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Psychology 350 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did scientific study of sex begin?

A
  • 19th century (1800s)
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2
Q

Henry Havelock Ellis

A
  • published “Studies in psychology of Sex”
  • forerunner of modern sex research
  • very tolerant of deviating from norms in sexual behavior
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3
Q

Richard Von Krafft-Ebin

A
  • pathological sexuality

- coined terms: sadism, masochism, pedophilia, and heterosexuality and homosexuality

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4
Q

Magnus Hirschfeld

A
  • founded first sex research institute
  • established marriage counceling
  • special interest in homosexuality
  • coined term transvestite
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5
Q

Scientific study of sex is ______

A

interdisiplinary.. combines bio, sociology, anthropology, and medicine

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6
Q

Problem of ethnocentrism

A
  • tendency to regard one’s own ethnic group and culture as superior to others and to believe that its customs and ways of life are the norm
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7
Q

Exceptions to enormous variations in sexual behavior cross-culturally (6)

A
  • kissing
  • incest taboo (nearly universal)
  • all societies regulate sex
  • most societies condemn rape
  • post partum taboo
  • many cultures show men and women inflicting pain on each other during sexual activity
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8
Q

Inis Beag

A
  • near ireland
  • fallatio/cunnilingus unkonwn
  • menopause = insanity
  • no sex ed, ignorance, little sex
  • no nudity
  • female orgasm does not exist
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9
Q

Mangala

A
  • near Hawaii
  • sex positive culture
  • age 13- boy ritual of superficial incision on penis
  • taught sexual rituals
  • paired with older woman to practice
  • adolescent boys and girls have sex with each other until settling down
  • women always have orgasm
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10
Q

China

A
  • radical change over time in norms
  • up until 1000 years ago, very sex positive
  • 1000 years ago, changed to repressive
  • norms loosening up now b/c of urbanization, progressive cities, and internet
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11
Q

% women aged 15-44 using pill

A

-

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12
Q

Oral sex before intercourse
Whites
AA
Latinos

A

Whites: 49%
AA: 27%
Latinos: 37%

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13
Q 
Gender ratio M:F 
White
AA
Latino
Asian
A
  • White: 100
  • AA: 84
  • Latinos: 104
  • Asian: 101
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14
Q

Abortion Rate
White
AA
Latino

A
  • White: 7.6%
    AA: 25.3%
    Latino: 16.1%
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15
Q

Implications of cultural variations on sexuality

A
  • biologically same, so differences in sexuality shaped by culture
  • social norms about sex are often arbitrary
    ex. nude beach vs lecture hall
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16
Q

Media Influence today analogous to ______ in past

A
  • religious influence
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17
Q

Media Influences (3 types)

A
  • Cultivation
  • Agenda Setting
  • Social Learning
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18
Q

Cultivation

A
  • Media Influence

- exposure to mass media makes people think that what they see there represents mainstream of what real people are doing

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19
Q

Agenda Setting

A
  • Media Influence

- media define what is important and what is not by what they cover in stories

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20
Q

Social Learning

A
  • Media Influence

- Media provide role models whom we imitate

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21
Q

Culture

A
  • traditional ideas and values transmitted to members of the group by symbols (i.e. Language)
  • serve for patterns of behavior observed in the group
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22
Q

Lesu of South Pacific

A
  • female masturbation acceptable

- heel against genital

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23
Q

Premarital Sex

A
  • 90% of pacific islander societies permit premarital sex

- 73% of mediterranean societies prohibit premarital sex

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24
Q

What is second most prohibited type of sexual contact (behind incest) cross culturally

A
  • extramarital sex

- if allowed, usually for males but not females

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25
Q

Sex w/ same gender partners facts

A
  • attitudes vary significantly through diff cultures
  • regardless of attitude, 2 general rules:
    - universal in all societies
    - homosexuality never predominant form
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26
Q

Attractiveness facts

A
  • what is considered attractive varies greatly
  • most cultures, plump is more attractive than thin
  • poor complexion unattractive in most societies
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27
Q

