Final Exam New Material Flashcards
Arteries/Arterioles
Arteries branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries.
- Carries oxygen-rick blood
Capillaries
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems
Venules/Veins
coverage into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart
Atrium
blood enters through the atrium and is pumped out through a verntricle
Ventricle
a chamber of the heart which receives blood from an atrium
Humoral Response
the activation and clonal selcetion of B-cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies
Cell-mediated
response
involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells
Hemocytes
phagocytic cells that digest foreign bodies
Neutrophils
engulf and destroy microbes
Macrophages
part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body
Eosinophils
discharge destructive enzymes
Lymphatic
System
the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood
Histamine
A substance that has many effects in the body. It is released from some types of white blood cells during allergic reactions. It causes small blood vessels to dilate (widen) and become leaky, which can cause tissues to swell
Prostaglandins
promote blood flow to area
Chemotaxis
The ability of somatic cells, bacteria, other single-celled organisms and multicellular organisms to move in a particular direction in response to a chemical stimulus
Complement
a group of proteins in lyses invading cells
Interferons
block cell-to-cell transmission of viruses
NK cells
Natural Killer Cells
destroy body cells that are infected
Pus
a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumilates at the site of inflamation
Antigens
any foreign molecule to which a lymphocyte responds
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that reconize and repond to antigens
T Cells
lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart
B Cells
lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow
Epitope
antigenic determinant
Antibodies
a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances (antigens)
Neutralization
occurs when a pathogen can no longer infect a host because it is boound to an antibody
MHC
group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances
- initiates activation of T and B cells
APC
Antigen presenting cells
present in the epitope (antigen) to the immune system
Active Immunity
develops naturally in response to an infection
Passive Immunity
provides immediate, short-term protection
Hemolymph
the body fluid in an open circulatory system because there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid
Heart
the muscular pump
Open Circulatory System
the system where blood bathes the organs directly
Closed
Circulatory
System
blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Myeloid stem
cell
all other blood cells excluding the lymphoid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cell
lymphocytes
Fick’s Law
- measures rate of diffusion
- the rate of diffusion increases with the surface area, decreases distance or the increase the pressure difference.
Fight-or-Flight Response
- your body’s reaction to danger and was designed to help you survive stressful and life-threatening situations
- The fight-or-flight response, or stress response, is triggered by a release of hormones either prompting us to stay and fight or run away and flee
Fission
he splitting of a unicellular organism into two or more separate daughter cells
Follicle
consist of a partially developed egg surrounded by support cells
Fragmentation
breaking of the body into peices, some of all develop into adults
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitters
Gallbladder
a small, pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile
Gastric Juice
made up of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin
Gastrovascular Cavity
a two-way digestive tract with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus for the animal
Gestation
the condition of carring one or more embryos in the uterus
- pregnancy
Glottis
he space between one of the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilage on one side of the larynx and those of the other side
Glucagon
antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis
- increases blood glucose levels
Glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertibrate CNS
Gonads
the part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis)
Herbivore
eat mainly autotrophs
Hermaphroditism
each individual has male and female reproductive system
- some have both at the same time and some are one sex at one time and another at a different time
- some can self-fertilize
Hormone
chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body. they reach all parts of the body but only target cells equipped to respond
ilium
makes up the small intestine along with duodenum and jejunum
Insulin
antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis
- reduces blood glucose levels
- produced by pancreas
Intercostal Muscles
comprise many different groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity
Internal
fertilization
sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract
Interneurons
provide more complex reflexes and associative functions
Intracellular
digestion
food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles
Jejunum
what the small intestine is composed of
Juvenile Hormone
hormone that is produced by corpora allata
- in insects
Large intestine
the long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other
Larynx
The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking
Leydig Cells
produce hormones and are scattered between the tubules
Liver
responsible for an array of functions that help support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage among other functions
Lumen of small
intestine
the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine
Lysozyme
something that dissolves bacteria walls found in tears, aliva and mucus
Minerals
simple inorganic nutrients usally required in small amounts
Motor effectors
responds to the detected stimulus
Motor neurons
carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Myelin sheath
an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord
Neuroglia
supports neurons both structurally and functionally
Neuropeptides
substance P (small peptide) is released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli
Neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell
Node of Ranvier
where the action potential is produced
Norepinephrine
are responsible for the “fight or flight” response
Omnivore
regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter
Oocyte
develops into an ovum (egg) by the process of oogenesis
Oogenesis
development of mature oocytes (eggs) and can take many years
Ovaries
the female glands that lie in the abdominal cavity
Oviduct
how the egg cell travels from the ovary to the uterus
- also called the follopian tubes
Ovulation
the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle
Oxytocin
includes uterine contractions and the release of milk
Pancreas
has clusters of endocrine cells with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
Pancreatic islets
clusters of endocrine cells
Paracrine Signaling
allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells
Parietal Cell
secreate hydrogen and chloride ions separately
Parthenogenesis
the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg
Partial Pressure
based on the percent of gas in dry air
Pepsin
a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins
Peripheral
nervous system
PNS
sensory and motor neurons
Peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal that pushes food along
Pharynx
the region we call out throat, a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
Pheromone Signaling
chemical signals that are realeased from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species
Placenta
an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply
Plasma cells
differentiated B-lymphocyte white blood cells capable of secreting immunoglobulin or antibodies
Pleural cavity
space between the two membranes
Prostaglandins
promote blood flow to area
Pyloric sphincter
a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine
- at the bottom of the stomach
Rectum
where elimination occurs
Respiratory
pigments
proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry
Salivary glands
deliver saliva to lubricate food
Saltatory
conduction
the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon
Schwann cell
produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons
Seminiferous
tubules
where sperm forms
Sensory neurons
carry impulses to central nervous system
Sensory
receptors
detect the stimulus
Serotonin
involved in the regulation of sleep
Sexual
reproduction
the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote
Signal
transduction
the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior
Small intestine
the longest section of the alimentary canal
Sodium-
potassium pump
Brings two K+ into the call for every three Na+ it pumps out
Sphincters
valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments
Spiracles
openings in the exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves
Stem cells
cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
Stomach
stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme
Synapse
specialized intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or gland cells
Testes
the male gonads that consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue
Trachea
the air ducts that the respiratory system consists of
Trimester
how human pregnancy is divided
- there are three
Trypsin
an enzyme that helps us digest protein
Type 1 diabetes
an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
Type 2 diabetes
involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors
Uterus
narrows at the cervix then opens into the vagina
Vagina
a reproductive organ which connects the vulva to the cervix of the uterus and ultimately to the uterine cavity
Vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls
Villus
any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane
Visceral Pleural
membrane
covering outside of each lung
Vitamin D
A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth
Vitamins
organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
