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LIFE 103 > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Achene

A

a small, dry one-seeded fruit that does not open to release the seed

Ex: dandilions and strawberries

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2
Q

Adhesion

A

The water molecule stick to the cell walls facilitating pull

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3
Q

Adventitious root

A

can arise from stems or leaves

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4
Q

Aggregate Fruits

A

Single flower with multiple carpels

Ex: blackberries and raspberries

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5
Q

Annuals

A

something that completes its lifecycle in a year or less

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6
Q

Anther

A

Microsporangium – pollen sacs

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7
Q

Anthophyta

A

Flowering plants

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8
Q

Apical
dominance

A

The dormancy of non-apical bud

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9
Q

Apical Meristem

A

new tissue that grows at the end of the plant (linear growth from root to shoot)

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10
Q

Apoplast

A

the continuum of cell walls and
extracellular spaces

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11
Q

Aquaporins

A

transport proteins in the cell membrane that allow the passage of water. It restricts the flow of solutes

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12
Q

Axillary bud

A

Forms a lateral shoot or branch

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13
Q

Bark

A

The outer most layer of stem in roots of woody plnts

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14
Q

Basal
angiosperms

A

group of plants that include the flowering plants belonging to the oldest lineages

Ex: water lilies, amborella trichopoda, and star anise

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15
Q

Berry

A

a typle of simple fleshy fruit

Ex: grapes, tomatoes, and oranges

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16
Q

Biennials

A

things that require two growing seasons

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17
Q

Blade

A

Flattened part of the leaf (what you imagine when you look at a leaf)

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18
Q

Bulb

A

Underground stems/ modified leaves

Ex: Garlic and Onions

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19
Q

Buttress root

A

Roots that support large trees

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20
Q

Carpel

A

A carpel consist of an ovary at the base and a style leading up to a stigma, where pollen is received. The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma

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21
Q

Casparian strip

A

a waxy part of the endodermal wall blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder

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22
Q

Climbing root

A

Adventitous root that supports climbing palnts.

Negatively phototropic

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23
Q

Cohesion

A

Water molecules sticking to each other with facilitates transpirational pull

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24
Q

Collenchyma

A

type of cell in a plant that are grouped in strands and help support young parts of the plant shoot

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25
Q

Companion cells

A

a type of phloem cell. There is one for each sieve-tube element and the nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

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26
Q

Complete Flower

A

A flower that has all 4 modified leaces (petal, sepal, anther, and carpel)

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27
Q

Compound Leaf

A

A leaf that consists of many leaflets joined by a single stem

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28
Q

Coniferophyta

A

largest group of gymnosperm phyla. most are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round

Ex: pines, fir, and redwood

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29
Q

Cork cambium

A

Replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

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30
Q

Corm

A

A modified stem that is a short underground storage stem

Ex: Taro, Gladiolus, Saffron

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31
Q

Cortex

A

Ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

These are not in monocots

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32
Q

Cotyledon

A

one or two seed leaves within the embryo of a seed

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33
Q

Crassulacean
Acid Metabolism (CAM)

A

Where the stomata open at night and CO2 is stored as malate. This reduces water loss during the day.

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34
Q

Cuticle

A

Part of the dermal tissue of the plant. It is a waxy coating on the plants leaves that prevents water loss from the epidermis.

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35
Q

Cycadophyta

A

gymnosperm phylum that includes individuals with large cones and palmlike leaves. Very few species alive today.

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36
Q

Dermal Tissue

A

The outside tissue of the plant

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37
Q

Determinate
growth

A

growth where some plants organs cease to grow at a certine size

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38
Q

Diffusion

A

the passive movement of particles across the membrane. No energy is requited for facilitating movement

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39
Q

Drupe

A

Type of fruit that contains a fleshy exocarp and mesocarp. It also has a hard endocarp

Ex: olives, mangos, stone fruits, and coconuts

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40
Q

Embryo Sac

A

The female gametophyte where the daughter nuclei divide to produce 8 haploid nucli in 2 groups of 4.

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41
Q

Endodermis

A

the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex that surroundds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue

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42
Q

Endosperm

A

Provides nutrients to the embryo

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43
Q

Epidermis

A

Part of the dermal tissue system in non-woody plants

Prickles are an example of modified epidermis (roses)

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44
Q

Epiphyte

A

Roots grow down and around another plant and the stem grows towards the sun

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45
Q

Eudicots

A

one of two main groups of angiosperms (“true” dicots)

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46
Q

Fibers

A

ground tissue cells that are long and slender and arranged in threads

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47
Q

Fibrous root

A

Thin lateral roots with no main root in seeldles vascular plants and monocots

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48
Q

Filament

A

Stalk of the stamen that supports the anther (male flower)

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49
Q

Flaccid

A

A cell lacking turgidity (floppy)

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50
Q

Flower

A

Specilized structure for sexual reproducton. Pollinated by animals and wind. The type of polinator has a large effect on the adaptations of the flower (color, shape, scent). Gymnosperms are primarily wind pollinated.

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51
Q

Fruit

A

Typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts. Fruits produce seeds and aid in their dispersal.