2 points about ethnic group variations

A
  • variations but also similarities
  • cultural context needs to be understood
    ( cultural heritage and socioeconomic condition)
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28
Q

AA sexuality facts

A
  • influenced by many of same as euro-americans but also:
    • african heritage
    • slavery
    • social and economic conditions
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29
Q

Latinos sexuality facts

A
  • more strict gender roles
  • machismo –> maleness, virility
  • marianismo –> motherhood highly valued and virginity before marriage
  • familismo: importance of family
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30
Q

Asian American sexuality facts

A
  • traditional asian cultures repressive about sexuality
  • core values
    - collectivism
    - conformity to norms
    - internalize emotions (emotional control)
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31
Q

collectivism

A
  • asian core value

- others needs, esp family, before own

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32
Q

American indians

A
  • great pressure in youth culture to have sex

- 9% had first intercourse before age 13 (national stat 5%)

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33
Q

Racial Microaggressions

A
  • subtle insults directed at people of color, often nonconsciously
  • hard to address
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34
Q

Cross species perspectives : masturbation

A
  • non-human primates also do this
  • apes can perform oral sex on themselves
  • other species masturbate too (porcupine)
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35
Q

Cross species perspectives : same gender sexual behavior

A
  • anal in male primates
  • domestic sheep 9% males prefer male partner
  • bonobos and jap macaques –> females mount other females
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36
Q

Cross species perspectives : sexual signalling

A
  • flirting

- parading, sticking out chest, eyecontact

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37
Q

general trend for sexuality in species

A
  • more controlled by hormones in lower species, by brain in higher species
  • lower species, only sexual activity during “heat”, humans all the time
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38
Q

Cross species perspectives :Non-sexual uses of behavior

A
  • dominant vs subordinant
    • dominant mounts subordinant
  • phallic agression: male squirrel monkeys display erect penis to other males
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39
Q

human examples of non-sexual uses of behavior

A
  • prostitution (economic)

- rape (power)

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40
Q

Sexual Health Definition

A
  • state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality, not just absence of disease
    Negative and positive rights
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41
Q

Negative Sexual Rights

A
  • freedoms FROM (ex. sexual violence)
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42
Q

Positive Sexual Rights

A
  • freedoms TO (ex experience sexual pleasure)
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43
Q

Sexual Rights

A
  • everyone has the right to certain basic inalienable rights regarding sexuality
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44
Q

Evolutionary Perspectives of Sexuality (2)

A
  • Sociobiology

- Evolutionary Psychology

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45
Q

Sociobiology

A
  • application of evolutionary biology to understand the social behavior of animals including humans
    • outdated, implies our behavior is under biological control
  • pair bonding between mother and father important
  • also attachment between parent and infant important
    • help with survival of infant
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46
Q

Evolutionary Biology

A
  • theory that all living things evolved from prior species
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47
Q

Sexual Selection

A
  • selection that creates male-female differences

- males compete amongst self, females choose

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48
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A
  • theory that psychological mechanisms have been shaped by evolution
  • sexual strategy theory
  • sex ratio important.. if males are abundant, females place more importance on a man’s resources when selecting a husband
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49
Q

Sexual Strategy Theory

A
  • Buss
  • long term mating strategies are different than short term
  • diff preferences for partners
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50
Q

Psychological Theories (3)

A
  • Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Learning Theory
  • Social Learning Theory
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51
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A
  • Freud
  • stresses repression
  • libido & erogenous zones
  • unconscious (also hard to test)
  • 3 parts of personality
  • 5 stages of psychosexual development
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52
Q

Libido

A
  • sexual drive in humans
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53
Q

Erogenous Zones

A
  • sexually sensitive areas of the body
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54
Q

3 parts of personality

A
  • ID: pleasure principle
  • Ego: reality principle
  • Super Ego: idealism, conscious (mortality, right and wrong)
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55
Q

Stages of psychosexual development

A
  • Oral (0-1 yr)
  • Anal (1-2 yrs)
  • Phallic (3-6 yrs)
  • Latency (6-puberty)
  • Genital (puberty onward)
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56
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-6 yrs of age
  • penis envy
  • oedipal complex and electra complex (girls don’t resolve as fully, less developed conscious)
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57
Q

