cm long)
- aroused: walls balloon, spread apart
- nerve supply MOSTLY to lower 1/3
- 3 layers
3 layers of the vaginal wall
- vaginal mucosa: mucous membrane, inner most layer
- myometrium: muscular
- perimetrium: outer covering
Skene’s Glands
- cluster of glands between vagina and urethra
- “G-spot”
- Female Prostate
- some females ejaculate through skenes glands into urethra
Vestibular Bulbs
- part of clitoral structure
- size and shape of pea pod
- under inner lips
- erectile tissue
Uterus
- size and shape of upsidedown pear
- lower 1/3 is cervix
- top is fundus
- middle is body
- os: entrance to cervix from vagina (drinking straw diameter)
- 3 layers of walls
Uterine Wall Layers (3)
- endometrium: inner layer
- sloughs off when no prenancy
- grows in menstrual cycle
- myometrium: thick muscular layer
- contracts uterus during birth
- perimetrium: outer covering
Fallopian Tubes
- site of fertilization
- cilia-lined
- ends have fimbraea (finger like projections that propel egg into fallopian tubes
biologist define pregnancy as —-
- a successful implantation
Pelvic Exam
- start age 21, earlier if sexually active
- cervical cancer screening every 3 years
Breast
- Lobule (glands) - manufacture milk
- milk travels through ducts to nipples
- 15-20 clusters of mammary glands with each separate opening to the nipple
Male Anatomy - External
- Penis
- Scrotum
Penis (external)
- tip: glans
- meatus: urethral opening
- shaft
- raised ridge @ edge of glans is the corona
- frenulum: opposite the crown
Penis (Internal)
- 3 spongy bodies
- urethra
- 2 corpora cavernosa on top
- 1 corpus spongiosm on bottom which urethra runs through
- raised column during erection - during erection, 3 spongy bodies fill with blood
Foreskin
- prepuce
- additional layer of skin that forms sheath like covering over the glans
Glands under foreskin
- tyson’s glands
- produce smegma
Thoughts on circumcision
- surgical removal of foreskin
- rite of passage in some religions/cultures
- 2012: declared medical benefits outweighed risks
- uncircumcised babies 11x more likely to get UTIs
- uncircumcised higher risk of HIV & HPV
- found no substancal evidence that uncircumcised reduces sensitivity
Male Genital Cutting (2 types)
- more common than FGC worldwide
- supercision (polynesia): slit length of foreskin on top
- foreskin remains intact
- subincision (tribes central australia): slit made on lower side of penis along entire length & depth to urethra
- urine excreted at base
Average erect penis length
- ~5 inches long, 4.5 inches across
Scrotum
- sack of tissue that houses the testes
- can raise and lower testes to keep optimal temperature (1-2 degress below body temp)
- lightly covered with hair
Phimosis
- condition where baby boy born with unusually tough/thick foreskin
- usually surgery to remove
Male Anatomy - internal
- Testes
- seminiferous tubules
- interstitial cells
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- seminal vesicle
- prostate
- cowper’s glands
Testes
- gonads of male
- left usually hangs lower than right
- make sperm
- make sex hormones
- two parts:
- seminiferous tubules
- interstitial cells
Seminiferious Tubules
- highly coiled tubules within the testes
- site of spermatogenesis & storage
- ~1000 tubes, several hundred feet in length total
Interstitial Cells
- produce testosterone
- in connective tissue between seminiferious tubules
- pour testosterone directly into capillaries in testes
Cremasteric Reflex
- bringing testes closer or further away from body to keep a constant temp by contraction on cremaster muscle between scrotum and body wall
Maturation of Sperm
- spermatogonium –> Spermatocyte –> spermatid –> spermatozoan (sperm)
sperm travel from seminiferous tubules to ____
- rete testes ( converging tube) into epididymis
Epididymis
- ~20 feet in length
- coiled onto top of testes (cresent shaped)
- sperm stored here to mature (up to 6 weeks)
Vas Deferens
- tube that connects epididymis to the urethra
- loops over pubic bone, next to bladder, and then downwards towards prostate
- connects with seminal vesicle
- cut during vasectomy
As the vas travels through the prostate it is called what
ejaculatory duct
- opens then into the urethra
sperm are moved from epididymis to vas to prostate by _____ where they mix with fluid
- cilia
mature human sperm parts ( 5 parts)
- head
- acrosome: top of head that secretes hydroluronidase which dissolves protective coating around egg
- nucleus: in head, carries genetic info (23 chromosomes)
- midpiece: contains mitochondria for energy to swim
- tail: whips around to move forward
- 60 um long
Seminal Vesicles
- lie above prostate behind the bladder
- produce ~60% of seminal fluid which empties into ejaculatory duct
Prostate
- lies below bladder
- size and shape of chestnut
- muscle and glandular tissue
- secretes milky alkaline fluid that creates favorable enviro for sperm in vagina (other 40% of seminal fluid)
Cowper’s Glands (aka ____) and facts
- aka bulbourethral glands
- sexual arousal causes CLEAR alkaline fluid to be secreted
- thought to neutrualize urethra
- fluid often contains stray sperm
Breast Cancer
- 2nd most common form of cancer in women (1st is skin cancer)
- 12% of american women have breast cancer at some pt in life
- 40,000 US women die / year
- risk higher if relative had BC
How much BC is caused by genetics?