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52
Q

Gametophyte

A

Produces haploid gametophytes by mitosis

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53
Q

Ginkgophyta

A

a phylum of gymnosperms that consist of a single living species. It has a high tolerance to air pollution

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54
Q

Gnetophyta

A

a division of plants, grouped within the gymnosperms, that consists of some 70 species

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55
Q

Ground Tissue

A

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. This includes the pith and cortex.

Not in monocots

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56
Q

Guard cell

A

Controls gas diffusion by opening and closing stomata

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57
Q

Haustorial root

A

Roots that absorb water and nutrients from other plants. They are in parasitic plants like mistletoe and snow plants.

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58
Q

Heart wood

A

the older layers of secondary xylem that as the tree or woody shrubs ages it no longer transport water or minerals

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59
Q

Heterosporous

A

Produce male and female gametes

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60
Q

Homosporous

A

a seedless vascular plant that produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte

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61
Q

Indeterminate
growth

A

growth throughout an organism’s life

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62
Q

Integuments

A

a part of the ovule with a hard outside coating that protects the inside

63
Q

Lateral
meristems

A

add thickness to woody plants

64
Q

Lateral root

A

Branch off the sides of a taproot

65
Q

Leaves

A

organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis

Microphylls- leaves with a single vein
Megaphylls- leaves with a highly branched vascular system

66
Q

Legume

A

A type of dry fruit with pods

Ex: pea, peanut, and bean

67
Q

Lignin

A

The endorme that aids in water transport and mechanical support

68
Q

Lycophyta

A

a phylum of seedless vascular plants that includes club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

69
Q

Magnoliids

A

a type of plant that are more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms. They are dicots but not eudicots

Ex: nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper, avacado and kava

70
Q

Megasporangia

A

diploid tissue where haploid megaspore is formed (meiosis)

71
Q

Megaspore

A

haploid cell that grows into the female gametophyte including the egg nucleus

72
Q

Membrane
potential

A

Voltage that grives the transport of solutes

73
Q

Microsporangia

A

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

74
Q

Microspore

A

develop into a male gametophyte (pollen grains)

75
Q

Monecious

A

The male and female parts are present on the same plant

76
Q

Monocots

A

majority of angiosperms are monocots. Flower parts come in multiples of 3 (3,6,9… petals) they often have parallel leaf vains.

77
Q

Multiple Fruits

A

The individual flowers from fruits around a single stem. The fruits fuse.

Ex: pineapple and breadfruit

78
Q

Nut

A

a type of dry fruit

Ex: acorn, beech, and hazelnut

79
Q

Osmosis

A

The Movement of water across a semi permiable membrane down a water potential gradient

80
Q

Osmotic
potential

aka solute potential

A

The solute potential (ΨS) of a solution is proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

81
Q

Ovary

A

a part of the carpel where pollen is received

82
Q

Ovule

A

female part consisting of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one ore more protective integuments

83
Q

Parenchyma

A

Type of cell in the ground tissue. They have thin and flexible primary walls which allows them to bend. They are the least specilized and preform the most metabolic functions.

They store sutrients, photosynthesize, and retain the ability to divide and differentiate.

84
Q

Pedicel

A

primordial develops into a bud at the end of a stalk. It expands at the tip to form a receptacle, to which other parts attach.

85
Q

Perennials

A

growth that lives for many years

86
Q

Perfect Flower

A

Flowers that have both male and female parts

All complete flowers are perfect but all perfect flowers are not complete

87
Q

Pericarp

A

The part of the fruit that surrounds the seed

88
Q

Periderm

A

Part of dermal tissue system in woody plants. It is a protective tissue which replaces the epidermis in older regions of stem and roots.

89
Q

Petal

A

Modified leaf of a flower

90
Q

Petiole

A

Flattened blade and stalk of the leaves which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

91
Q

Phloem

A

Transport organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed. Constists of living cells that distributes sugard, amino acids, and other organic products.

92
Q

Phototropic

A

A plant that responds to light

93
Q

Pith

A

ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

Not in monocots

94
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

A membrane lines pore that is part of the phloem and moves macromolecules and some types of RNA

95
Q

Pneumatophores

A

A type of root that rise up in the air. Thier pores allow for gas exchange.

Ex: Mangroves

96
Q

Pollen

A

contains the male gametophyte within the tough pollen wall

97
Q

Pressure
potential

A

(ΨP) is the physical
pressure on a solution

98
Q

Prickle

A

A type of spine that is a modified epidermis

Ex: rose

99
Q

Primary growth

A

occurs when apical meristems elongate shoots and roots

100
Q

Prop root

A

Aerial roots that add structural support to the plat

101
Q

Proton pump

A

Most important transport protein for active
transport. Create a hydrogen ion gradient that is a form of potential energy that can be harnessed to do work. They contribute to a voltage known as a membrane potential

102
Q

Pterophyta

A

a type of seedless vascular phylem that includes ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns

103
Q

Rhizome

A

A modified horizontal stem that is usally underground. It sends out roots and shoots.

104
Q

Root hairs

A

Hair on the roots where absorption of water and nutrients aoocurs

105
Q

Roots

A

multicellular organs with important functions such as anchoring the plant, absorbing minerals and water, and storing organic nutrients.

