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LIFE 103 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Photomorphogensis

A

The effects of light on plant morphology

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2
Q

The Action Spectrum

A

It depicts relative resonses of a process to different wavelengths

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3
Q

Blue-Light Photoreceptors

A

They control hypocotyl elongation, stomata opening and phototropism

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4
Q

Phototropism

A

a plant’s response that allows plants to grow towards, or in some cases away from, a source of light

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5
Q

Phytochromes

A

pigments that regulte many of a plant’s responses to light throughought life

EX: seed germination and shade avoidence

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6
Q

Photoperiodism

A

a physiologicsl response to photoperiod (when light is availibal during the day)

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7
Q

Short-Day Plants

A

flower when the light period is shorter than a critical threshold

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8
Q

Long-day Plants

A

Flower when light period is longer than a certain number of hours

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9
Q

Day-neutral Plants

A

Flowering is controlled by a plant’s maturity not photoperiod

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10
Q

Florigen

A

The floweing signal

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11
Q

Gravitropism

A

A plants response to gravity

  • Can be negative or positive
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11
Q

Statoliths

A

specilized plastids containing dense starch grains that may contribute to gravity detection

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12
Q

Thigmomorphogenesis

A

the change in form that results from mechanical disturbance (touching the plant)

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13
Q

Thigmotropism

A

The bending of a plant in response to touch

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14
Q

Methyljasmonic Acid

A

Something that can activate the expression of genes involved in plant defense

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15
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Two-sided symmetry

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16
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

The dividing plane

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17
Q

Dorsal

A

The top side

  • The back on humans
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18
Q

Ventral

A

The bottom side

  • Stomach on humans
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19
Q

Posterior

A

The tail end

  • butt on humans
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20
Q

Anterior

A

The head

  • head on human
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21
Q

Diploblastic

A

Having only two germ layers

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21
Q

Cephalization

A

The development of a head

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22
Q

Triploblastic

A

Having three germ layers

  • common to all bilaterally symmetric animals
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23
Q

Protosome

A

Mouth develops before the anus

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23
Q

Blastopore

A

What becomes the mouth in the protostomes

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24
Q

Deuterostome

A

Anus develops before the mouth

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25
Q

Zygote

A

single cell from fertilization

  • step one
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26
Q

Blastula

A

hollow ball of cells formed by cleavage

  • step two
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27
Q

Gastrula

A

embryo has one end folded inward and layers of tissue form

  • step three
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28
Q

Ectoderm

A

it convers the surface and becomes the outer covering

  • in some phyla it becomes the central nervous system
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29
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost germ layer that lines the digestive tract and organs

  • Lines organs such as lungs and the liver
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30
Q

Mesoderm

A

the third layer (between the other two) forming musclues and most other organs

  • Not all animals have mesoderm
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31
Q

Coelom

A

fluid or air filled space separating digestive tract from the outer body wall

  • Most tripoblasts have a coelom
  • True coelom is formed from mesoderm
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32
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

when the coelom is formed from both endo- and mesoderm tissue

  • Roundworm
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33
Q

Coelomates

A

Animals with a true coelom

  • Earthworm
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34
Q

Acoelomate

A

When a tripoblast lacks a body cavity

  • EX: flatworms
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35
Q

Eumetazoans

A

A clade of animals with true tissues

  • Includes the bilaterians and deuterostomia
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36
Q

Bilaterians

A

Most animal phyla that belong to the clade bilateria

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37
Q

Choanocyte

A

cells that line the interior of sponges that contain a central flagellum
* cyte- cells

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38
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

an orginism that is one sex at one time and another at a different time

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39
Q

Poison

A

something that is ingested, inhaled or absprbed into the bloodstream through contact

  • dart frogs
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40
Q

Venom

A

Produced in a gland that is injected into the body, via a flesh-piercing fang, stinger, barb or spine

  • scorpions
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41
Q

Hydrozoans

A

One class of the phylum cnidaria. The polyp stage is more conspicuous and they can reproduce by budding.

  • Man O’ War
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42
Q

Budding

A

an asexual reproduction method in which a new organism develops from a bud of an existing organism

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43
Q

Scyphozoans

A

One class of the phylum cnidaria. The medusa is the obvious stage and they lack a polyp stage.

  • most are jellies
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44
Q

Anthozoans

A

A class of the phylum cnidaria. The medusa stage is absent.

  • Most are sessile (imobile)
  • EX: Sea anemones and corals
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44
Q

Cubozoans

A

One class of the phylum cnidaria. They have box-shapped medusas, complex eyes, and they are highly toxic.

