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Psychology 350 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A
  • “girl next door effect”

- repeated exposure to a person makes us like them more

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2
Q

Homophily

A
  • tendency to have contact with people of equal social status
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3
Q

Characteristics that have the most homophily between romantic partners (4)

A
  • Race (93%)
  • Education (82%)
  • Age (78%)
  • Religion (72%)
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4
Q

The matching phenomenon

A
  • we choose a romantic partner who is similar to us in areas such as attitudes, intelligence, and attractiveness
  • attractiveness associated with greater social integration and favorable treatment
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5
Q

Byrne Experimental Research on the Matching Phenomenon

A
  • participants filled out questionnaire about attitudes and opinions
  • shown another questionnaire either similar or dissimilar to theirs
  • rated how much they liked that person
  • rated similar questionnaires as people they liked more
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6
Q

similarity in _____ _______ associated with high marriage satisfaction, similarity in _______ not correlated

A
  • attachment styles

- attitudes

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7
Q

Percieved similarity

A
  • extent to which the individ believes his/her partner is similar on important characteristics
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8
Q

Most important characteristics of sex appeal

A
  • physical appearance, body size, certain facial features
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9
Q

Physical Attractiveness (& gender differences)

A
  • most attracted to good-looking people
  • even preschoolers
  • gender differences: men count physical appearance in judging women more than women in judging men
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10
Q

Attraction Online: Average type of person using services, why more online?

A
  • users are typically educated, affluent 20-40yr olds
  • why more online?
  • more single people
  • career & time pressures require more efficient ways to look
  • single people highly mobile
  • workplace romance less acceptable
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11
Q

Eharmony

A
  • matches based on attitudes, values
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12
Q

Chemistry.com

A
  • Dr. Helen Fischer, sociobiologist

- “Chemistry Spark”

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13
Q

Perfectmatch.com

A
  • Dr. Pepper Schwartz
  • similarity in romantic impulsivity, personal energy, outlook
  • dissimilarity in flexibility, emotionality, self-nurturing
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14
Q

3 classes influence relationship success

A
  • personal characteristics (only aspect online dating covers)
  • individual change
  • external, uncontrollable events
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15
Q

online impressions are highly influenced by:

A
  • imagination, creates powerful attractions
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16
Q

Byrne’s Law of Attraction

A
  • We like people who give us lots of reinforcements and few punishments
  • make sure to associate each other with rewards (don’t spend all your time together doing unpleasant things)
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17
Q

Implicit Egotism Perspective

A
  • Related to Byrne’s Law of Attraction
  • Jones
  • we are attracted to similar people because they activate our positive views of ourselves
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18
Q

Evolutionary Theory of Attraction: Sexual Strategies Theory (& one problem with theory)

A
  • Buss
  • physical attractiveness is a sign of fertility
  • men are attracted to younger women b/c they are more fertile
  • women attracted to healthy men but also those who are willing and able to provide resources to them and children
  • cannot explain homosexual relationships
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19
Q

Fluctuating Asymmetry

A
  • asymmetry of bilateral features that are usually symmetrical in the population
  • makes person less attractive
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20
Q

Global Gender Gap Index

A
  • provides measure of gender equity for each country

- gender differences in mate preference declined as gender parity (equality) increased

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21
Q

Intimacy

A
  • commitment
  • feelings of closeness (emotional & cognitive), trust
  • self-disclosure (mutual)
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22
Q

3 dimensions of closeness/sharing in intimacy

A
  • affective (emotional)
  • cognitive
  • physical
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23
Q

Self-Disclosure

A
  • one aspect of intimacy
  • telling partner personal things about self
  • promotes sense of intimacy
  • promotes reciprocation
  • greater self disclosure, greater chance of relationship persisting
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24
Q

Measuring Intimacy

A
  • can use Personal Assessment in Relationships Inventory (PAIR)
  • questionnaire that puts one on a scale
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25
Q

Theories of Love (4)

A
  • Sternberg’s Triangle Theory
  • Attachment Theory
  • Love Story Theory
  • Two-Component Theory
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26
Q

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory

A
  • 3 components to love: (must be translated into action)
  • intimacy
  • passion
  • decision/commitment
  • measured with Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale (STLS)
  • results stable for up to 2 months
  • partners can be well-matched or levels of mismatch
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27
Q

