Final Exam Microbiology Flashcards
pathogen
a bacteria, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
Who developed the classifying system for naming organisms?
Karl Linneaus
List the parts of the prokaryotic cell
Flagellum (the long tail), Pili (the spike), capsule (1st layer), Cell Wall (2nd Layer), Cell Membrane (3rd Layer), Ribosome (the balls inside), Chromosomal DNA (in the nucleoid-the spiral string)
Bacterial Shapes
- Bacullis: rodlike
- Coccus: spherical
- Spiral: curved/corkscrew
Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms?
They can’t be independent or grow by themselves
What is the infectious agent that causes AIDS?
HIV
Name the Domains
Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya
Who observed the first cells?
Robert Hooke
Who observed the first microorganisms?
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
What was the idea behind spontaneous generation? Who disproved the theory?
until the late 1800’s scientists believed that life came spontaneously from nonliving matter. Louis Pasteur
yeast that converted sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
fermentation
who discovered that microbes cause disease?
Robert Koch
Who was the first to use disinfectant in the wounds?
Joseph Lister
Robert Koch identified the cause of what disease?
tuberculosis, anthrax
Who is the first physician associated with vaccination?
Edward Jenner
What is used to produce antibiotics?
chemicals in the lab aka synthetic drugs
What was the first antibiotic used?
penicillin
What scientist attempted to prove the theory of the “magic bullet”?
Paul Ehrlich
Where are typical microbiota never found?
internal organs, body fluid
Know what color Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria stain
Gram-positive: purple
Gram-negative: pink or red
Know the steps in the Gram stain process
- applying a primary stain (crystal violet). wash off after a short time
- Adding a mordant (Gram’s iodine).
- slide is washed with alcohol
- alcohol is rinsed off and slide is then stained with safranin
- wash off safranin, blot dry, and look under microscope
What is the mordant in Gram staining? What is its purpose?
It’s gram’s iodine and used to make the microorganisms stain more intense
What are the steps in preparing a slide to look at under a microscope?
- Place a small drop of your sample
- Take a second glass slide and hold it at an angle and touch the end of your angled slide to the droplet and wait until the liquid flows along its width.
- Push your angled slide out along the length of the bottom slide in a smooth spreading motion, creating a smear. Try to maintain an even contact and keep the slide at the same angle.
- Leave the slide to dry so that it can be stained or place a coverslip over the smear, depending on what your sample needs.
Simple staining improves contrast in what type of microscope?
Compound Light Microscope