  • box jellyfish
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45
Q

Tuberllarians

A

In the phylum platyheminthes. They are generally free living and found in marine habitats. Some can reproduce asexually by fission. They can also be hermaphrodites (a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes)

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46
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Seperates the mouth and anus in the phylum rotifera

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47
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

sexual reproduction in which a female can produce an embryo without fertilizing an egg with sperm

  • organisms in the rotifera phylum do this
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47
Q

Bdelloidea

A

A class of rotifers that are asexual (no males)

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47
Q

Anhydrobiosis

A

the ability of organisms to lose almost all water and it becomes encysted when harsh conditions are sensed.

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47
Q

Mollusca

A

This is a phylum that is mostly marine but also fresh water and terrestrial. Some have a hard shell or no shell.

  • clams
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48
Q

Muscular Foot

A

One of the three main body parts of mollusca phylum used for digging and grasping

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48
Q

Mantle

A

One of the three main body parts of mollusca phylum that is a fold of tissue over visceral mass. It creates a visceral cavity and it secretes the shell.

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48
Q

Radula

A

One of the three main body parts of mollusca phylum that is a tounge like structure used for feeding.

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49
Q

Gastropoda

A

The biggest class of molluscs. They are marine, freshwater, and terrestrial. Many of them are hermaphroditic.

  • typical snails and slugs
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50
Q

Torsion

A

the ability to rotate the visceral mass around so the anus is near the head

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50
Q

Bivalvia

A

One class of molluscs where the shell is divided in two and there is no distinc head. They are filter feaders and some have eye spots and gills for gas exchange.

  • EX: scallops
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51
Q

Chromatophores

A

organs that allow the orgamisms to change colors by distorting the cytoelastic sacculus (a sac containing the pigments) changing the translucency or reflectivity of the cell.

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51
Q

Photophores

A

organs that allow bioluminescent light to shine from the orgamism

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51
Q

Cephalopoda

A

One class of molluscs that are predators with complex brains and well developed sense organs. They have beak-like jaws to tear prey and a closed circulatory system. Most do not have a shell.

  • EX: Octopi and squid
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52
Q

Annelida

A

A phylum that includes segmented worms that can be fresh water, marine, and terrestrial (damp environments).

  • EX: earthworms
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52
Q

Hemolymph

A

a fluid that is moved by the heart into spaces around tissues and organs called sinuses

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52
Q

Polychaeta

A

A class of annelids that are free living and mostly marine.

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53
Q

Nematoda

A

A phylum in which organisms habitats include water, soil, plant, and animal tissue. They are quite small and they have no circulatory system.

  • EX: Roundworms
53
Q

Hirudinea

A

A class of annelids that are mostly freshwater parasites, predators, and detritivores

  • Leeches
54
Q

Arthropoda

A

A phylum that is big and old. There are about 1018 arthropods alive. They are the most successful animal phylum.

55
Q

Cuticle

A

The exoskeleton covering made of chitin and proteins. This requires molting for growth, it prevents desiccation, and provides structural strength for animals on land.

  • exoskeletons are a limiting factor because they don’t allow the organism to get very big
55
Q

Sensory Organs

A

Eyes, smell receptors, and antennae for touch and smell

56
Q

Arthropod body plan

A

consists of a segmented body, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

56
Q

Chelicerae

A

Fangs which are a characteristic of the subphylum cheliceriformes (spiders, mites, and scorpions)

57
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

Sequences in the genome that provied location information

  • In plants: MADS-box genes
  • In animals: HOX or HOM genes
57
Q

Cephalothorax

A

One of the two parts of the subphylum cheliceriformes body

58
Q

Arachnids

A

The largest group of the subphylum cheliceriformes

  • EX: scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites
58
Q

Abdomen

A

One of the two parts of the subphylum cheliceriformes body

58
Q

Pedipalps

A

Modified limb that arachnids have that is used for sensing, feeding and reproducing.

59
Q

Complete Metamorphosis

A

Specialized larval stage that looks different from adult

  • EX: caterpillar into butterfly
59
Q

Insects

A

are hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals

60
Q

Imcomplete Metamorphosis

A

When the young (nymphs) resemble the adults and they molt making the nymphs look more adult. When they undergo the final molt it produces sexual maturity and wings.

  • The young stage looks like little adults
  • EX: Grasshopers
61
Q

Coleoptera

A

One order of insect. They are beetles

  • 350,000 species
  • Complete Metamorphosis
62
Q

Diptera

A

One class of inscects that include flies and mosquitoes

  • 151,000 species
  • Complete Metamorphosis
63
Q

Hymenoptera

A

One class of inscects that include ants, bees, and wasps

  • 125,000 species
  • Social insects
  • Complete Metamorphosis
64
Q

Orthoptera

A

One class of inscects that include grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids

  • 20,000+ species
  • Incomplete metamorphosis
65
Q

Isopods

A

In the subphylum crustacea.