Learning Theory

A
  • Classical and Operant Conditioning
  • delay principle
  • believe sexual behavior can be learned and changed at any time
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58
Q

Delay Principle

A
  • if punishment is too delayed to override immediate positive reinforcement, behavior continues
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59
Q

Behavior Modification

A
  • set of operant conditioning techniques used to modify human behavior
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60
Q

Social Learning Theory

A
  • Operant + Imitation
  • source of gender stereotyped behavior, we watch who we’re like
    ex. chris hemsworth neck kissing
  • positive reinforcement leads to self-efficacy
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61
Q

Self-Efficacy

A
  • sense of competence at performing an activity
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62
Q

Cognitive Theories (def and 1 example)

A
  • about perception of an event and evaluation of actions

- Gender Schema Theory

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63
Q

Gender Schema Theory

A
  • we all have a schema for each gender, tend to filter out info that doesn’t match the schema
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64
Q

Critical Theories

A
  • take a social constructionist approach–> focus on culture and ways sexual phenomena is constructed by culture
  • femist theory
  • queer theory
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65
Q

Feminist Theory

A
  • gender as status and inequal: males higher status
  • importance of sexuality: women sexuality more taboo
  • gender roles and socialization: men can’t be ballet dancers
  • intersectionality: each person has multiple identities
66
Q

intersectionality

A
  • appraoch that simultaneously considers consequence of multiple group memberships
    • ex gender and ethnicity
67
Q

Queer Theory

A
  • challenges binaries esp sexual orientation and gender binary
    • why can’t there be more categories
  • argues other norms besides heteronormativity are marginalized
68
Q

heteronormativity

A
  • belief that heterosexuality is the only normal and natural pattern of sexuality
69
Q

Sociological Perspectives

A
  • focuses on how society and culture shapes and controls our sexual expression
  • Institutions - Religions, Laws
  • Symbolic interaction theory
  • script theory
70
Q

Sexual Field

A
  • site with people with erotic dispositions that project on the space and each other. resulting interaction reflects each’s desires mediated by acceptable modes of interaction and each’s status in the field
    • ex. coffee shops, bars, parties, dating websites
  • each field has desires to fill a hierarchy of desire
71
Q

Religion influence on sexuality

A
  • influenced idea that anything besides heterosexual, married sex is wrong
72
Q

Economy influence on sexuality

A
  • industrialization lead to less supervision, more extramarital sex
  • high unemployment, less likely male can provide for family, more women heads of households
73
Q

Family Influence on sexuality

A
  • important influence on socialization of children (teaching appropriate behaviors)
  • love –> marriage –> sex
    • became love –> sex in 1970s
74
Q

Medicine influence on sexuality

A
  • therapeutic ideology : wide range of social and medical problems require treatment
  • medicalization of sexuality: certain behaviors defined in terms of health and illness, problems treated
75
Q

Law influence on sexuality

A
  • reflects interests of the powerful, dominant groups in society
    • ex. mormons –> polygyny, christians –> monogamy…christians powerful, dominant group.. polygyny outlawed
76
Q

Symbolic interaction theory

A
  • based on premise that human nature and the social order are products of communication among people
    • inviting someone back to your place.. need to develop a definition of the situation and get affirmation behind meaning of words
77
Q

Script theory

A
  • each person has a sexual script close to others of how sexual encounter should go
78
Q

Female External Anatomy

A
  • mons pubis
  • inner lips
  • outer lips
  • clitoris (glans)
  • vaginal opening (introitus)
  • collectively the vulva
  • perineum
  • bartholin glands
  • hymen
79
Q

Clitoris

A
  • sensitive organ important to sexual response

- consists of : glans, crura (2), corpus cavernosa (2). and vestibular bulbs (2)

80
Q

Mons Pubis

A
  • rounded, fatty pad of tissue on top of pubic bone

- covered in hair

81
Q

Labia

A
  • outer lips: rounded pads of fatty tissues, hair covered,
  • inner lips: hairless folds of skin right along edges of vaginal opening
  • extend forward and come together around clitoral glands, making clitoral hood
  • both inner and outer lips have many nerve endings
82
Q