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory: Intimacy

A
  • emotional component
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28
Q

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory: Passion

A
  • motivation/drive component
  • physical attraction, drive for sexual expression
  • what differentiates romantic love from platonic love
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29
Q

Sternberg’s Triangle Theory: Decision/commitment

A
  • cognitive component
  • Short Term: realizing “that I love you”
  • Long Term: commitment over time
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30
Q

Attachment Theory of Love

A
  • 3 types of lovers:
  • Secure (53%)
  • Avoidant (26%)
  • Anxious (20%)
  • separation from a parent is not related to adult attachment style
  • quality of that relationship is
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31
Q

Attachment Theory of Love: Secure Attachment

A
  • most common attachment among population

- closeness is easy, natural for them, do not fear abandonment

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32
Q

Attachment Theory of Love: Avoidant

A
  • second most common attachment

- closeness is difficult for them

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33
Q

Attachment Theory of Love: Anxious-Ambivalent

A
  • least common (still 20%)
  • desperately want closeness, but then partner pulls away
  • most affected by jealousy
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34
Q

Love Story Theory of Love

A
  • Love Story about what love should be like, including characters, plot, and theme
  • theme is positive ( ex. religious) or negative (ex. war)
  • Uses Sternberg’s Love Stories Scale
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35
Q

Two Component Theory of Love

A
  • Burscheid and Walster
  • love involves:
  • Physiological Arousal
  • cognitive label to that arousal
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36
Q

Misattribution of Arousal

A
  • Two component theory of love
  • mistakenly attribute physiological arousal (i.e. from running/fear) to sexual attraction
  • experiment of scary bridge with attractive woman at other end
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37
Q

Passionate vs. Companionate Love

A
  • Passionate: intense, all consuming, lasts 6-30 months

- Companionate: deep attachment & commitment following passionate phase

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38
Q

How many months do we “need to wait” before marriage according to Dr. Hyde?

A
  • 18 months, need to reach companionate phase
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39
Q

Biochemicals involved in Passionate and Companionate love

A
  • Passionate: Dopamine –> euphoria

- Companionate: oxytocin, prolactin, vasopressin –> calm pleasure

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40
Q

Cross Cultural Research on Love

A
  • Cultures differ on individual (self before others) vs. Collectivist (others before self)
  • also on independence (being unique) vs interdependence (conformity and harmony within the group)
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41
Q

Criticism

A
  • attack of partner’s personality or character

- ex. “you are so selfish”

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42
Q

Contempt

A
  • intentionally insulting/orally abusing other person

- “how did i get stuck with such a loser?”

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43
Q

Defensiveness

A
  • denying responsibility, making excuses, complaint of one’s own, self-protective responses
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44
Q

Withdrawal

A
  • ignoring problem being discussed

- ex. going silent, turning on tv during argument

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45
Q

Intent

A
  • what you mean
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46
Q

Impact

A
  • what other person thinks you mean
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47
Q

Mind Reading

A
  • making assumption on other person’s thoughts
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48
Q

Documenting

A
  • giving examples
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49
Q

Leveling

A
  • telling partner what you are feeling by stating thoughts clearly, simply, and honestly
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50
Q

Editing

A
  • not saying things that would be deliberately hurtful/irrelevant
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51
Q

Listening requires: (3)

A
  • non-defensive listening
  • giving feedback (paraphrasing back)
  • asking for feedback
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52
Q

Validation

A
  • acknowledging that given one’s point of view, you can see why they think a certain way
  • do not have to agree with them
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53
Q

Magic Ratio of positive to negative interaction in a relationship

A
  • 5x as much positive than negative
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54
Q

Fighting Fair

A
  • set of rules designed to make arguments constructive rather than destructive
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55
Q

Gender Binary

A
  • classification of people into either male or female
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56
Q

Gender Role

A
  • set of norms, or culturally defined expectations that define how people of one gender ought to behave
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57
Q

Intersectionality

A
  • approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identities, difference, and disadvantage
  • ex. gender and ethnicity
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58
Q

Socialization

A
  • ways in which society conveys the individual, its norms, or expectations for his/her behavior
  • praise/punishment for behaviors sculpts the individual
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59
Q

African American Gender Roles

A
  • 13% of US population
  • many stereotypes for both men and women
  • more collectivistic culture
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60
Q

