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LIFE 103 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that evolves by selection for a particular function (because it increases fitness) from and ancestor that did not have that trait

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2
Q

Aerobe

A

An organism that requires oxygen to grow

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3
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

A variety of life cycles have evolved among the multicellular algae

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4
Q

Anaerobe

A

any organism that does not require oxygen for growth

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5
Q

Archaea

A

a group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria. Many live in extreme environments

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6
Q

Archaeplastida

A

A supergroup used by some scientists and includes red algae, green algae, and land plants (which evolved from a group of green algae)

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7
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that requires CO2 as a carbon source

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

unicellular organisms

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9
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

the two-part system of naming organisms. The first part of the name is the genus (first letter is capitalized and entire name is italisized) and the second part is called the specific epithet

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10
Q

Blades

A

The leaflike part of the brown algal body

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11
Q

Branch Point

A

part of the evolutionary tree that represents the divergence of two species

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12
Q

Brown Algae

A

the largest and most complex algae

  • All are multicellular
  • most are marine
  • Includes seaweed
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13
Q

Characters

A

The type of evidence/data we use to reconstruct a phylogenetic trees

EX:
* DNA
* Bahavior
* Chemical composition

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14
Q

Chemotroph

A

bacteria that obtain energy from chemicals

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15
Q

Chromalveolata

A

A clade that is monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymniosis event (with red alga)

  • this clade is controversial
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16
Q

Clade

A

a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.

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17
Q

Community Ecology

A

deals with the wide array of interacting species in a community

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18
Q

Competent/transformation

A

When a bacterial cell takes up foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

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19
Q

Competition

A

an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply.

  • (-/-)
  • Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved
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20
Q

Conjugation

A

the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells

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21
Q

Diatoms

A

unicellular algae with a unique two part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica

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22
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

a diverse group of aquatic mixotrophs and heteratrophs

  • dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of “red tides”
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23
Q

Dispersal

A

the movement of individuals

  • one-way trip
  • natural
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24
Q

Alveolata

A

a group of protists that have membrane-bound sacs just underneath the plasma membrane

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25
Q

Charophytes

A

freshwater green algae (think we care (“char”) about being green (“green algae”)

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26
Q

Derived Character

A

a trait that arose in the most recent common ancetor of a particular lineage and was passed down along its decendents

EX:
* four limbs derived for the clade tetrapoda

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27
Q

Ecology

A

the study of the interaction of an organism(s) with the environment

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28
Q

Ecosystem Ecology

A

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling amoung the various biotic and abiotic components

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29
Q

Endospores

A

a structure some bacteria form for protection

It is resistant to…
* heat
* UV radiation
* alcohol
* chemicals

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30
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

One organism engulfs another and they live together

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31
Q

Euglenozoa

A

diverse clade that all have a spiral or cystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella

  • Some are obligate photoautotrophs but majority are heterotrophs
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32
Q

Eukarya

A

a domain that is made up of organisms that contain a nucleus within their cells

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33
Q

Evolution

A

the change in allele frequencies in a population over time

  • There are four main mechanisms of evolution:
    1) Selection
    2) Mutation
    3) Migration
    4) Adaptations
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34
Q

Excavata

A

A clade that is characterized by its cytoskeleton

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35
Q

F Plasmid

A

a peice of DNA that is required for the production of sex pili

  • can exist as a seperate plasmid or as DNA within the bacterial chromosome
36
Q

Fimbriae

A

allows bacteria to stick to their other individuals in a colony

  • also called attachment pili
37
Q

Flugella

A

microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell

  • allows for movement
38
Q

Gametophyte

A

the sexual phase in the life cycle of plants and algae (haploid)

39
Q

Green Algae

A

Named for their grass-green chloroplasts

  • two main groups…
    1) chlorophytes (most are marine and some live in damp environments)
    2) Charophyceans
40
Q

Halophile

A

archaea that live in highly salty environments (halo = salt)