Pubic Hair removal

A
  • 60% of undergrads (austrailia) removed some
  • 48% removed all
  • increasing access to pornography probably the cause
83
Q

bartholin glands

A
  • lie just inside inner lips

- can become infected

84
Q

Fourchette

A
  • place that inner lips come together behind vaginal opening
85
Q

Perineum

A
  • skin between the vagina and anus
86
Q

introitus

A
  • vaginal opening
87
Q

Hymen

A
  • thin membrane partially or fully covering vagina at birth
  • various patterns and shapes
  • many cultural implications with virginity
  • may not even be there
88
Q

Imperforate hymen

A
  • thick and covers entire introitus (rare)

- usually clipped at birth

89
Q

Female Genital Cutting

A
  • female circumsicion

- common in africa/indonesia

90
Q

FGC Type 1

A
  • clitorectomy

- remove clitoral hoood and (maybe) clitoral glans

91
Q

FGC Type 2

A
  • excision

- complete removal of clitoral glands and inner lips

92
Q

FGC Type 3

A
  • Infibulation (pharonic circumcision)
  • removal of clitoral glans and inner lips, stitch together outer lips over vaginal opening
  • forces virginity until marriage
  • walks on border of cultural relativism
    • various health risks, esp when done without sterile equipment
93
Q

“FGC in america”

A
  • plastic surgery on genital

- labiaplasty (trimming inner lips)

94
Q

Internal Organs

A
  • Vagina
  • Ovaries
  • Fallopian Tubes
  • Uterus
  • Cervix
  • Fimbraea
  • Skene’s Glands
  • Follicles
95
Q

infant girls born with ____ eggs

A
  • 1 million
96
Q

Vagina

A
  • birth canal
  • unaroused: walls together (8-10 cm long)
  • aroused: walls balloon, spread apart
  • nerve supply MOSTLY to lower 1/3
  • 3 layers
97
Q

3 layers of the vaginal wall

A
  • vaginal mucosa: mucous membrane, inner most layer
  • myometrium: muscular
  • perimetrium: outer covering
98
Q

Skene’s Glands

A
  • cluster of glands between vagina and urethra
  • “G-spot”
  • Female Prostate
  • some females ejaculate through skenes glands into urethra
99
Q

Vestibular Bulbs

A
  • part of clitoral structure
  • size and shape of pea pod
  • under inner lips
  • erectile tissue
100
Q

Uterus

A
  • size and shape of upsidedown pear
  • lower 1/3 is cervix
  • top is fundus
  • middle is body
  • os: entrance to cervix from vagina (drinking straw diameter)
  • 3 layers of walls
101
Q

Uterine Wall Layers (3)

A
  • endometrium: inner layer
    • sloughs off when no prenancy
    • grows in menstrual cycle
  • myometrium: thick muscular layer
    • contracts uterus during birth
  • perimetrium: outer covering
102
Q

Fallopian Tubes

A
  • site of fertilization
  • cilia-lined
  • ends have fimbraea (finger like projections that propel egg into fallopian tubes
103
Q

biologist define pregnancy as —-

A
  • a successful implantation
104
Q

Pelvic Exam

A
  • start age 21, earlier if sexually active

- cervical cancer screening every 3 years

105
Q

Breast

A
  • Lobule (glands) - manufacture milk
  • milk travels through ducts to nipples
  • 15-20 clusters of mammary glands with each separate opening to the nipple
106
Q

Male Anatomy - External

A
  • Penis

- Scrotum

107
Q

Penis (external)

A
  • tip: glans
  • meatus: urethral opening
  • shaft
  • raised ridge @ edge of glans is the corona
  • frenulum: opposite the crown
108
Q

Penis (Internal)

A
  • 3 spongy bodies
  • urethra
  • 2 corpora cavernosa on top
  • 1 corpus spongiosm on bottom which urethra runs through
    - raised column during erection
  • during erection, 3 spongy bodies fill with blood
109
Q