106
Q

Samara

A

type of dry fruit

ex: maple, ash and elm

107
Q

Sclereids

A

short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls. they are the source of hardness in nutshells and seed coats

108
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

ground tissue cells that are rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin. They are dead at functional maturity.

109
Q

Secondary
growth

A

The lateral meristems add thickness to woody plants

110
Q

Seed

A

consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat.

111
Q

Sepal

A

The outermost part of the flower that protects the budding flowe

112
Q

Sieve tube
elements

A

Phloem cells that are alive at functional maturity. They lack organelles, including nucleus. They allows sugars to flow more easily.

113
Q

Solute potential

A

(ΨS) of a solution is proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

114
Q

Sori

A

Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporophylls

115
Q

Spine

A

A type of modified leaf used for defense which are common in xeriphytes

Ex: thorns and prickles

116
Q

Sporophylls

A

modified leaves with sporangia

117
Q

Sporophyte

A

Produces haploid spores through mitosis. It is diploid

118
Q

Stamen

A

A modified microsporophyll male part of the flower. It includes the anther (microsporangium-pollen sacs)

119
Q

Stems

A

One of the main organs of a plant. It supplies support structure and transport systems

120
Q

Stolon

A

A modified horizontal stem at the ground surfacce or just underground. They are adventitious roots and they produce clones at the end of the stem

121
Q

Stomata

A

Circle pore that allows for gas exchange

122
Q

Storage Leaf

A

A modified leaf that can store water, nutrients, and toxins

Ex: succulents

123
Q

Strangling root

A

Modified root that gorws around objects supporting the plant

124
Q

Strobili

A

cone like structures formed from groups of sporophylls

125
Q

Style

A

part of flower that leads up to the stigma

126
Q

Symplast

A

The cytoplasmic continuum network of interconnected plant cell protoplast

127
Q

Symport

A

When 2 kinds of molecules move in the same direction while diffusing through carrier proteins

128
Q

Taproot

A

A type of root with one main vertical root

Lateral roots or branch roots

129
Q

Tendril

A

modified leaves used for attaching for climbing. They can photosynthesize and can be thigmotropic

130
Q

Thorn

A

A type of spine that is a modified stem

131
Q

Tracheids

A

Part of xylem found in all vascular plants. They are tubular, elongated and dead. Water tranfers via pits in the tracheids.

132
Q

Transpiration

A

the evaporation of water from a plant’s surface. It produces negative pressure in the leaf, which exerts a pulling force on water in the xylem, pulling water into the leaf

133
Q

Tree ring

A

visible where late and early wood meet,
and can be used to estimate a tree’s age

134
Q

Trichome

A

outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense. can form protective layers which prevents bugs from getting in. They can also help with water loss.

135
Q

Turgid

A

cell membrane pushed aginst the cell wall

136
Q

Vacuole

A

a large organelle that occupies as much as 90% or more of the protoplast’s volume

137
Q

Vascular
cambium

A

Adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary
xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

138
Q

Vascular Tissue

A

Tissue that facilitates the transport of fluids (nutrients) through the plant

139
Q

Vessel elements

A

Larger diameter and shorter than tracheids. Aligned end-to-end to form vessels. End walls have perforation plates

140
Q

Water Potential

A

a measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure. it determines the direction of the movement of water. Water flows from regions of higher water potential to regions of lower water potential

141
Q

Xylem

A

conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids It convays water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

142
Q

Reception

A

Internal and external signals are detected by receptors, proteins that change in response to specific stimuli

143
Q

Transduction

A

Second messengers transfer and amplify signals from receptors to proteins that cause responses

144
Q

Response

A

A signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities. In most cases, these responses to stimulation involve increased activity of enzymes.

145
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical signals that
coordinate different parts of
an organism

146
Q

Transcriptional
regulation

A

Specific transcription factors bind directly to
specific regions of DNA and control transcription of genes

147
Q

Auxin

A

The term auxin refers to any chemical that
promotes elongation of coleoptiles. Auxin transporter proteins move the hormone
from the basal end of one cell into the apical end of the neighboring cell. Auxin affects secondary growth by inducing cell division in the vascular cambium and influencing differentiation of secondary xylem

148
Q

Expansins

A

enzymes that loosen the cell wall’s fabric allowing the cell to elongate

149
Q

Cytokinins

A

produced in actively growing tissues such as
roots, embryos, and fruits. they work together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation

150
Q

Gibberellins

A
  • Stem Elongation
  • Gibberellins stimulate growth of leaves and stems. In stems, they stimulate cell elongation and cell division
  • Fruit Growth
  • In many plants, both auxin and gibberellins must be present for fruit to set
  • Germination
  • After water is imbibed, release of gibberellins from the embryo signals seeds to germinate
151
Q

Brassinosteroids

A

chemically similar to the sex hormones of animals

They include cell elongation and division in stem segments.

152
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

It slows growth and it enforces seed dormancy. A primary internal signal that enables plats to withstand drought.

153
Q

Ethylene

A

Hormone Produced in response to stress.

LIFE 103 (4 decks)

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