41
Q

Heteromorphic

A

generations that are structurally different

42
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

43
Q

Holdfast

A

The root-like part of the brown algal body that anchors the stemlike stipe

44
Q

Isomorphic

A

generations that look similar

45
Q

Methanogen

A

archaea that live in swamps/marshes and produce methane as a waste product

  • strict anaerobes and are poisined by O2
  • Think “ogen” = ogre = swamp and “methan” = methane
46
Q

Mixotroph

A

combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition

47
Q

Monophletic

A

a common ancestor of all the decendents

48
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

some bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

49
Q

Opisthokonta

A

a group of unikonts that are fungi and animals

50
Q

Paraphyletic

A

a common ancestor and not all of the decendents

50
Q

Parasitism

A

receiving resources from a host without directly killing the host

51
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

a rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacterial species

  • helps protect bacterial cells from environmental stress
52
Q

Phototrophs

A

bacteria that obtain energy from light

53
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

diagram of the ancestral relationship amoung species

  • describe patterns
  • provide information about when certain large events may have occured
54
Q

Phylogeny

A

the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms (species level and higher)

55
Q

Plasmids

A

smaller rings of DNA that allow for different functions

56
Q

Polyphyletic

A

of, relating to, or derived from more than one ancestral stock

57
Q

Polytomy

A

section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved to dichotomies

58
Q

Population Ecology

A

focusing on factors affecting how many individuals of a species live in an area

  • most mathmatically based subdiscipline of ecology
59
Q

Proteobacteria

A

gram-negative bacteria that include photoautotrophs, chemauotrophs, and heterotrophs

60
Q

Pseudopodia

A

how amoebas move and feed, they extend through holes (think peruse (“pseu”) = move)

61
Q

R-Plasmids

A

carry genes for antibiotic resistance

62
Q

Red Algae

A

reddish in color due to an accessory pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green of chlorophyll

  • usally multicellular
  • seaweed is an example
63
Q

Rhizaria

A

a supergroup of protists, typically amoeba

64
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

occurs when a eukaryotic cell engulfs a cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

65
Q

Sex Pili

A

allows cells to connect and pull together for DNA transfer

66
Q

Sister Taxa

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

67
Q

Spores

A

a cell that certain fungi, plants (moss, ferns), and bacteria produce

68
Q

Sporophyte

A

a diploid, multicellular spore-producing phase in the life cycle of the plant body which exhibits alternation of generations

69
Q

Stipe

A

The stemlike part of the brown algal body

70
Q

Symbiosis

A

a long close relationship between two species

Can be…
* mutualistic
* communal
* parasitic

71
Q

Taxis

A

the ability to move in response to stimuli (think taxi (“taxis”) = moving)

72
Q

Taxon

A

an evolutionary lineage

73
Q

Taxonomy

A

the ordered division and naming organisms (think x is diving and “nom” = name)

74
Q

Thallus

A

The algal body that is plant-like but lacks true roots, stem, and leaves

75
Q

Thermophile

A

Archaea that lives in very hot environments

76
Q

Thylakoid Membranes

A

an internal system of interconnected membranes, that carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis

77
Q

Transduction

A

the movement of genes between bacteria and bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). (Think viruses keep you out of school/education)

78
Q

Hyphae

A

one common body structure of fungi that is multicellular filaments

79
Q

Yeast

A

one common body structure of fungi that is single cell filaments

  • reproduce asexually by simle cell divison
80
Q

Mycelia

A

a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae

81
Q

Dikaryotic

A

Organisms that contain two genetically distinct cell nuclei in the same cell (think “di” is two and “i” = nuclei

82
Q

Haustoria

A

specialized hypae that allow them to penetrate the tissue of their host

83
Q

Plasmogamy

A

the union of two parent mycelia (think you would tell your “gamy” you are getting married)

84
Q

Karyogamy

A

when the haploid nuclei fuse producing diploid cells (think you would tell your “gamy” carry (“kary”) you just had kids)

85
Q

Basidiocarp

A

the mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruting bodies called basidiocarp (think carp is a food and theses are “fruiting” bodies)

86
Q

Character State

A

variation amoung characters

LIFE 103 (4 decks)

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