Latino Gender Roles

A
  • 16% of US population
  • high value on family, sharply defined gender roles
  • aculturation present (process of incorporating beliefs and customs of a new culture)
  • machinismo vs marianismo
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61
Q

Asian American Gender Roles

A
  • 5% of US population
  • emphasis on education/achievement
  • more value on family, interdependence
  • men: asexual
  • women: exotic sex toys
  • in general, asian americans more conservative about sex
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62
Q

American Indian Gender Roles

A
  • 2/3 of tribe have 3rd gender
  • males can be “two spirit”
  • women can be “manly hearted” / warrior
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63
Q

Masturbation Gender Differences

A
  • men more likely to masturbate and more often
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64
Q

Use Of Porn Gender Differences

A
  • men more likely to watch porn

- is this b/c of arousal to erotic materials?

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65
Q

Attitudes towards casual sex gender differences

A
  • men more approving
  • women more likely to approve (in general) if couple is in love
  • could be because of socialization of gender roles, or more risk for women (pregnancy risk)
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66
Q

Orgasm Consistency Gender differences

A
  • 91% men, 64% women had orgasm during last sexual encounter

- 80% men vs 60% women usually or always have an orgasm while masturbating

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67
Q

Sex Drive gender differences

A
  • males think about sex more, but not a lot more
  • men average: 19x/day
  • women average: 10x/day
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68
Q

Gender Similarities

A
  • physiology of sexual response
  • approving of masturbation
  • disapproving of extra-marital sex
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69
Q

Bogus Pipeline Study

A
  • 3 groups:
  • hooked up to bogus pipeline
  • anonymous
  • exposure threat (researcher in close quarters, could see answers)
  • bogus pipeline showed ~equal # of sexual partners in men and women
  • anonymous and exposure threat, results more consistent with gender roles
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70
Q

What causes differences in sexuality between men and women? (4 main categories)

A
  • Biology
  • Cultural factors
  • Marital and Family Roles
  • other factors
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71
Q

Biology causes of differences in sexuality between men and women (2)

A
  • anatomy (m genitals visible, f’s not)
  • females not as aware to develop sexual familiarity
  • hormones (male T levels 10x that of women)
  • does not account for possible differences in receptor sensitivities
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72
Q

Cultural factor causes of differences in sexuality between men and women (3)

A
  • gender roles (specify script)
  • double standard
  • body image issues (women more dissatisfied with their bodies than men on average)
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73
Q

Double Standard

A
  • sexual behavior is evaluated differently, depending on whether the person is male or female
  • gives men more sexual freedom
  • especially relevant in casual sex
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74
Q

Marital and Family Roles in causes of differences in sexuality between men and women (1)

A
  • children can be a damper on parents’ sexual relationship
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75
Q

Other Factors that cause differences in sexuality between men and women (4)

A
  • pregnancy risk factors
  • women “performing” sex (sex is for the man.. faking orgasm, kissing another woman in a bar)
  • ineffective stimulation of women sexually
  • women not masturbating
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76
Q

Body-Centered Sexuality

A
  • emphasis on body and physical pleasure

- adolescent males and middle-aged women

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77
Q

Person-Centered Sexuality

A
  • emphasis on relationship & emotions between the two people
  • adolescent women and middle-aged men
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78
Q

Heiman Study

A
  • M & F arousal to erotic materials
  • listened to audio tapes (erotic, romantic, erotic-romantic, control)
  • tapes varied m/f centered, m/f initiated
  • arousal measured by:
  • self reports
  • photoplethsmograph & penile strain gauge
  • results: explicit sex tapes most arousing for M&F, women sometimes not aware of arousal
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79
Q

Zilbergeld

A
  • media teaches a fantasy model of sex
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80
Q

Psychological Gender Differences

A
  • males more aggressive
  • adolescent girls self-disclose to friends more than boys
  • collect students self-disclose on FB equally between genders
  • women better at decoding non-verbal cues than men
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81
Q

Attitudes towards sexual relationships of adults of the same sex: always wrong vs not wrong @ all (1973 vs 2012) (US data)

A
  • always wrong
  • 1973: 74%
  • 2012: 46%
  • not wrong at all
  • 1973: 11%
  • 2012: 45%
  • very much the two extremes
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82
Q