Foreskin

A
  • prepuce

- additional layer of skin that forms sheath like covering over the glans

110
Q

Glands under foreskin

A
  • tyson’s glands

- produce smegma

111
Q

Thoughts on circumcision

A
  • surgical removal of foreskin
  • rite of passage in some religions/cultures
  • 2012: declared medical benefits outweighed risks
    • uncircumcised babies 11x more likely to get UTIs
    • uncircumcised higher risk of HIV & HPV
    • found no substancal evidence that uncircumcised reduces sensitivity
112
Q

Male Genital Cutting (2 types)

A
  • more common than FGC worldwide
  • supercision (polynesia): slit length of foreskin on top
    • foreskin remains intact
  • subincision (tribes central australia): slit made on lower side of penis along entire length & depth to urethra
    • urine excreted at base
113
Q

Average erect penis length

A
  • ~5 inches long, 4.5 inches across
114
Q

Scrotum

A
  • sack of tissue that houses the testes
  • can raise and lower testes to keep optimal temperature (1-2 degress below body temp)
  • lightly covered with hair
115
Q

Phimosis

A
  • condition where baby boy born with unusually tough/thick foreskin
  • usually surgery to remove
116
Q

Male Anatomy - internal

A
  • Testes
  • seminiferous tubules
  • interstitial cells
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate
  • cowper’s glands
117
Q

Testes

A
  • gonads of male
  • left usually hangs lower than right
  • make sperm
  • make sex hormones
  • two parts:
    • seminiferous tubules
    • interstitial cells
118
Q

Seminiferious Tubules

A
  • highly coiled tubules within the testes
  • site of spermatogenesis & storage
  • ~1000 tubes, several hundred feet in length total
119
Q

Interstitial Cells

A
  • produce testosterone
  • in connective tissue between seminiferious tubules
  • pour testosterone directly into capillaries in testes
120
Q

Cremasteric Reflex

A
  • bringing testes closer or further away from body to keep a constant temp by contraction on cremaster muscle between scrotum and body wall
121
Q

Maturation of Sperm

A
  • spermatogonium –> Spermatocyte –> spermatid –> spermatozoan (sperm)
122
Q

sperm travel from seminiferous tubules to ____

A
  • rete testes ( converging tube) into epididymis
123
Q

Epididymis

A
  • ~20 feet in length
  • coiled onto top of testes (cresent shaped)
  • sperm stored here to mature (up to 6 weeks)
124
Q

Vas Deferens

A
  • tube that connects epididymis to the urethra
  • loops over pubic bone, next to bladder, and then downwards towards prostate
  • connects with seminal vesicle
  • cut during vasectomy
125
Q

As the vas travels through the prostate it is called what

A

ejaculatory duct

- opens then into the urethra

126
Q

sperm are moved from epididymis to vas to prostate by _____ where they mix with fluid

A
  • cilia
127
Q

mature human sperm parts ( 5 parts)

A
  • head
  • acrosome: top of head that secretes hydroluronidase which dissolves protective coating around egg
  • nucleus: in head, carries genetic info (23 chromosomes)
  • midpiece: contains mitochondria for energy to swim
  • tail: whips around to move forward
  • 60 um long
128
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A
  • lie above prostate behind the bladder

- produce ~60% of seminal fluid which empties into ejaculatory duct

129
Q

Prostate

A
  • lies below bladder
  • size and shape of chestnut
  • muscle and glandular tissue
  • secretes milky alkaline fluid that creates favorable enviro for sperm in vagina (other 40% of seminal fluid)
130
Q

Cowper’s Glands (aka ____) and facts

A
  • aka bulbourethral glands
  • sexual arousal causes CLEAR alkaline fluid to be secreted
  • thought to neutrualize urethra
  • fluid often contains stray sperm
131
Q

Breast Cancer

A
  • 2nd most common form of cancer in women (1st is skin cancer)
  • 12% of american women have breast cancer at some pt in life
  • 40,000 US women die / year
  • risk higher if relative had BC
132
Q

How much BC is caused by genetics?