  • they include wood lice and many other species
  • They are terrestrial, marine, and fresh water
66
Q

Decapods

A

In the subphylum crustacea that have a carapace that is a hardened cutical on the dorsal cephalothorax (thick shell like structure)

  • Include lobsters, crabs and shrimp
67
Q

Copepods

A

In the subphylum crustacea.

  • Include krill and other species
  • Planktonic crustaceans
68
Q

Chordates

A

bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as deuterostomia

69
Q

Vertebrates

A

animals that have a backbone

70
Q

What are the four main characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. Pharyngeal slits or clefts
  4. Muscular, post-anal tail
71
Q

Notochord

A

a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord that provides skeletal support.

  • In most vertebrates, a more complex, jointed skeloton develops
71
Q

Nerve Cord

A

develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord

  • develops into the central nervous system
72
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

develop into slits that open to the outside of the body. They are used for suspension-feeding (filter feeding) and gas exhcange.

  • They develop into head, ear and neck in tetrapods
73
Q

Post-anal tail

A

In many species the tail is greatly reduced (frogs and toads loose their tails) during development. It provides propelling force in many aquatic species and in terrestrial organisms it provides balance.

74
Q

Lancelets

A

they are marine suspension feeders named for their bladelike shape

  • they are chordates but not vertebrates
  • they retain the chordate body plan as adults
75
Q

Tunicates

A

A specices of marine suspension feeders more closly related to the chordates than the lancelets

  • they are blob like and lack structure
76
Q

Craniates

A

Organisms that share characteristics like a skull (at least a partial skull), brain, eyes, and other sensory organisms.

  • not all have ears
77
Q

Neural Crest

A

a collection of cells near the dorsal margins of the closing neural tube in an embryo. They give rise to a variety of structures including some of the bones and cartilage of the skull

  • This is a derived characeristic of craniates
  • Craniates have a heart with at least two chambers, red blood cells, and kidneys
78
Q

Gnathostomes

A

vertebrates with jaws

Gnath= Jaw
Stome= Opening

79
Q

Lateral Line System

A

Used to sense vibrations in aquatic gnathostomes

80
Q

Chondrichthyans

A

organisms that have skeleton composed primarily of cartilage

  • Chondri= cartilage
  • Thyes= fish
  • EX: sharks and rays
80
Q

Oviparous

A

eggs that hatch outside the mothers body

81
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

the embryo develops withing the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk

  • the egg yolk nourishes the embryo not the mother
  • hatches inside the mother
82
Q

Viviparous

A

the embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood

  • the most similar to mammals but a bit different
83
Q

Osteichthyes

A

includes the bony fish and tetrapods. nearly all living have a bony endoskeleton

  • Ostei= bone
  • Thyes= fish
84
Q

Operculum

A

a covering over fishes gills that protect them when drawing water over their gills to breath

85
Q

Swim Bladder

A

how fish control their buoyancy

  • its an air sac they can use to rise or lower their buoyancy
86
Q

Lobe-fins

A

A type of clade of sarcopterygii that have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins

87
Q

Tetrapods

A

a group of vertebrates that have four limbs that can be fully aquatic, fully terrestrial, or both.

  • Tetra= four
88
Q

Derived Characters of tetrapods

A
  1. four limbs and feet with digits (toes and fingers)
  2. Ears for detecting airborne sounds
89
Q

Amphibians

A

They have an aquatic larva that develops into a terrestrial adult. Most have moist skin that complements the lungs in gas exchange. In most species fertilization happens external to the body.

  • 6150 species
  • Three orders
90
Q

Caudata

A

One of the orders of amphibian that includes salamanders

  • they have tails
91
Q

Anura

A

One order of amphibian that includes frogs and toads

  • they lack a tail
92
Q

Apoda

A

One order of amphibian that includes caecilians

  • they are legless and resemble worms but they have a skeleton
  • A= no
  • Poda= limbs
93
Q

Amniotes

A

A group of tetrapods whoes living members are the reptiles, including birds and mammals

94
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

contains membranes that protect the embryo. It has relativly impermeable skin and the ability to use the rib cage to ventilate the lungs.

95
Q

Reptilia

A

a clade of amniotes that includes lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds and dinosaurs.

Derives Characters…
* scales that creates a waterproof barrier
* they lay shelled eggs on land

96
Q

Ectothermic

A

absorb external heat as the main source of bady heat

  • most reptiles
97
Q

Endothermic

A

Capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism

  • birds and mammals
98
Q

Squamata

A

includes lizards and snakes

99
Q

Archosaur

A

a lineage that produces the crocodilians, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs

100
Q

Mammalia

A

a class including mammals represented by more than 5300 species.