Homophobia

A
  • a strong, irrational fear of homosexuals

- negative attitudes & reactions to homosexuals

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83
Q

Heterosexism

A

-prejudiced attitudes toward LGBs that can manifest themselves in discriminatory behavior

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84
Q

Antigay/sexual prejudice

A
  • negative attitudes & behaviors towards Gays and Lesbians
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85
Q

% experienced Hate Crimes against LGBs, Verbally harassed, Discriminated against, Sexually harassed

A
  • 14% assaulted with a weapon b/c of sexual orientation
  • 55% reported had been verbally harassed
  • 41% discriminated against
  • 45% sexually harassed
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86
Q

Matthew Shepard

A
  • Wyoming

- Was tortured, murdered b/c of his sexual orientation

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87
Q

Heteronormativity

A
  • belief that heterosexuality is the norm, that all people are/should be heterosexual
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88
Q

Thoughts on Gaydar

A
  • folk concept that perpetuates stereotyping
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89
Q

What can be done to stop LGB prejudice?

A
  • media’s coverage/attention
  • sexuality education
  • intergroup contact (interacting with LGB people)
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90
Q

Covert Homosexual vs. Overt Homosexual

A
  • Covert: homosexual who is “in the closet”; who keeps his/her sexual orientation a secret
  • Overt: homosexual who is “out of the closet”; who is open about his/her sexual orientation
  • occurs on a spectrum (e.g. someone can be out overt to their family and friends but covert to strangers/work colleagues)
91
Q

First questioning of sexual orientation occurs at what age for boys and girls?
Self labeling as LGBTQ occurs at what ages for men and women?

A
  • questioning: boys: 12, girls: 15

- self-labeling: boys: 16, girls: 17 or 18

92
Q

Children of Gay couples: concerns

A
  • child be LGB?
  • child not be well adjusted?
  • difficulties with peers?
  • data says no to all
93
Q

Gay Activism (brief history and symbols of pride for gay community)

A
  • Stonewall protests in Greenwich Village in 1969
  • people began resisting police raids of gay bars and arrest of gay people
  • gay liberation movement began
  • symbols of gay pride: pink triangle, lambda
94
Q

Kinseys findings of homosexuality

A
  • 37% Men and 13% Women engaged in sex to orgasm with someone of their own sex at least once in their life
  • overestimates b/c of his sampling
  • depends on how you define gay/straight
95
Q

Current Estimates of Homosexuality

A
  • ~90% men, 90% women are exclusively hetero
  • ~10% men and 10% women have had at least one same-gender sexual experience in adulthood
  • ~2% of men and 1% of women identify as homosexual
96
Q

Kinsey Scale

A
  • 0-6

- breakthrough b/c it got past the binary

97
Q

Sexual Orientation Components

A
  • behavior
  • attraction
  • identity
  • can be inconsistent with each other.. ex. someone experiences attraction to same gender but has not aced on it
98
Q

Sexual Fluidity

A
  • change that occurs OVER TIME in an individual’s sexual attractions, identity, or behavior
  • can occur in teens, 20s, or later
99
Q

Diamond’s Study

A
  • young women (non-heterosexual) followed longitudinally (up to 10 yrs later)
  • over 8 years, individuals engaged in all directions
  • ex. bi to lesbian, lesbian to straight
100
Q

Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

A
  • overall, no worse mental health than heterosexuals
101
Q

4 types of research evidence for mental health of LGB

A
  • Clinical studies
  • Control group studies
  • Non-Patient Research
  • population study
102
Q

Theories for why LGBs have somewhat higher rates of depression & PTSD

A
  • greater maltreatment
  • lack of support from friends/family
  • stress of concealing identity
103
Q

Suicide Attempts of LGB adolescents vs straight adolescents

A
  • 9.1% vs 3.1%

- only 6% apart

104
Q

Medical Model

A
  • theoretical model in psych where mental problems are thought of as sickness or mental illness
  • problems in turn are thought to be due to biological factors
  • homosexuality officially thought to be a sickness until removed from the DSM in 1973
105
Q

Clinical Studies of Gay Men

A
  • found gay men had more problems with adjustment
  • no control group
  • all men there already in therapy
  • conformation bias b/c homosexuals already thought to be mentally ill
106
Q

