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LIFE 103 > Final Exam New Material > Flashcards

Final Exam New Material Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries/Arterioles

A

Arteries branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries.

  • Carries oxygen-rick blood
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2
Q

Capillaries

A

delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body. They transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems

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3
Q

Venules/Veins

A

coverage into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart

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4
Q

Atrium

A

blood enters through the atrium and is pumped out through a verntricle

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5
Q

Ventricle

A

a chamber of the heart which receives blood from an atrium

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6
Q

Humoral Response

A

the activation and clonal selcetion of B-cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies

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7
Q

Cell-mediated
response

A

involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells

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8
Q

Hemocytes

A

phagocytic cells that digest foreign bodies

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9
Q

Neutrophils

A

engulf and destroy microbes

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10
Q

Macrophages

A

part of the lymphatic system and are found throughout the body

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11
Q

Eosinophils

A

discharge destructive enzymes

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12
Q

Lymphatic
System

A

the network of vessels through which lymph drains from the tissues into the blood

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13
Q

Histamine

A

A substance that has many effects in the body. It is released from some types of white blood cells during allergic reactions. It causes small blood vessels to dilate (widen) and become leaky, which can cause tissues to swell

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14
Q

Prostaglandins

A

promote blood flow to area

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15
Q

Chemotaxis

A

The ability of somatic cells, bacteria, other single-celled organisms and multicellular organisms to move in a particular direction in response to a chemical stimulus

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16
Q

Complement

A

a group of proteins in lyses invading cells

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17
Q

Interferons

A

block cell-to-cell transmission of viruses

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18
Q

NK cells

Natural Killer Cells

A

destroy body cells that are infected

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19
Q

Pus

A

a fluid rich in white blood cells, dead microbes, and cell debris, accumilates at the site of inflamation

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20
Q

Antigens

A

any foreign molecule to which a lymphocyte responds

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21
Q

Lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that reconize and repond to antigens

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22
Q

T Cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart

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23
Q

B Cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow

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24
Q

Epitope

A

antigenic determinant

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25
Q

Antibodies

A

a protein produced by the body’s immune system when it detects harmful substances (antigens)

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26
Q

Neutralization

A

occurs when a pathogen can no longer infect a host because it is boound to an antibody

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27
Q

MHC

A

group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances

  • initiates activation of T and B cells
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28
Q

APC

Antigen presenting cells

A

present in the epitope (antigen) to the immune system

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29
Q

Active Immunity

A

develops naturally in response to an infection

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30
Q

Passive Immunity

A

provides immediate, short-term protection

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31
Q

Hemolymph

A

the body fluid in an open circulatory system because there is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid

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32
Q

Heart

A

the muscular pump

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33
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

the system where blood bathes the organs directly

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34
Q

Closed
Circulatory
System

A

blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid

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35
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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36
Q

Myeloid stem
cell

A

all other blood cells excluding the lymphoid stem cells

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37
Q

Lymphoid stem cell

A

lymphocytes

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38
Q

Fick’s Law

A
  • measures rate of diffusion
  • the rate of diffusion increases with the surface area, decreases distance or the increase the pressure difference.
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39
Q

Fight-or-Flight Response

A
  • your body’s reaction to danger and was designed to help you survive stressful and life-threatening situations
  • The fight-or-flight response, or stress response, is triggered by a release of hormones either prompting us to stay and fight or run away and flee
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40
Q

Fission

A

he splitting of a unicellular organism into two or more separate daughter cells

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41
Q

Follicle

A

consist of a partially developed egg surrounded by support cells

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42
Q

Fragmentation

A

breaking of the body into peices, some of all develop into adults

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43
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

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44
Q

Gallbladder

A

a small, pear-shaped organ that stores and releases bile

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45
Q

Gastric Juice

A

made up of hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin

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46
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity

A

a two-way digestive tract with a single opening that serves as both the mouth and the anus for the animal

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47
Q

Gestation

A

the condition of carring one or more embryos in the uterus

  • pregnancy
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48
Q

Glottis

A

he space between one of the true vocal cords and the arytenoid cartilage on one side of the larynx and those of the other side

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49
Q

Glucagon

A

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

  • increases blood glucose levels
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50
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertibrate CNS

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51
Q

Gonads

A

the part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testicle/testis)

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52
Q

Herbivore

A

eat mainly autotrophs

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53
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

each individual has male and female reproductive system

  • some have both at the same time and some are one sex at one time and another at a different time
  • some can self-fertilize
54
Q

Hormone

A

chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body. they reach all parts of the body but only target cells equipped to respond

55
Q

ilium

A

makes up the small intestine along with duodenum and jejunum

56
Q

Insulin

A

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

  • reduces blood glucose levels
  • produced by pancreas
57
Q

Intercostal Muscles

A

comprise many different groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity

