Final Exam Material Flashcards
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that are required for normal growth and the maintenance of life. They are effective in minute amounts.
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A,D,E, & K.
Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into
mixed micelles, transported to enterocytes, and incorportated into chylomicrons, finally diffused out.
Provitamin A
Cartenoids, pigment yellow to red, antioxidants.
____ is the most common precursor of vitamin A.
b-carotene
Effiency of b-carotene conversion depends on species due to activities of
dioxygenase and reductase
b-carotene efficiency is highest in ___, intermediate in ____, and absent in ___.
Herbivores, omnivores, carnivores
b-carotene is cleaved to yield 2 molecules of vitamin A in
enterocytes
The functions of retinoids are
Visual prcess, epithelial cell growth, reproduction and immune system development, and carotenoids as antioxidants.
A deficiency of retinoids can cause:
Night blindness, repro failure, keratinization of epithelial cells, nutritionally acquired immunodeficiency disease and diarrhea.
Provitamin D in plants is ___ and animals is___.
Ergocaliferol; cholecalciferol
The function of Vitamin D is
Maintain proper Ca and P status of animals (Calcium balance)
A deficiency of vitamin D can cause
Rickets (impaired bone mineralization for young animals) or Osteomalacia (soft bones for adults).
Excess amounts of Vitamin D is toxic and can cause
kidney stones, calcification of heart and kidneys
Animals who have access to ___ have no need for dietary vitamin D,
sunlight a few minutes every day
This vitamin E has the highest biological activity.
a-tocopherol
Vitamin E functions as an
antioxidant to eliminate free radicals and maintain cell membrane structure, and Enhance vasodilation (blood flow).
A deficiency in vitamin E can cause
reproductive failure, cholestatic liver disease, cessation of bile excretion, fibrosis, nutritional muscle dystrophy.
All three forms of Vitamin K are
un-esterified
Microbial Vitamin K is
poorly absorbed, synthesized in colon and rumen by microorganisms.
The function of vitamin K is
blood clotting (K-oagulation), bone mineralization.
A deficiency of vitamin K can cause
prolonged clotting time, hemorrhage, bruising.
Phylloquinones are vitamin K synthesized by
plants
Menaquinones are vitamin K synthesized by
bacteria
Menadione are synthesized by
in synthetic form
The function of Thiamin is
co-enzyme, supports normal nerve function, precursor of acetylcholine.
A deficiency of Thiamin
causes beri-beri which is a loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action.
Thiamin
Contains sulfure, usually exists in free form in plans but as a phosphorylated form in animals, easily destroyed by heat and alkaline.
___ reduces thiamin absorption
Alcohol
Riboflavin is usually bound to proteins as
flavin mononucleotide or flavin adenine dinucleotide.
Riboflavin functions as
an important part of many co-enzymes in energy/CHO metabolism.
A deficiency in riboflavin causes
a general decrease in performance.
Niacin is found as ____ in plants.
Nicotinic acid or niacytin
Niacin is found as ____ in animals and as a supplement.
Nicotinamide
___ can be converted to niacin
Tryptophan (60 to 1 ratio)
Functions of Niacin
Part of two important co-enzymes in energy/CHO metabolism.
Deficiency of Niacin causes
Pellagra (redness and swelling of the mouth and tongue, diarrhea, skin rash, and abnormal mental functioning)
The biologically active form of Vitamin B6 is
pyridoxal-5-phosphate
The function of Vitamin B6 is
“the amino acid vitamin”, involved in protein metabolism.
A deficiency in Vitamin B6 causes
impaired amino acid metabolism, impaired nervous system
Cobalamin is
only produced by bacteria, present in animal tissue, NOT in plant, and contains the mineral cobalt.
The function of Cobalamin is
co-enzyme for several enzyme systems, methyl transfer.
A deficiency in Cobalamin causes
impaired synthesis of DNA, reduced cell divison, anemia, weight gain.
Pantothenic acid functions
component of coenzyme A, and acyl-carrier protein. needed for proper lipid metabolism.
A deficiency in Pantothenic acid causes
nerve impairment, fatty liver, hair loss.
Folic acid usually exists as
Tetrahydofolates
Folic acid functions
Act in single carbon metabolism
A deficiency of Folic acid causes
impaired synthesis of DNA, reduced cell division, anemia.
Biotin function
Co-Enzyme for carboxylase.
Most Mammalian and avian species synthesize adequate amounts of vitamin C from
glucose
____ require preformed Vitamin C in the diet.
Humans, primates, trout.
The function of Ascorbic acid (Vit C) is
required for connective tissue synthesis, acts as an antioxidant
Field Fungi
generally contaminate grains before harvest. Fusarium and Aspergillus species.
Storage Fungi
Generally found in stored grain or food. Aspergillus and penicillium.
Myocotoxins are (description)
invisible, odorless, tasteless, small molecular weight compounds, highly toxic.
Aflatoxin is produced primarily by
Aspergillus Flavus.
Deoxynvalenol
“Vomitoxin”, Produced by Fusarium framinearum, cool damp weather. causes reduced feed intake, lesions, vomitting, kidney problems, immune suppression.
Zearalenone
Produced by Fusarium graminearum. Pink color pigment, has estrogenic effects. Problems include Reproductive problems, rectal and vaginal prolapse, swelling, reduced litter sizes, irregular estrous cycles.
Ochratoxin
Produced by a species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Three types A,B, C. Occurs in tropical climates. Problems include kidney damage, reduced growth rate, gastric ulceration, decreased repro performance. Transferred through meat products to consumers.
Fumonisin
produced by fusarium verticilloides and fusarium poliferatum. grows well in drought stress followed by warm, wet weather. Alters sphingolipid metabolism in animals. Problems: ELEM, brain lesions, muscle tremors.
FDA regulates
Aflatoxin
FDA advisory for
DON
FDA guidance for
Fumonisin
Counteractive approaches
Prevention, decontamination, deactivation.
Anti-nutritional compounds are
compounds naturally found in feedstuffs which have negative effects on digestion, absporption, and/or metabolism of nutrients.
ANC are important to plants because
they function in plant defenses.
Ruminants Vs SS animals regarding ANC
ANC can be broken down in ruminants but ANC directly affects digestion in SS.
Two types of trypsin inhibitors
Bowman-Birk (heat stable)
Kunitz (heat labile)
Tannins
Polyphenolic compounds, garlic acid and flavones, natural coloring agent (pigment).
Lectins
Glycoproteins, immune reaction, enterocyte integrity is affected.
Gossypol
Polyphenolic aldehyde, Major pigment is yellow, only free form is toxic, cytotoxic effects (acts as an inhibitor or cellular dehydrogenase), can cause heart failure, liver damange, reproductive failure. Binds iron.
Goitrogen
Inhibits iodination of thyroid hormones, Gucosinolate and glycosylflavones.
Phytate
Can interfere with phosphorus, calcium, zinc copper, and manganese absorption. Use phytase to solve problem of this.
Flatulence producing factors
Oligo-and poly-saccharides especially in legume seeds that cannot be digested by animals but highly fermentable by gut bacteria. Reduce nutrient digestibility, cause discomfort and nausea. Use enzymes to digest them in upper gut to solve problem.