Control Group studies of Gay Men

A
  • group of gays in therapy practice compared to straight in community
  • not a fair control
  • found gays less adjusted (but were in therapy already)
107
Q

Non-Patient Research of Gay Men

A
  • non-patient hetero vs non-patient gay

- conclusion: gay have no more problems than straight, normal form of adjustment

108
Q

Population Study of LGB

A
  • LGBs have somewhat higher rates of suicide
109
Q

Conversion Therapy, Reparative Therapy

A
  • treatment designed to turn LGBs into heterosexuals

- bottom line: does not work, psychologically damages people

110
Q

Theories of Causes of Homosexuality

A
  • Biological Theories
  • Genetic Factors
  • Prenatal Factors
  • Brain Factors
  • Hormone Imbalance
  • Psychological Theories
  • Learning Theory
111
Q

Genetic Theories of Homosexuality

A
  • study recruiting gay men with mz, dz, or adopted brother
  • if completely genetic, 100% of mz twins should both be gay, only 52% concordance
  • repeated design with lesbians, 48% concordance of mz twins
  • human genome project genome wide scan, evidence for 3 genes
112
Q

what three chromosomes possibly linked to homosexuality?

A
  • 7, 8, & 10

- also X chromosome

113
Q

Prenatal Causes of Homosexuality

A
  • theory: critical period in prenatal development (esp. devel of hypothalamus)… if extreme stress to the mother during this time –> homosexuality of child
  • ex. fraternal birth order effect, 2D:4D ratio, left handed
114
Q

Fraternal Birth Order Effect

A
  • the greater # of older brothers a man has, the greater chance he has for being gay
  • male fetus stims the mother’s body to produce antibodies against the H-Y antigen produced by the Y chromosome (affects brain devel of subsequent children)
  • estimate cause of 15-30% of gay men
  • effect not found in lesbians
115
Q

Brain Factors: LeVay Study

A
  • cells in hypo of gay men more like cells of hetero women than hetero men
  • criticisms: sample size v small, all gay men died of AIDS (post-mortem study), only a few of the others had, no lesbians in study
116
Q

Brain Factors: Phermone Study

A
  • gay men turned on by male phermone in male sweat, lesbians to EST in female urine
117
Q

Hormone Imbalance Theory on homosexuality

A
  • gay men low on T? lesbians low on Est?

- not true

118
Q

Learning Theory of homosexuality

A
  • humans have innate bisexuality

- our sexual orientation is shaped by punishments and reinforcements

119
Q

Homosexuality in Melanesia

A
  • pubertal boys for several months must have sex with an adult male chosen by father, then move on to hetero relationships
  • believed to be necessary to biologically cause puberty
  • cultures carefully control scripts for sexual behaviors
120
Q

Definition of abnormal sexual behavior

A
  • sociological:deviance, behavior that violates norms of society
  • psychological: discomfort of individuals, inefficiency, bizareeness, does harm to self or others (discomfort)
121
Q

Paraphilia

A
  • atypical sexual interest; not necessarily a disorder UNLESS:
  • causes clinically significant distress, or impairment or harm to others
  • greater than 6 months
122
Q

Why is research on degree of abnormality of sexual variations sometimes exaggerated?

A
  • much of research is done on court cases

- these are the ones who were caught

123
Q

Fetishism

A
  • person’s sexual fixation on some object & attachment of great erotic significance to that object
  • continuum of normal to abnormal
124
Q

Theories of Causes of Fetishism (3)

A
  • Classical Conditioning
  • Cognitive: perception of an unconventional stimulus erotic
  • evolutionary: advantage to be aroused by many things
125
Q

Drag Queens

A
  • gay men who dress as women for performance
126
Q

Female Impersonator

A
  • man who dresses as a woman for a job in entertainment
127
Q

Transvestites

A
  • man who puts on women’s clothing for sexual arousal

- usually in secret

128
Q

Sadism & Masochism

A
  • receiving sexual pleasure from giving or receiving pain
  • highly scripted
  • fantasies more common than behaviors
  • sadism: Marquis de Sade
  • masochism: Leopold Van Sacher-Masoch
129
Q