- 5-10%
- BRCA-1 (chromosome 17) and BRCA-2 (chromosome 13)
- 82% develop BC with gene, 54% ovarian cancer
- man with gene: 16% develop prostate cancer
what can be taken preventively by people with BRCA-1 or BRCA-2?
- tamoxifen
types of breast lumps
- cysts (fibrocystic or cystic mastitis) (80% of breast lumps, benign)
- fibroadenomas
- malignant tumor
How often should women get mammograms?
- 1 yr starting age 40
diagnostic procedures BC
- needle aspiration: if cyst, fluid drained and cyst gone
- if still there then biopsy required
Treatments of BC (4)
- lumpectomy
- simple mastectomy
- modified radical mastectomy
- radical mastectomy
Lumpectomy
- removal of lump and small amt of surrounding tissue
- when tumor hasn’t spread
Simple Mastectomy
- removal of breast and possibly few lymph nodes
Modified Radical Mastectomy
- breast and underarm lymph nodes removed
- performed when cancer has spread to lymph nodes
Radical Mastectomy
- most severe
- entire breast and pectoral muscle, and underarm lymph nodes removed
If cancer is localized ____ survival rate 5 yrs after treatment
> 98%
Cancer of Cervix
- most common after BC (11%)
- 28,000 fatalities/yr
% of cervical cancer caused by HPV
- 95%
- HPV interferes with tumor supressor gene (p53)
all women aged __ - ____ should have a pap every 3 years,
aged ___ - ____ aged every 5 years
- 21-29
- 30-65
if cervical cancer detected early, treated with _____
- cryotherapy (extreme cold)
cone biopsy
- Cervical cancer treatment
- removal of a segment of cervix
- advanced cervical cancer requires ____
- hysterectomy or radiation therapy
Ovarian cancer symptoms
- abdominal cramping, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea
- easy to misdiagnose
Endometrial cancer symptoms
- bleeding irregularily or after menopause
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
- oophorectomy (removal of ovaries)
- if removed before age 50, hormone replacement therapy
- usually hysterectomy to follow
Endometrial Cancer treatment
- if spread, hysterectomy
Prostate Cancer
- 2nd leading cause of death in men (1st lung cancer)
- 28,000 deaths / year
- most not lethal because most tumors are slow growing and mastastisize slowly
Prostate cancer gene and % prostate cancer caused by this
- HPC1, 3%
Symptoms of prostate cancer
- frequent urination
- difficult urination
- early stages: frequent erections and increased sex drive
- later leads to problems in sexual function
Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
- rectal exam
- men over 50 1/yr
- not 100% accurate
- blood test to confirm for PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
Treatment of Prostate Cancer
- surgical removal of some or all of prostate
- hormone therapy
- radiation and anticancer drugs
what increases risk for prostate and cervical cancer?
- number of sexual partners
Penial Cancer
- rare, more common circumsized than uncircumcised
- accumulation of smegma may be related
- treatment radiation and chemotherapy
Testicular Cancer
- 8000 cases / year
- most common form of cancer in men between ages 29-35
- first sign is painless lump or slight enlargement
- most of the time cancer spreads before diagnosis
Testicular Cancer survival rates (early and stage 3)
- early detection : 99%
- stage 3: 70%
treatment of testicular cancer
- removal of entire testes
- gel filled implant to replace
- undistended testes much higher chance