A
  • 5-10%
  • BRCA-1 (chromosome 17) and BRCA-2 (chromosome 13)
  • 82% develop BC with gene, 54% ovarian cancer
  • man with gene: 16% develop prostate cancer
133
Q

what can be taken preventively by people with BRCA-1 or BRCA-2?

A
  • tamoxifen
134
Q

types of breast lumps

A
  • cysts (fibrocystic or cystic mastitis) (80% of breast lumps, benign)
  • fibroadenomas
  • malignant tumor
135
Q

How often should women get mammograms?

A
  • 1 yr starting age 40
136
Q

diagnostic procedures BC

A
  • needle aspiration: if cyst, fluid drained and cyst gone

- if still there then biopsy required

137
Q

Treatments of BC (4)

A
  • lumpectomy
  • simple mastectomy
  • modified radical mastectomy
  • radical mastectomy
138
Q

Lumpectomy

A
  • removal of lump and small amt of surrounding tissue

- when tumor hasn’t spread

139
Q

Simple Mastectomy

A
  • removal of breast and possibly few lymph nodes
140
Q

Modified Radical Mastectomy

A
  • breast and underarm lymph nodes removed

- performed when cancer has spread to lymph nodes

141
Q

Radical Mastectomy

A
  • most severe

- entire breast and pectoral muscle, and underarm lymph nodes removed

142
Q

If cancer is localized ____ survival rate 5 yrs after treatment

A

> 98%

143
Q

Cancer of Cervix

A
  • most common after BC (11%)

- 28,000 fatalities/yr

144
Q

% of cervical cancer caused by HPV

A
  • 95%

- HPV interferes with tumor supressor gene (p53)

145
Q

all women aged __ - ____ should have a pap every 3 years,

aged ___ - ____ aged every 5 years

A
  • 21-29

- 30-65

146
Q

if cervical cancer detected early, treated with _____

A
  • cryotherapy (extreme cold)
147
Q

cone biopsy

A
  • Cervical cancer treatment

- removal of a segment of cervix

148
Q
  • advanced cervical cancer requires ____
A
  • hysterectomy or radiation therapy
149
Q

Ovarian cancer symptoms

A
  • abdominal cramping, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea

- easy to misdiagnose

150
Q

Endometrial cancer symptoms

A
  • bleeding irregularily or after menopause
151
Q

Ovarian Cancer Treatment

A
  • oophorectomy (removal of ovaries)
  • if removed before age 50, hormone replacement therapy
  • usually hysterectomy to follow
152
Q

Endometrial Cancer treatment

A
  • if spread, hysterectomy
153
Q

Prostate Cancer

A
  • 2nd leading cause of death in men (1st lung cancer)
  • 28,000 deaths / year
  • most not lethal because most tumors are slow growing and mastastisize slowly
154
Q

Prostate cancer gene and % prostate cancer caused by this

A
  • HPC1, 3%
155
Q

Symptoms of prostate cancer

A
  • frequent urination
  • difficult urination
  • early stages: frequent erections and increased sex drive
  • later leads to problems in sexual function
156
Q

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

A
  • rectal exam
  • men over 50 1/yr
  • not 100% accurate
  • blood test to confirm for PSA (prostate-specific antigen)
157
Q

Treatment of Prostate Cancer

A
  • surgical removal of some or all of prostate
  • hormone therapy
  • radiation and anticancer drugs
158
Q

what increases risk for prostate and cervical cancer?

A
  • number of sexual partners
159
Q

Penial Cancer

A
  • rare, more common circumsized than uncircumcised
  • accumulation of smegma may be related
  • treatment radiation and chemotherapy
160
Q

Testicular Cancer

A
  • 8000 cases / year
  • most common form of cancer in men between ages 29-35
  • first sign is painless lump or slight enlargement
  • most of the time cancer spreads before diagnosis
161
Q

Testicular Cancer survival rates (early and stage 3)

A
  • early detection : 99%

- stage 3: 70%

162
Q

treatment of testicular cancer

A
  • removal of entire testes
  • gel filled implant to replace
  • undistended testes much higher chance

Psychology 350 (5 decks)

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