Dominance & Submission

A
  • illusion of control

- master/slave relationship

130
Q

Bondage & Discipline

A
  • schools for this

- most men and women prefer to be bottom

131
Q

Reasons for Masochism and Sadism

A
  • Masochism: classical conditioning &/or escapism (more common in men than women)
  • Sadism: sense of power & control, “revenge” for event that happened in the past
132
Q

Voyeurism

A
  • person who experiences intense sexual pleasure from watching an unsuspecting person in some form of sexual activity or undressing
  • “peeping tom”
  • like elements of risk, viewing strangers
133
Q

Exhibitionist

A
  • person who derives sexual gratification from exposing his genitals to an unsuspecting female
  • “flasher”
  • heightened arousal when women are alarmed
134
Q

Hypersexuality

A
  • excessive insatiable sex drive in either a man or woman
  • leads to compulsive sexual behavior
  • 7+ orgasms/week for 6 months
  • 3 underlying factors: control, consequences, coping
135
Q

Nympomaniac

A
  • excessive, insatiable sex drive in a woman
136
Q

Satryiasis

A
  • excessive, insatiable sex drive in a man

- aka Don Juanism

137
Q

Avoidant Masturbation

A
  • excessive masturbation that interferes with school, job, or social life
138
Q

Asexuality

A

having no sexual attraction to persons of either sex

139
Q

Asphyxiophilia

A
  • aka hypoxyphilia
  • strangulation to reduce oxygen flow to brain & enhance sexual orgasm and arousal
  • high co-occurrence with masochism
140
Q

Zoophilia

A
  • sexual contact with an animal

- bestiality/sodomy

141
Q

Frotteurism

A
  • touching/rubbing one’s genitals against the body of a non-consenting person, usually in a crowded public place
142
Q

Coprophilia

A
  • sex involving feces
143
Q

Urophilia

A
  • sex involving urine
144
Q

Necrophila

A
  • sex with a corpse
145
Q

Sexsomnia

A
  • sleep sex
146
Q

compulsive sexual behavior (CSB)

A
  • disorder in which the individual experiences intense sexual arousing fantasies, urges, & associated sexual behaviors
147
Q

Rape

A
  • non-consenting oral, anal, or vaginal penetration obtained by force or by threat of bodily harm, or when a victim is incapable of giving consent
  • WI statutes 1st-4th degree sexual assault
148
Q

Statistics of Rape

A
  • 1 in 5 women
  • more than half occur before age 18
  • 22% before age 12
149
Q

College student rape regular dating partner

A
  • 24% committed by regular dating partner
150
Q

Impact of Rape: Psychological and Physical

A
  • psychological: anxiety, depression, self-blame, PTSD
  • physical: STIs, vaginal infection
  • 5% of rape cases result in pregnancy
151
Q

PTSD

A
  • post traumatic stress disorder
  • long-term psychological distress suffered by someone who has experienced a terrifying, uncontrollable event
  • forms a memory schema about the event, schema is large and many things can trigger
152
Q

Post Traumatic Growth

A
  • positive life change and psychological development following trauma
153
Q

Theoretical Views of Rape (4)

A
  • Victim-precipitated
  • Psychopathology of Rapists
  • Feminist View
  • Social Disorganization
154
Q

Victim Precipitated View of Rape

A
  • rape is victim’s/woman’s fault

- slut/tease/asking for it

155
Q

Psychopathology of Rapists View of Rape

A
  • rape is committed by just a few highly disturbed men
156
Q

Feminist View of Rape

A
  • rape is a product of gender socialization
  • also eroticization of violence
  • men: agression
  • women: passive and polite
  • rape is more about dominance than it is about sex
157
Q

Social Disorganization View of Rape

A
  • rape rates increase when there is social disorganization in a community, don’t restrict people
  • ex. war, spring break
158
Q

Date Rape

A
  • in college, 78% of rape by someone the victim knows
  • suspicious schema plays a part
  • rohypnol (flunitrozepam) –> date rape drug
159
Q

Suspicious schema

A
  • generally believe women do not communicate honestly

- “no really means yes”

160
Q

Relationship between marital violence and _____ ______

A
  • marital rape
161
Q

Rape Culture

A
  • Rape is linked to cultures of a society
  • Prevalent attitudes and practices normalize, excuse, tolerate, and even condone rape
  • ex. victim-blaming, trivialization of rape (jokes about rape)
  • ex. US?, prisons, war
162
Q