58
Q

Internal
fertilization

A

sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract

59
Q

Interneurons

A

provide more complex reflexes and associative functions

60
Q

Intracellular
digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles

61
Q

Jejunum

A

what the small intestine is composed of

62
Q

Juvenile Hormone

A

hormone that is produced by corpora allata

  • in insects
63
Q

Large intestine

A

the long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other

64
Q

Larynx

A

The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking

65
Q

Leydig Cells

A

produce hormones and are scattered between the tubules

66
Q

Liver

A

responsible for an array of functions that help support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage among other functions

67
Q

Lumen of small
intestine

A

the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine

68
Q

Lysozyme

A

something that dissolves bacteria walls found in tears, aliva and mucus

69
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients usally required in small amounts

70
Q

Motor effectors

A

responds to the detected stimulus

71
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

72
Q

Myelin sheath

A

an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

73
Q

Neuroglia

A

supports neurons both structurally and functionally

74
Q

Neuropeptides

A

substance P (small peptide) is released from sensory neurons activated by painful stimuli

75
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers that your body can’t function without. Their job is to carry chemical signals (“messages”) from one neuron (nerve cell) to the next target cell

76
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

where the action potential is produced

77
Q

Norepinephrine

A

are responsible for the “fight or flight” response

77
Q

Omnivore

A

regularly consume animals as well as plants or algal matter

78
Q

Oocyte

A

develops into an ovum (egg) by the process of oogenesis

79
Q

Oogenesis

A

development of mature oocytes (eggs) and can take many years

80
Q

Ovaries

A

the female glands that lie in the abdominal cavity

81
Q

Oviduct

A

how the egg cell travels from the ovary to the uterus

  • also called the follopian tubes
82
Q

Ovulation

A

the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

83
Q

Oxytocin

A

includes uterine contractions and the release of milk

84
Q

Pancreas

A

has clusters of endocrine cells with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

85
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

clusters of endocrine cells

86
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

allows cells to communicate with each other by releasing signaling molecules that bind to and activate surrounding cells

87
Q

Parietal Cell

A

secreate hydrogen and chloride ions separately

88
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

89
Q

Partial Pressure

A

based on the percent of gas in dry air

90
Q

Pepsin

A

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins

91
Q

Peripheral
nervous system

PNS

A

sensory and motor neurons

92
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal that pushes food along

93
Q

Pharynx

A

the region we call out throat, a junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

94
Q

Pheromone Signaling

A

chemical signals that are realeased from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species

95
Q

Placenta

A

an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall, thereby allowing nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother’s blood supply

96
Q

Plasma cells

A

differentiated B-lymphocyte white blood cells capable of secreting immunoglobulin or antibodies

97
Q

Pleural cavity

A

space between the two membranes

98
Q

Prostaglandins

A

promote blood flow to area

99
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

a muscular valve that opens to allow food to pass from the stomach to the top of the small intestine

  • at the bottom of the stomach
100
Q

Rectum

A

where elimination occurs

101
Q

Respiratory
pigments

A

proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

102
Q

Salivary glands

A

deliver saliva to lubricate food

103
Q

Saltatory
conduction

A

the way an electrical impulse skips from node to node down the full length of an axon

104
Q

Schwann cell

A

produce myelin sheaths surrounding axons

105
Q

Seminiferous
tubules

A

where sperm forms

106
Q

Sensory neurons

A

carry impulses to central nervous system

107
Q

Sensory
receptors

A

detect the stimulus

108
Q

Serotonin

A

involved in the regulation of sleep

109
Q

Sexual
reproduction

A

the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote

110
Q

Signal
transduction

A

the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior

111
Q

Small intestine

A

the longest section of the alimentary canal

112
Q

Sodium-
potassium pump

A

Brings two K+ into the call for every three Na+ it pumps out

113
Q

Sphincters

A

valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

114
Q

Spiracles

A

openings in the exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves

115
Q

Stem cells

A

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body

116
Q

Stomach

A

stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme

117
Q

Synapse

A

specialized intercellular junctions with the other neurons, with muscle cells, or gland cells

117
Q

Testes

A

the male gonads that consist of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue

118
Q

Trachea

A

the air ducts that the respiratory system consists of

119
Q

Trimester

A

how human pregnancy is divided

  • there are three
120
Q

Trypsin

A

an enzyme that helps us digest protein

121
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

122
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells due to change in insulin receptors

123
Q

Uterus

A

narrows at the cervix then opens into the vagina

124
Q

Vagina

A

a reproductive organ which connects the vulva to the cervix of the uterus and ultimately to the uterine cavity

125
Q

Vasodilation

A

the widening of blood vessels as a result of the relaxation of the blood vessel’s muscular walls

126
Q

Villus

A

any of the small, slender, vascular projections that increase the surface area of a membrane

127
Q

Visceral Pleural
membrane

A

covering outside of each lung

128
Q

Vitamin D

A

A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and phosphorus to make strong bones and teeth

129
Q

Vitamins

A

organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts

LIFE 103 (4 decks)

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