Derived Characters:
* mammary glands (produce milk)
* Hair
* A larger brain than other vertebrates of the same size
* Differentiated teeth

101
Q

Monotremes

A

small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus

102
Q

Marsupials

A

Organisms where the enbryo develops within the placenta in the mother’s uterus and are born early and finish development while nursing in a maternal pouch called marsupium

  • EX: Opossums, kangaroos, and koalas
103
Q

Eutherians

A

compared to marsupials they have a longer period of pregnancy. Young complete their development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
* EX: elephants

104
Q

Primates

A

An order of mammalian that includes lemurs, monkeys, and apes.

  • Humans are members of the ape group
105
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The study of human origins

106
Q

Hominids

A

more closely related to humans than chimps. they originated in africa and they had a smaller brain but most likely walked upright

107
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the biological form of an organism

  • form
108
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the biological functions an organism performs

  • function
109
Q

Environmental Relationships and Body Forms

A

Size and shape affect the way an animals interacts with its environment

110
Q

Intersitial Fluid

A

fills the space between the cells which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells

  • vertebrates
111
Q

Tissues

A

organization of specilized cells that have different functions

112
Q

Organs

A

groups of tissue that make up organ systems

113
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavaties within the body. There are different shapes (cuboidal [cube like], columnar [like bricks], and squamous [like floor tials]) that have different functions. They can also be arranged different ways like simple [single cell layer], stratified [multi tier], and pseudostratified [single layer of uneven thickness].

  • Epi= outer
114
Q

Fibroblasts

A

a type of proper connective tissue that produce and secrete extracellular matrix

  • EX: collagen, elastin, and reticulin
115
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place

*EX: Adipose tissue- stoes fat for insulation and fuel

116
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

found in tendons which attach muscules to bones, and ligaments which connect bones at joints

117
Q

Special Connective Tissue

A
  1. Cartilage- a strong and flexible support material
  2. Blood- composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
  3. Bone- collagen and hydroxyapatite and forms the skeleton
118
Q

Osteoblasts

A

cells that form the bone

  • Osteo=bone
  • Blast= cells
119
Q

Joints

A

allow movement in animals. There are many different kinds like…
1. Ball and Socket (hips)
2. Hinge (elbow)
3. Gliding (vertebral projections)
4. Combination (human jaws)

120
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals. There are three types…
1. Skeletal muscule- responsible for voluntary movement
2. Smooth muscule- responsible for involuntary body activities
3. Cardiact muscules- responsible for contraction of the heart

121
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal.

122
Q

Neurons

A

part of the nervous tissue that transmits nerve impulses

123
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

part of the nervous tissue that help nourish, insulatem and replenish neurons

124
Q

Hormones

A

the chemical signals that the endocrine system transmits to receptive cells throughout the body via blood

125
Q

Regulator

A

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

126
Q

Conformer

A

allows its internal conditions to vary with certain external changes

127
Q

Homeostasis

A

what organisms use to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of external environment

  • EX: humans maintain a constant body temp
128
Q

Negative Feedback

A

what homeostasis is maintained by which helps to return a variable to either a normal range or a set point

129
Q

Positive Feedbck

A

loops that occur in animals but do not usally contribute to homeostasis

130
Q

Acclimatization

A

a process where homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment

131
Q

Thermoregulation

A

the process by which animals maintain an internal temp within a tolerable range

132
Q

Endothermic

A

animals generate heat by metabolism

  • EX: birds and mammals
133
Q

Ectothermic

A

animals gain heat from external sources

  • EX: most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, and non-avian reptiles
134
Q

Conduction

A

the gaining or lossing of heat through direct contact with an object

135
Q

Convection

A

gaining or losing heat by moving air or water of a different temperature over the animal

136
Q

Radiation

A

the emission of electromagnetic “heat” waves

  • EX: the sun
137
Q

Evaperation

A

it removes heat and can act as a cooling mechanism

138
Q

Integumentary system

A

skin, hair, and nails

139
Q

Insulation

A

a major thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals and birds

  • EX: skin, feathers, fur, and blubber
140
Q

Vasodilation

A

this facilitates heat loss by increasing the blood flowing in the skin

  • EX: alcohol- it dilates blood vessels on the surface and cools the body
141
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

lowers heat loss by decreasing blood flow in the skin

142
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

the arrangement of blood vessels in many marine mammals and birds that transfers heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions.

143
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls mammalian thermoregulation

LIFE 103 (4 decks)

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