Prison Rape

A
  • 22% men & 7% women coerced
163
Q

Characteristics of Rapists compared to men who don’t rape (6)

A
  • hold social constructs that support rape (hypermasculinty ideals)
  • poor inhibition of aggressive impulses
  • lack empathy
  • environmental triggers (i.e. war)
  • more likely to have been victims of child sexual abuse
  • tend to be repeat offenders
164
Q

Statuatory Rape

A
  • Sex between an adult male (over 17 or 18) and a female below the age of consent
  • age of consent varies between states (15 or 16 in most states)
  • basically a good law
  • problem: 18 y.o. high school boy having consensual sex with a 15 year old girl
165
Q

Role of Alcohol in Rape: Effects on Perpetrators

A
  • alcohol impairs higher cognitive functioning @ BAC as low as 0.04
  • expectancy effects, alcohol glamorized
166
Q

Role of Alcohol in Rape: Effects on Victims

A
  • impairment of higher cognitive functioning

- reduction in anxiety, fear response

167
Q

Child Sexual Abuse

A
  • 25% US women
  • 8% of US men
  • false memory syndrome vs recovered memory
168
Q

Loftus Study

A
  • related to child sexual abuse
  • shopping mall
  • implanted false memory in 25% of adults
169
Q

Williams Study

A
  • followed up verified cases 17 yrs later
  • 38% did not remember abuse
  • called dissociative amnesia
170
Q

Pedophilia

A
  • adult having sex with prepubescent child
  • intense fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors for 6+ months
  • must be at least 5 years older than the child
  • sexual solicitation on the internet
  • lack interpersonal skills
  • more likely than controls to have had a head injury before the age of 6
171
Q

Treatment of Pedophiles

A
  • surgical castration of testes (lowers T drastically which lowers/eliminates aggressive and sexual urges)
  • chemical castration (anti-androgen drugs) CPA
  • Cognitive behavior therapy
172
Q

Best Treatment of Pedophiles

A
  • increase voluntary control so that the person doesn’t act on the attraction
  • hard to stop their attraction
  • high return to offending
173
Q

Recidivism

A
  • returning to offending
174
Q

Sexual Harassment

A
  • unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal/physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when:
  • quid pro quo or hostile environment
  • can occur in workplace, education, doctor & patient
175
Q

Transgender

A
  • natal gender doesn’t match gender identity
  • 0.5-1% of the population
  • fundamentally a GENDER issue, not a sex issue
176
Q

Trans encompasses what identities?

A
  • transsexuals, transgender, cross dressing, gender non-conforming, gender fluid, gender queer
  • broad, umbrella term
177
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A
  • unhappiness, discontent w/ one’s natal gender

- developmentally often appears in childhood

178
Q

FTM

A
  • trans man

- natal gender female who feels male

179
Q

what % of gender dysphoria cases persist to adolescence and adulthood (that began in childhood)

A
  • 20%
180
Q

Cisgender

A
  • person who’s gender identity matches the body they were born with
181
Q

Pubertal Suppression

A
  • administer drug that interferes with HPG feedback look and prevents the hormones that trigger puberty
  • buys time for the individual, can make a better decision at 15 whether to transition
  • shown to be effective for psychological health
182
Q

Steps in sex change

A
  • counseling and psychiatric evaluation
  • hormone therapy
  • live 3 months or more in new gender
  • optional genital surgery
  • other surgeries include mastectomy, breast construction, shaving adam’s apple
183
Q

FTM Surgeries

A
  • medioplasty

- phalloplasty

184
Q

Medioplasty

A
  • “releases” clitoris
185
Q

Phalloplasty

A
  • creating a penis from forearm skin

- very difficult, not often performed

186
Q

Gender conforming therapy

A
  • matching body to identity

- ex. voice training

187
Q

Obscenity

A
  • that which is offensive to accepted standards of decency
188
Q

Pornography

A
  • sexually arousing art, lit, or film

- includes demeaning portrayal of people!

189
Q

Erotica

A
  • sexually arousing material that is NOT degrading or demeaning to women, men, or children
190
Q

History of Pornography

A
  • 1915
  • I am curious, yellow (70s)
  • Deep Throat (73)
  • Videos (80s)
  • Porn on the web (90s)
191
Q

Loops

A
  • short, 10min hard-core porn films viewed on a coin operated private booth
192
Q

Amateur Porn

A
  • homemade

- 20% of all adult videos in the US

193
Q

Porn Actresses ____ _____ likely to report sexual abuse in childhood than control

A
  • not more
194
Q

Does porn produce sexual arousal?

