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Honors Microbiology > Final Exam Microbiology > Flashcards

Final Exam Microbiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

a bacteria, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease

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2
Q

Who developed the classifying system for naming organisms?

A

Karl Linneaus

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3
Q

List the parts of the prokaryotic cell

A

Flagellum (the long tail), Pili (the spike), capsule (1st layer), Cell Wall (2nd Layer), Cell Membrane (3rd Layer), Ribosome (the balls inside), Chromosomal DNA (in the nucleoid-the spiral string)

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4
Q

Bacterial Shapes

A
  • Bacullis: rodlike
  • Coccus: spherical
  • Spiral: curved/corkscrew
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5
Q

Why are viruses not considered to be living organisms?

A

They can’t be independent or grow by themselves

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6
Q

What is the infectious agent that causes AIDS?

A

HIV

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7
Q

Name the Domains

A

Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya

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8
Q

Who observed the first cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

Who observed the first microorganisms?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

What was the idea behind spontaneous generation? Who disproved the theory?

A

until the late 1800’s scientists believed that life came spontaneously from nonliving matter. Louis Pasteur

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11
Q

yeast that converted sugar to alcohol in the absence of air

A

fermentation

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12
Q

who discovered that microbes cause disease?

A

Robert Koch

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13
Q

Who was the first to use disinfectant in the wounds?

A

Joseph Lister

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14
Q

Robert Koch identified the cause of what disease?

A

tuberculosis, anthrax

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15
Q

Who is the first physician associated with vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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16
Q

What is used to produce antibiotics?

A

chemicals in the lab aka synthetic drugs

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17
Q

What was the first antibiotic used?

A

penicillin

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18
Q

What scientist attempted to prove the theory of the “magic bullet”?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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19
Q

Where are typical microbiota never found?

A

internal organs, body fluid

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20
Q

Know what color Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria stain

A

Gram-positive: purple
Gram-negative: pink or red

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21
Q

Know the steps in the Gram stain process

A
  • applying a primary stain (crystal violet). wash off after a short time
  • Adding a mordant (Gram’s iodine).
  • slide is washed with alcohol
  • alcohol is rinsed off and slide is then stained with safranin
  • wash off safranin, blot dry, and look under microscope
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22
Q

What is the mordant in Gram staining? What is its purpose?

A

It’s gram’s iodine and used to make the microorganisms stain more intense

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23
Q

What are the steps in preparing a slide to look at under a microscope?

A
  • Place a small drop of your sample
  • Take a second glass slide and hold it at an angle and touch the end of your angled slide to the droplet and wait until the liquid flows along its width.
  • Push your angled slide out along the length of the bottom slide in a smooth spreading motion, creating a smear. Try to maintain an even contact and keep the slide at the same angle.
  • Leave the slide to dry so that it can be stained or place a coverslip over the smear, depending on what your sample needs.
24
Q

Simple staining improves contrast in what type of microscope?

A

Compound Light Microscope

25
Q

Be able to calculate total magnification of a microscope if given the ocular and objective magnification

A

objective power x ocular power
Ex: 10x x 40x = 400x

26
Q

Which stage of Gram staining is critical in differentiating Gram positive from Gram negative?

A

the length of decolorization

27
Q

Why are bacterial slides fixed before staining?

A

to bind the speciment to the slide so that it doesn’t wash off

28
Q

Ability of the microscope to distinguish two points

A

resolution

29
Q

both organisms benefit from one another

A

symbiotic relationship

30
Q

infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for othe rconditions at a healthcare facility (HAI) also called

A

nosocomial infection

31
Q

What was the major significance of Robert Koch’s work?

A

Koch’s postulates that tell you a specific disease that is caused by a specific microorganism

32
Q

Define biological transmission. Define mechanical transmission.

A

Biological transmission: vector overtakes an agent through a meal from an infected animal
Mechanical transmission: vector transports through other infected organisms to feet, body hair, or other body surfaces

33
Q

many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a short period of time

A

epidemic

34
Q

disease is constantly present

A

endemic

35
Q

worldwide epidemic

A

pandemic

36
Q

the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period, indicated spread of diseases

A

incidence

37
Q

disease occurs occasionally

A

sporadic

38
Q

when a local infection enters the blood or lymph system and spreads to other parts of the body

A

focal infection

39
Q

source of the organisms that cause the disease

A

reservoir

40
Q

an infected person transmits an infectious agent, either directly or indirectly, to another person who in turn becomes infected. Give examples

A

communicable diseases
ex: chickenpox, measles, influenza

41
Q

objects or materials that are likely to carry infections

A

fomite

42
Q

caused by a pathogen after a primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses

A

secondary infection

43
Q

define signs and symptoms as they related to disease

A

signs: objective changes
symptoms: changes in body function like pain

44
Q

the science that studies when and where the diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

A

epidemiology

45
Q

What can contribute to postoperative infection?

A

not washing hands or disinfecting instruments.

46
Q

the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time

A

prevalence

47
Q

the pathogen is inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms

A

latent disease

48
Q

Stages of disease

A

Incubation: acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen
Prodromal: the pathogen continues to multiply and the host begins to experience general sings and symptoms of illness
Illness: the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious, specific, and severe
Decline: the number of pathogens begin to decrease, the sngs and symptoms of illness begin to decline
Convalescence: patient returns to normal

49
Q

what virus causes warts?

A

HPV

50
Q

What is a potential conplication of the chicken pox?

A

encephalitis or pneumonia

51
Q

What area of the skin has the most bacteria on it?

A

hands

52
Q

What bacteria causes acne?

A

propionibacterium acnes

53
Q

Why is the vaccination for rubella recommended?

A

to prevent it

54
Q

What symptoms are caused by HSV-1

A

cold sores

55
Q

Why was the eradication of smallpox possble?

A

Since smallpox only effects humans and humans were vaccinated for it, it eventually got eradicated

56
Q

What are the symptoms of chicken pox?

A

fever, headache, sore throat

Honors Microbiology (7 decks)

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