A
  • yes, as long as the viewer finds the material acceptable
195
Q

Does porn affect users attitudes?

A
  • linked to more permissive sexual attitudes (correlational)
196
Q

Does viewing rape make men more tolerant of sexual assault?

A
  • probably mostly for high risk individual
197
Q

Does porn affect users sexual behaviors (long term)?

A
  • increases
  • fantasies, behaviors (masturbation, intercourse)
  • # of partners
  • risky sexual behaviors
  • doesn’t increase behaviors the person hasn’t engaged in
  • provides sexual scripts
198
Q

Increased viewing of porn (increases/decreases) enjoyment of sex with a partner

A
  • decreases
199
Q

Does exposure to violent porn increase aggressive behavior?

A
  • not really any more aggressive behaviors towards women than watching violent movies
200
Q

Dilemma of Censorship vs. education in pornography

A
  • freedom of expression vs protection from harm

- educational pre-briefing counters the negative effects

201
Q

Prostitution

A
  • engage in partnered sexual activity or sexualized interactions in exchange for money, material gifts, or other form of payment (such as drugs)
202
Q

Call Girl

A
  • works out of own residence or accompanies clients to business or social gatherings
  • can fine-tune her client list
  • often charges $200/hr+
  • usually middle class and college graduate
203
Q

Brothel

A
  • still legal in 5 counties in Nevada

- $25-30 for 15 minutes

204
Q

In-Call Services

A
  • women work regular shifts in an apartment or condo, service those who come to residence
  • $150-200/hr
  • less choice of clients & less autonomy (usually a larger boss in charge)
205
Q

Massage Parlor

A
  • advertise: sensual massage or stripassage
  • $100-300+ for high end, discreet
  • $40-100 for ones in commercial sex districts
  • commonly run by asian women and men
206
Q

Sex workers and their clients (are/aren’t) of similar social status

A
  • are
207
Q

Out-Call Services

A
  • escorts (both men and women)
  • riskier, cannot control setting of the activity
  • high end escort service rate can begin at $2000
208
Q

Street Walker

A
  • walks the streets of cities
  • less attractive and less fashionable
  • $20 or very little $ for services
  • likely to be arrested
  • often drug addict
  • greater risk of disease & violence
209
Q

Strip Club

A
  • sexualized interactions, not necessarily physical intimate contact
  • exist along a continuum like massage parlors (high end to low end)
210
Q

Career of a sex worker

A
  • most enter into prostitution b/c of need to support selves, family, or drug habit
  • coercion
  • most workers go through an apprenticeship
211
Q

Squaring up/leaving the life

A
  • giving up prostitution
212
Q

Customers of sex workers

A
  • use has declined dramatically
  • 4.3% of men and 0.8% of women used services in the last year
  • common in locations w/ large # of men separated from usual social constructs (i.e. military bases)
213
Q

Gigolo

A
  • male sex worker

- provides companionship & sexual gratification on a continuing bases to a woman in exchange for $

214
Q

Hustler

A
  • male sex worker who services men
215
Q

Bar Workers

A
  • found in gay-identified spaces

- ex. bars and gyms

216
Q

Male Brothel

A
  • clientele mainly women
217
Q

Escorts/Call Boys

A
  • clientele mainly men
218
Q

majority of male prostitutes used ____ while engaging in prostitution

A

drugs

219
Q

Sex Tourism

A
  • leisure travel with the purpose of purchasing sexual services
  • made possible by migration from rural to urban areas for work, commodification of sex, and increased travel for recreation
  • found through the internet
220
Q

Sex Trafficking

A
  • recruitment & control of persons for sexual exploitation
  • often girls from poor nations, moved to other nations
  • $7 billion profit/yr worldwide
  • some trafficking into the US
221
Q

What ethnicities usually found in Brothels?

A
  • Mexican/South American
222
Q

What ethnicities usually found in massage parlors?

A
  • Asian
223
Q

What ethnicities usually found in strip clubs?

A
  • Eastern European

Psychology 350 (5 decks)

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